Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Vol. 12, No.

2, 2022, 8278-8283 8278

Lateral Reliability Assessment of Eccentrically

Braced Frames Including Horizontal and Vertical
Links Under Seismic Loading

Fayçal Abdelhamid Djarir Yahiaoui

LGC-ROI, Civil Engineering Laboratory - Risks and LGC-ROI, Civil Engineering Laboratory - Risks and
Structures Interactions, Faculty of Technology Structures Interactions, Faculty of Technology
University of Batna 2 University of Batna 2
Batna, Algeria Batna, Algeria
f.abdelhamid@univ-batna2.dz djarir.yahiaoui@univ-batna2.dz

Mohamed Saadi Noureddine Lahbari

LGC-ROI, Civil Engineering Laboratory - Risks and LGC-ROI, Civil Engineering Laboratory - Risks and
Structures Interactions, Faculty of Technology Structures Interactions, Faculty of Technology
University of Batna 2 University of Batna 2
Batna, Algeria Batna, Algeria
m.saadi@univ-batna2.dz n.lahbari@univ-batna2.dz

Received: 20 January 2022 | Accepted: 1 February 2022

Abstract-Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBFs) have been widely earthquakes. One of the most important key parameters that
used in the last decades and proved their efficiency to resist controls the behavior of EBF systems is the segment e between
strong earthquake intensities by providing suitable ductility and braces or brace to the column. This segment, called the link,
lateral stiffness. Using the PBPD method for the design, EBFs can acts as a structural fuse to dissipate the energy induced by
fulfill the target performance objectives under major earthquakes in a building. The remaining parts of the structure
earthquakes. The most commonly used configurations are the K- are designed to remain essentially elastic when links yield. The
shaped and the recent Y-shaped EBFs, which have the advantage link length ratio ρ is a function of e, plastic shear Vp, and plastic
that the links are independent of the beam and can be easily moment Mp capacities of the link [ρ=e/(Mp/Vp)]. Depending on
replaced after an earthquake without serious damage to the beam
the length ratio (ρ), shear yielding controls the behavior of
and slab. This study focused on the lateral reliability of both
short links while flexural yielding is predominant in long links.
systems under seismic loading. Nonlinear static pushover and
Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) were performed on 5-story
The experimental research conducted in [1-4] showed that
and 10-story K- and Y-shaped EBFs. A series of 14 near- and 7 short links exhibit better performance under cyclic loadings in
far-field seismic records were considered to analyze and compare terms of ductility and strength. A link is classified as short if
the inter-story drifts of both systems using the Seismostruct ρ<1.6, while links with ρ>2.6 are considered long. These
software. Moreover, Peak Ground Accelerations (PGA) and the practical limitations were proposed through experimental
different performance levels were also examined. studies of various link specimens [3, 5-7] and were adopted by
many design specifications, including AISC 341-10 [8]. The
Keywords-eccentric braces; short links; incremental dynamic effect of adding stiffeners to improve the strength and energy
analysis; performance based design; interstory drift dissipation capacity of links] to achieve a better performance of
shear links and avoid web local buckling and strength
I. INTRODUCTION degradation has been highlighted in [3, 9-10. Unlike shear
During the last 50 years, many studies have been carried links, stiffeners in long links may not prevent flange buckling
out through experimental and numerical research with the aim but could limit strength degradation [11]. Intermediate
of better understanding the behavior of Eccentrically Braced stiffeners may be useful in flexural links if a significant axial
Frame (EBF) systems and developing adequate design methods force is acting on the link [12]. Various numerical modeling
to improve their performance against seismic and wind loads. techniques of links were developed in [10, 13-14] to
This lateral load-resisting system, originated from Japan, demonstrate their accuracy with experimental results. More
combines the advantages of both Moment Resisting Frame recently, a simplified approach was presented in [15] by
(MRF) and Concentrically Braced Frame (CBF) by ensuring modeling elements with concentrated hinges at the ends. This
high elastic stiffness and energy dissipation during severe approach has been used in numerical studies [16, 17]
Corresponding author: Fayçal Abdelhamid
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highlighting some deficiencies in the cyclic response of links. and an inelastic plastic hinge displacement-based frame
In [18], the previous element model was improved using the element InfrmDBPH was assumed for the link, as shown in
uniaxial material model of Zona and Dall'Asta to define the Figure 1. The software automatically assigns the fibers of the
responses of the flexural and shear hinges. The efficiency of section at the element’s end with a sufficient number to ensure
this approach was highlighted by comparing numerical and test an adequate reproduction of the stress-strain distribution across
results. More element models have been developed to model the cross-section of the member.
steel links and members in the EBFs. The model developed in
[19, 20] was improved in [21] by combining axial, shear, and
flexural hinges in the elements to demonstrate the accuracy of
the proposed approach. Alternative EBF systems were
presented in [22] to improve the performance of structures by
integrating a damping system to resist lateral loading. In [23], a
linkage system was proposed that combined Pall friction and
rotational friction damper to improve energy dissipation
capacity.
In practical applications, systems with horizontal links (K-
type) are the most commonly used because of their excellent
performance during earthquakes. Systems with vertical links
(Y-type) have also shown great cyclic performance in the
experiments conducted in [24-26]. However, some deficiencies Fig. 1. The numerical model of the studied specimen.
were observed at the conjunction of the vertical link and the
braces due to significant out-of-plane deformations. The main The modeling parameters used for the link were selected
goal of this study is to compare the lateral reliability of the according to tables 9-7 of the ASCE 41-17 standard [29]. A
EBF, including horizontal and vertical links, through nonlinear bilinear stress-strain steel model with kinematic strain
pushover and incremental dynamic analysis. For this purpose, hardening was also defined for elements with their
14 near-field and 7 far-field seismic records were selected to corresponding property values.
study the behavior of 5-story and 10-story EBF models. The
parameter considered for the comparison of the two systems Pushover analysis was performed by imposing an
was the inter-story drift. incremental force at the top of the column until the model
failed. The resulting capacity curve was compared with the
II. N UMERICAL MODELING VERIFICATION STUDY experimental test results obtained in [27]. The comparison of
the experimental and the numerical results is shown in Figure
As a first step, model validation was carried out to ensure
2. The ultimate base shear of the experimental test was
that numerical results could represent the behavior of EBFs
approximately 680kN, while a value of 618kN was recorded in
under real conditions. To achieve this purpose, the
the simulation model. The results appear to agree with the
experimental test conducted in [27] was used to build a
experimental evaluation with a maximum relative error of 9%.
numerical model using the Seismostruct 2021 software [28].
Therefore, it can be concluded that numerical modeling is
The specimen tested in [27] and compared with the numerical
capable of simulating the response of the specimen with
model was a single-story single-bay 1/2 scale Y-EBF made
sufficient accuracy and can be used to predict the dynamic
with high-strength steel. The height and width of the specimen
behavior of EBFs.
were 1.8m and 3.6m respectively, while a short link with a
length of 0.5m was used. Table I highlights the welded H-
shaped sections and the materials of the specimen elements. A
vertical load of 400kN was applied to the top of the column to
simulate the axial force transferred to it by the superstructure.
Monotonic loading and pseudostatic tests were performed at a
loading speed of 0.05mm/s until structural failure [27].

TABLE I. SECTIONS AND MATERIALS OF THE SPECIMEN ELEMENTS

Members Sections Material

Column H150××150×6×10 Q460
Beam H225×125×6×10 Q460
Link H225×125×6×10 Q345
Brace H125×120×6×10 Q460

Based on the experimental data, a numerical model was

developed using Seismostruct 2021 [28]. The element type
defined in the numerical model for beam and column was the
inelastic plastic-hinge force-based frame element
"InfrmFBPH", where hinges were located at both ends of beam
and column. An inelastic truss element was used for the braces, Fig. 2. Numerical model vs experimental test results.

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III. PUSHOVER AND INCREMENTAL DYNAMIC ANALYSIS offers various advantages compared to the pushover analysis
In [27], four groups of Y-type EBFs of 5, 10, 15, and 20 and has proved its accuracy by considering the effect of higher
storeys were designed, using a performance-based seismic modes in the analysis [32-33].
design method, according to the Chinese seismic code for
buildings [30]. Ordinary and high-strength steel was used for
each group to be compared in terms of bearing capacity, lateral
stiffness, story drift, link rotation, and failure modes. The
prototypes were characterized by a peak ground acceleration of
0.3g with a 10% probability of exceedance over 50 years. All
frames had a typical story height of 3.6m, 3 bay spans of 7.2m,
and a vertical link length of 0.8m. Welded H-sections were
used for all frame members except for the column where box
sections were assigned. Among the 8 designed Y-type EBFs,
frames with 5 and 10 storeys made with ordinary steel (Q345) Fig. 3. 5-story Y-type and K-type prototypes.
were investigated. Additional EBF models were also studied in
parallel, including horizontal (K-type) instead of vertical links,
using the same cross-sections and geometrical dimensions as
the selected models to ensure a fair comparison. Pushover
analysis was performed for all prototypes using the same
member modeling parameters as for the verification model.
Connections were considered rigid for all models. The material
yield strength used for all the element members was the
nominal value of ordinary steel Q345 (fy=345MPa), and the
elastic modulus was equal to 2.06×105MPa. The dead and live
loads applied on the floor were 5.0kN/m² and 2.0kN/m2,
respectively. For the roof, the dead and live loads were
6.0kN/m² and 2.0kN/m². A snow load was also assigned to the
roof with a value of 0.35kN/m² [27]. The fundamental periods
obtained from the modal analysis of the investigated prototypes
are shown in Table II, while the adopted sections for all
members are presented in Tables III and IV. Incremental
Dynamic Analysis (IDA) was also applied using a set of Fig. 4. 10-story Y-type and K-type prototypes.
selected ground motion records from the PEER NGA database
(14 near-field earthquakes and 7 far-field earthquakes), as TABLE II. FUNDAMENTAL PERIODS
recommended in FEMA695 [31]. Each earthquake represents a
particular seismic intensity and is used multiple times at Models T1 (s) T2 (s) T3 (s)
different scales so that the structure is subjected to a wide range 5-story Y-type 0.722 0.273 0.164
5-story K-type 0.610 0.225 0.137
of elastic and inelastic behavior. Tables V and VI highlight the 10-story Y-type 1.296 0.465 0.270
ground motion records used in this analysis. The Newmark 10-story K-type 1.191 0.415 0.231
integration method was used with β=0.25 and γ=0.5. The IDA
TABLE III. 5-STORY EBF MEMBER SECTIONS

Story Beam Link Column with brace Column with no brace Brace
5 H410×150×6×10 H330×150×4×10 400×400×16 300×300×12 H200×200×8×12
4 H440×150×10×16 H420×180×6×10 450×450×18 350×350×16 H200×200×10×16
3 H490×180×10×16 H410×180×8×12 500×500×18 350×350×16 H200×200×10×16
2 H520×200×10×16 H470×180×8×12 550×550×20 400×400×18 H220×220×10×16
1 H550×200×10×16 H500×180×8×12 550×550×20 450×450×18 H220×220×10×16

TABLE IV. 10-STORY EBF MEMBER SECTIONS

Story Beam Link Column with brace Column with no brace Brace
10 H440×160×6×10 H320×140×5×10 350×350×16 350×350×12 H200×200×10×16
9 H480×200×8×12 H310×150×8×14 400×400×16 350×350×12 H200×200×10×16
8 H490×200×10×16 H430×180×8×14 450×450×18 400×400×16 H220×220×10×16
7 H530×220×10×16 H420×200×10×16 450×450×20 400×400×16 H220×220×10×16
6 H560×240×10×16 H470×200×10×16 500×500×20 450×450×18 H220×220×10×16
5 H540×240×12×18 H510×200×10×16 500×500×20 450×450×18 H250×250×10×16
4 H570×240×12×18 H470×200×12×18 550×550×22 500×500×20 H250×250×10×16
3 H590×240×12×18 H490×200×12×18 550×550×22 500×500×20 H250×250×10×16
2 H610×240×12×18 H510×200×12×18 600×600×25 550×550×20 H250×250×10×16
1 H620×240×12×18 H520×200×12×18 600×600×25 550×550×20 H250×250×10×16

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TABLE V. NEAR-FIELD GROUND MOTION RECORDS

B. Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA)
A series of IDAs were performed on the selected EBF
Rjb
Earthquake Name Year Station Name Magnitude
(km) models to examine the performance of the K and Y types at
Cape Mendocino 1992 Petrolia 7.0 9.5 different earthquake intensities and to evaluate the peak ground
Darfield_ New Zealand 2010 TPLC 7.0 6.11 accelerations corresponding to each specific limit state of the
Duzce_ Turkey 1999 Lamont 1062 7.1 9.14 structures. The maximum inter-story drift recorded for the 5
Erzincan_ Turkey 1992 Erzincan 6.7 2.0 and 10-story studied prototypes under the 21 selected
Gazli_ USSR 1976 Karakyr 6.8 3.92 earthquakes are shown in Figures 6 and 7, where the Peak
Imperial Valley-06 1979 Chihuahua 6.5 7.29 Ground Acceleration (PGA) was selected as the intensity
Irpinia_ Italy-01 1980 Sturno (STN) 6.9 6.78
Kobe_ Japan 1995 Port Island 6.9 3.31
measure, and the maximum inter-story drift ratio was selected
Kocaeli_ Turkey 1999 Yarimca 7.5 1.38 as the response measure. The limit states IO, LS, and CP at 0.5,
Saratoga - Aloha 1.5, and 2% respectively, are shown in Figures 6 and 7.
Loma Prieta 1989 6.9 7.58
Ave
Nahanni_ Canada 1985 Site 1 6.9 2.48 The results in Figure 7 show that the corresponding PGA
Niigata_ Japan 2004 NIG017 6.8 4.22 for the different damage levels is higher for models with
N Hollywood - horizontal links (K-type). In the 5-story EBFs, a PGA of 0.73g
Northridge-01 1994 6.7 7.89
Coldwater Can was recorded for the K-type model against 0.4g for Y-type at
Superstition Hills-02 1987
Superstition Mtn
6.5 5.61 the collapse prevention level. For the 10-story EBFs, the K-
Camera type model reached the limit of 2% drift ratio at a PGA of 0.5g
while the Y-type model reached the same limit at 0.31g. To
TABLE VI. FAR-FIELD GROUND MOTION RECORDS.
attain the collapse prevention performance level, the K-type
Earthquake Name Year Station Name Magnitude Rjb (km) systems required 1.7 times higher average intensity than the Y-
Imperial Valley-06 1979 Delta 6.5 22.03 type systems. It should be noted that as the height of the frame
Irpinia_ Italy-01 1980 Calitri 6.9 13.34 increases, the intensity that leads to the yielding of links
Loma Prieta 1989 Gilroy Array #4 7.0 13.81 decreases. This implies that shorter frames in general exhibit
San Fernando 1971 LA-Hollywood Stor FF 6.6 22.77
higher levels of reliability. The results in Figure 7 also show
Spitak_ Armenia 1988 Gukasian 6.7 23.99
Superstition Hills-02 1987 Westmorland Fire Sta 6.5 13.03 that the links in both systems produced intensities above the
Tabas_ Iran 1978 Boshrooyeh 7.4 24.07 intensity corresponding to the design hazard level, that is 0.3g.
Therefore, the performance-based seismic design method once
TABLE VII. LIMIT STATES OF EBF ACCORDING TO FEMA 356 again proved its efficiency in providing structures with good
lateral stiffness to sustain subsequent earthquake intensities.
Limit states Recommended drifts (%)
Immediate occupancy (IO) 0.5
Life safety (LS) 1.5
Collapse prevention (CP) 2.0

The demand parameter considered was the inter-story drift

ratio (maximum inter-story drift of all storeys). The
performance levels and their corresponding drift values for
EBF are presented in Table VII according to FEMA356 [34]. (a)
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The seismic reliability of EBFs having K-type and Y-type
links was investigated using non-linear static pushover and
incremental dynamic analysis on 5 and 10-story frames.
A. Pushover Analysis
The EBFs with vertical links exhibited higher inter-story
drifts, especially in the intermediate storeys. The difference
was about 20% between the drift of the K and Y types for the
5-story model (maximum inter-story drift at the 3rd floor) and
53% for the 10-story model (maximum inter-story drift at the
5th floor). The inter-story drift is more significant as the height (b)
of the structure increases. The K-type system exhibited more
important lateral stiffness than the Y-type system in all cases.
According to [30], the link deformation reaches the plastic limit
state when the drift value of the story exceeds 2%. The results,
shown in Figure 5, indicate that the yielding of the links in the
Y-type models has already occurred for the intermediate
stories, while in the K-type models the links reach the plastic Fig. 5. Inter-story drift ratio at 2% target (a) 5-story (b) 10-story models.
limit state.

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(a) (a)

(b) (b)

Fig. 6. IDA curves of 5-story models (a) K-type (b) Y-type. Fig. 8. Median IDA curves (a) 5-story models (b) 10-story models.

V. CONCLUSIONS
This study investigated the lateral performance of EBFs
including horizontal and vertical links. Modeling accuracy was
examined using the Seismostruct software by comparing the
modeling results with the experimental test conducted in [27].
The selected 5- and 10-story EBF models were analyzed using
(a) nonlinear pushover and incremental dynamic analysis over a
series of 21 seismic records. The inter-story drifts obtained
from the K- and Y-type EBF prototypes were compared under
the same loading conditions. The following conclusions can be
drawn:
• The results indicate that both K-type and Y-type systems
can sustain major earthquake intensities and the links can
meet the target performance objectives. However, the K-
type system may absorb excessive seismic energy and
provide better lateral stiffness by conferring smaller inter-
story drifts to the structure compared to the Y-type system.
The links in both systems start to yield in the intermediate
(b) floors but at different intensities (higher for the K-type
models). Low-rise EBFs exhibit higher levels of reliability
in general, where links reach the plastic limit state at higher
intensities than the intensity corresponding to the design
hazard level.
• With the same cross-sections, the K-type system exhibited
better performance under the same loading conditions
Fig. 7. IDA curves for 10-story models (a) K-type (b) Y-type. compared to the Y-type system. To achieve the same
performance as the Y-type configuration, fewer cross-
A clear comparison between the median IDA curves of 5 sections are needed for the K-type reducing the construction
and 10-story prototypes is shown in Figure 8. cost. However, links in the Y-type configuration can be

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