Great!

Now, let's go over Multimedia Representation & File Compression, which are also
part of Chapter 1 in the Computer Science 9618 syllabus.

📌 Multimedia Representation & File

Compression
1⃣ Multimedia Representation
Multimedia includes text, images, audio, and video, all of which need to be stored digitally.

📷 Image Representation

Digital images are stored using pixels (picture elements), and each pixel has a color value.

Key Concepts

 Bitmap (Raster) Images – Images made up of pixels (e.g., JPEG, PNG).

 Vector Images – Images made of mathematical shapes (e.g., SVG, AI).
 Resolution – The number of pixels in an image (higher = better quality).
 Color Depth – The number of bits used per pixel (e.g., 8-bit, 24-bit).

✅ Example:
A 24-bit image means each pixel has 24 bits (8 bits per Red, Green, and Blue color
channel).
Formula for Image File Size:

File Size=Width×Height×Color Depth(bits)\text{File Size} = \text{Width} × \text{Height} ×

\text{Color Depth} (bits)

Convert bits to bytes by dividing by 8.

🎵 Sound Representation

Sounds are stored as digital signals using sampling.

Key Concepts

 Sampling Rate – How often a sound is measured per second (Hz).

 Bit Depth – The number of bits per sample (higher = better quality).
 Bit Rate – The amount of data processed per second.
✅ Formula for Sound File Size:

File Size=Sample Rate×Bit Depth×Channels×Duration\text{File Size} = \text{Sample Rate}

× \text{Bit Depth} × \text{Channels} × \text{Duration}

Convert bits to bytes by dividing by 8.

🎥 Video Representation

Videos are a sequence of images (frames) played rapidly.

Key Concepts

 Frame Rate – Number of frames per second (fps).

 Resolution – The number of pixels in each frame.
 Bit Rate – The amount of data used per second of video.
 Compression – Reduces file size while maintaining quality.

✅ Formula for Video File Size:

File Size=Frame Rate×Resolution×Bit Depth×Duration\text{File Size} = \text{Frame Rate}

× \text{Resolution} × \text{Bit Depth} × \text{Duration}

2⃣ File Compression
Compression reduces file size to save storage space and improve transfer speed.

🔹 Types of Compression

1. Lossy Compression – Some data is permanently lost to reduce file size.

o Used in: JPEG (images), MP3 (audio), MP4 (video).
o Removes details the human eye/ear won’t notice.
2. Lossless Compression – No data is lost, file can be fully restored.
o Used in: PNG (images), FLAC (audio), ZIP (files).
o Works by finding patterns and reducing redundancy.

📝 Compression Examples

 JPEG (Lossy): Reduces image size but may lose quality.

 PNG (Lossless): Preserves image quality, but larger file size.
 MP3 (Lossy): Removes sound frequencies humans can’t hear.
 ZIP (Lossless): Compresses multiple files without data loss.
📝 Notes to Write Down
Multimedia Representation

1. Image Representation
o Images are stored as pixels.
o Higher resolution = better quality, larger file size.
o Color depth determines the number of colors.
o File Size = Width × Height × Color Depth.
2. Sound Representation
o Sampling rate = How often sound is measured (Hz).
o Bit depth = More bits = better quality.
o File Size = Sample Rate × Bit Depth × Channels × Duration.
3. Video Representation
o Frame Rate = Frames per second (fps).
o Resolution = Pixels per frame.
o Compression is needed to reduce file size.

File Compression

1. Lossy Compression
o Removes unnecessary data permanently.
o Used in JPEG, MP3, MP4.
o Smaller file sizes, but quality loss.
2. Lossless Compression
o No data is lost.
o Used in PNG, FLAC, ZIP.
o Files can be restored to original quality.

📖 Important Concepts to Study

✅ How images, sound, and video are stored digitally

✅ Calculating file sizes using formulas
✅ Differences between Lossy & Lossless compression
✅ Understanding color depth, resolution, sampling rate, and bit depth

📌 Additional Notes on Multimedia & Compression

1⃣ Image Representation (Bitmap Images)

  Each pixel has a color value stored in binary.
 Higher resolution = More pixels = Better quality = Larger file size.
 Common file formats:
o JPEG (lossy, compressed)
o PNG (lossless, supports transparency)
o BMP (uncompressed, large file size)

✅ Formula for Image File Size:

File Size=Width×Height×Color Depth (in bits)\text{File Size} = \text{Width} × \text{Height} ×

\text{Color Depth (in bits)}

Convert to bytes: Divide by 8

Convert to MB: Divide by 1,048,576

2⃣ Sound Representation (Digital Audio)

 Sound is recorded as a wave and sampled at regular intervals.
 Higher bit depth = More detail = Better quality = Larger file size.
 Common file formats:
o MP3 (lossy, compressed)
o FLAC (lossless, high quality)
o WAV (uncompressed, large file size)

✅ Formula for Sound File Size:

File Size=Sample Rate×Bit Depth×Channels×Duration\text{File Size} = \text{Sample Rate} × \text{Bit

Depth} × \text{Channels} × \text{Duration}

Convert to bytes: Divide by 8

Convert to MB: Divide by 1,048,576

3⃣ Video Representation
 A video is a sequence of images (frames) displayed rapidly.
 Higher frame rate = Smoother video = Larger file size.
 Higher resolution = More detail per frame = Larger file size.
 Common file formats:
o MP4 (lossy, widely used for streaming)
o AVI (uncompressed, large file size)
o MKV (supports multiple audio tracks, subtitles, high quality)

✅ Formula for Video File Size:

File Size=Frame Rate×Resolution×Color Depth×Duration\text{File Size} = \text{Frame Rate} ×
\text{Resolution} × \text{Color Depth} × \text{Duration}

4⃣ File Compression
 Compression reduces file size to save storage and speed up transmission.
 Types:
o Lossy Compression: Removes data permanently (JPEG, MP3, MP4).
o Lossless Compression: No data is lost (PNG, FLAC, ZIP).
 ZIP compression reduces size by identifying repeated patterns.
 JPEG compression removes details humans won’t notice.

✅ Key Differences Between Lossy & Lossless Compression:

Feature Lossy Compression Lossless Compression

Data Loss Yes (some data is removed) No (100% original file can be restored)

File Size Smaller Larger

Quality Some loss, but often unnoticeable Maintains original quality

Examples MP3, JPEG, MP4 PNG, FLAC, ZIP

These should give you a solid understanding and practice for your exam! Try them out and
let me know if you need any hints. 🚀😊

📌 Multimedia Representation Practice Questions

🖼 Image Representation

1⃣ A black-and-white image has a resolution of 400 × 300 pixels. Each pixel uses 1 bit
(since it's black & white).

 What is the total file size in bytes?

2⃣ A colored image has a resolution of 1024 × 768 pixels with a 24-bit color depth.

 Calculate the file size in megabytes (MB).

  (Hint: Convert bits to bytes by dividing by 8, then to MB by dividing by
1,048,576).

🎵 Sound Representation

3⃣ A song is recorded in stereo (2 channels), with a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz (44,100
samples per second) and a bit depth of 16 bits. The song is 3 minutes long.

 What is the total file size in MB?

 (Hint: Use the formula → File Size = Sample Rate × Bit Depth × Channels ×
Duration, then convert bits to bytes and MB).

4⃣ What happens if we increase the bit depth from 16 bits to 24 bits?

 Does the file size increase or decrease? Why?

🎥 Video Representation

5⃣ A 5-minute uncompressed video has:

 Resolution: 1920 × 1080 pixels

 Color depth: 24-bit
 Frame rate: 30 frames per second
 Calculate the file size in GB.

6⃣ Why do videos require compression?

 What are the advantages of lossy compression in videos?

📌 File Compression Practice Questions

7⃣ Identify whether the following file types use Lossy or Lossless compression:

 JPEG
 PNG
 MP3
 FLAC
 MP4

8⃣ A 200 MB ZIP file is created from multiple text documents.

  After extracting the ZIP, will the total file size be more, less, or the same as 200
MB? Why?

9⃣ Why would someone choose Lossless compression instead of Lossy?

Bonus Challenge Question!

🔟 A camera captures images with a resolution of 3840 × 2160 pixels and a color depth of
36 bits per pixel.

 If you take 100 pictures, what is the total storage needed (in GB)?

📌 More Practice Questions!

📷 Image Representation Questions

1⃣ A grayscale image (8-bit per pixel) has a resolution of 800 × 600 pixels.

 Calculate the file size in KB.

2⃣ A colored image (24-bit per pixel) has a resolution of 1920 × 1080 pixels.

 What is the file size in MB?

3⃣ How does increasing color depth affect file size and quality?

🎵 Sound Representation Questions

4⃣ A mono audio file (1 channel) has:

 Bit depth: 16 bits

 Sample rate: 44,100 Hz
 Duration: 2 minutes
 Calculate the file size in MB.

5⃣ If the same audio file was recorded in stereo (2 channels), how would that change the
file size?

6⃣ Explain why MP3 files are smaller than WAV files, even if they store the same song.
🎥 Video Representation Questions
7⃣ A 4-minute HD video (1920×1080, 24-bit color, 30fps) is uncompressed.

 Calculate its file size in GB.

8⃣ Why does reducing frame rate reduce video file size?

9⃣ What is the difference between a high bit rate and a low bit rate video?

📂 File Compression Questions

🔟 Identify whether the following file types use Lossy or Lossless compression:

 GIF
 MP4
 FLAC
 JPEG
 ZIP

1⃣1⃣ A 100MB text file is compressed using ZIP, and the output file is 30MB.

 What percentage of space was saved?

1⃣2⃣ Which type of compression is best for storing medical images (like X-rays) and why?

📌 Bonus Challenge Question!

🎯 A camera captures 8K images (7680×4320 resolution) with a 48-bit color depth.

 How much storage is needed to save 50 images in GB?