Wireless Mobile Charging

EC62026D SEMINAR

Presented By
AKASH VANKA (B210703EC)
Electronics & Communication Engineering

October 09, 2024

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Contents

1 Introduction

2 Objectives

3 Electromagnetic Induction

4 Classification of Wireless Charging Technologies

5 Comparing Wireless Charging Technologies

6 Methodology of Experiment

7 Working Principle

8 Wireless Charging: Applications, Future Scope

9 Conclusion

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Introduction

In the past, traditional methods of charging, commonly known as wired charging,

were the primary way to power mobile devices. This involves connecting a device to a
power source via a physical cable. While wired charging has been effective, it comes
with several limitations.
Disadvantages of Traditional (Wired) Charging:
Wear and Tear
Limited Mobility
Tangled Cables
Vulnerability to Damage

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To address these issues, wireless mobile charging also known as inductive charging
was developed as a more efficient and convenient solution.
Wireless power transfer (WPT) is the transmission of electrical energy from a power
source to a device without using physical wires or direct electrical connections. It
relies on electromagnetic fields, such as magnetic induction or electromagnetic waves,
to transfer energy over a distance.
Electromagnetic Induction is the process by which a changing magnetic field induces
an electric current in a nearby conductor.
Wireless charging standards - Wireless charging standards are a set of specifications
and protocols that define how wireless charging technology should work, ensuring
compatibility between different devices and chargers. Some common wireless charging
standards include:

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Introduction
Qi Standard:
Most widely used wireless charging technology.
Supports inductive charging over distances up to 40mm.
Used in everyday devices like smartphones, smartwatches, wireless earbuds, electric
toothbrushes, and fitness trackers.
Supported by major manufacturers like Samsung, Apple, Sony, LG etc..

Ki Cordless Kitchen Standard (introduced in 2019 by Wireless Power

Consortium):
Designed for cordless kitchen appliances such as juicers, kettles, and heating equipment.

SAE Standard (by Society of Automotive Engineers):

Developed for electric vehicle (EV) charging.
Uses resonant inductive coupling.
Efficiency: Up to 94 percent with a 10-inch air gap between the charger and the vehicle.

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Introduction

Figure 1: Wireless Charging Pad

Figure 2: Qi Standard

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Objectives

Improve charging efficiency and speed

Focus on reducing energy loss during power transfer to ensure faster charging times.
Implement advanced algorithms and hardware to optimize energy conversion and usage.

Establish universal standards for device compatibility

Create a unified protocol that works across all devices, regardless of manufacturer. This
will eliminate the need for multiple chargers and cables, streamlining user experience.

Enhance support for multi-device charging

Develop solutions that allow simultaneous charging of multiple devices with minimal
power degradation. Ensure that charging speeds are optimized based on the power needs
of individual devices.

Promote user adoption and awareness

Increase awareness through marketing campaigns, educational content, and clear labeling
of devices. Demonstrating the convenience and benefits will encourage wider use of
advanced charging solutions.

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Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction is the process by which a changing magnetic field induces an
electric current in a nearby conductor.
Inductive Coupling:
Two conductors are magnetically linked.
Changing current in one induces voltage in the other via electromagnetic induction (Ampere’s
circuital law).
Mutual Inductance:
Degree of coupling between two conductors can be calculated to assess coupling strength.
Enhancing Coupling:
Winding two wires into coils on a shared axis improves coupling.
Using magnetic cores (iron or ferrite) increases magnetic flux and coupling.
Voltage Induction:
Current-carrying coil creates a dynamic magnetic field.
Bringing a secondary coil into contact induces voltage, creating a magnetic link.
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Electromagnetic Induction

Mutual Inductance Formula:

√
Lm = k L1 L2
Lm : mutual inductance.
k: coefficient of coupling.
L1 : inductance of coil 1.
L2 : inductance of coil 2.

Importance:

Mutual inductance is crucial for understanding the behavior of coupled coils and transformers
in electromagnetic systems.

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Electromagnetic Induction

Figure 3: Inductive Coupling

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Classification of Wireless Charging Technologies

Figure 4: Classification of Wireless Charging Technologies

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Classification of Wireless Charging Technologies

Wireless charging technologies are categorized into two main types:

Non-Radiative Coupling-Based Charging: Non-radiative coupling-based charging is

a way to wirelessly transfer power between two objects without using radio waves.
Instead, it uses magnetic fields created by coils of wire to move energy from a charging
station to a device, like how a wireless phone charger works. The energy is transferred
through magnetic fields, so the objects need to be close to each other.

Radiative RF-Based Charging Radiative RF-based charging is a method of wirelessly

transferring power using radio waves (RF stands for radio frequency). In this system, a
transmitter sends out radio waves that carry energy through the air. A device with an
antenna receives these waves and converts them into electrical power to charge its battery.
This type of charging can work over longer distances compared to other wireless charging
methods, but it’s less efficient because some energy is lost as the radio waves travel
through the air.

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Classification of Wireless Charging Technologies

Non-Radiative Coupling-Based Charging:

Inductive Coupling
Magnetic Resonance Coupling
Capacitive Coupling

Radiative RF-Based Charging

Directive RF Power Beamforming

Non-Directive RF Power Transfer

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Inductive Coupling

Advantages:

Widely adopted and mature technology with proven reliability.

High efficiency in short-range charging applications.

Relatively easy to implement, affordable, simple and cost-effective.

Disadvantages:

Effective over limited charging distance (usually a few millimeters to centimeters).

Sensitivity to misalignment: the device must be precisely placed on the charging pad for
optimal power transfer.

Can produce excess heat during charging, leading to energy loss and potential device
overheating.

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Magnetic Resonance Coupling (MRC)
Magnetic Resonance Coupling (MRC), or resonant inductive coupling, is a wireless power
transfer method that enhances inductive coupling by using resonance between the
transmitter and receiver. Resonance allows efficient energy transfer even if there’s some
distance or misalignment between the coils.
Advantages:
Greater flexibility in positioning devices on the charger.
Can charge multiple devices simultaneously on a single charging pad, increases
convenience for users with multiple gadgets .
Increased Charging Distance than traditional inductive charging, enhancing user
convenience.
Disadvantages:
More sophisticated technology (resonant circuits and precise frequency tuning), makes it
more costly and complex than basic inductive systems.
Slightly lower efficiency than inductive charging means waste more energy.
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Classification of Wireless Charging Technologies

Figure 5: Magnetic Resonance Coupling

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Capacitive Coupling

Capacitive coupling transfers electrical energy using electric fields between the charging
pad and the device, relying on capacitance.
Advantages:

No physical coils, making it compact and potentially more durable.

No direct physical contact between the charger and the device.

Usable for underwater charging or in harsh environments due to no physical contact.

Disadvantages:

Lower efficiency compared to inductive and magnetic resonance methods lead to slower
charging times.

Limited charging range even more limited than inductive charging .

Less common and less mature compared to other wireless charging methods.

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Directive RF Power Beamforming
Directive RF power beamforming uses RF signals to transmit power by steering an RF
beam toward the target device using phased-array antennas.
Advantages:

Potential for charging devices at longer distances (meters to tens of meters).

Can charge multiple devices in a specific direction.

Better immunity to misalignment compared to inductive methods.

Disadvantages:

More complex and expensive infrastructure with phased-array antennas as they are
sophisticated and require advanced technology.

Potential Interference with Other Wireless Communication Devices like WiFi which
reduce system performance.

Potential safety concerns related to RF exposure as they are part of EM radiation.

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Non-Directive RF Power Transfer
This method of wireless power transfer sends radio frequency (RF) energy in all
directions, rather than focusing it toward a specific target like in directive RF power
beamforming. As a result, devices do not need to be precisely aligned with the power
source to receive energy. This technology is often used for low-power applications.
Advantages:
Simplicity in device positioning—no need for alignment as RF power broadcasted in all
directions.
Can charge multiple devices within its coverage area as long as they are within the range .
Suitable for charging IoT sensors and devices in smart environments.
Disadvantages:
Limited range and efficiency compared to directive RF power beamforming because
energy is sent in all directions.
Unsuitable for High-Power Applications as efficiency is low.
May interfere with nearby electronic devices due to broadcasted RF signals affecting their
performance.
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Comparing Wireless Charging Technologies

Performance Overview:

Inductive coupling, magnetic resonance coupling, and RF radiation exhibit superior

performance among the five wireless charging strategies.

Market Forecast:

As of April 5, 2023, a forecast by Market.us predicts that the total value of the wireless
charging industry measured by the revenue generated from the sale of wireless charging
products and services is expected to surpass 63.7 billion U.S. dollars by 2032.

Market Share Insights:

In 2022, inductive coupling dominated the revenue share in the wireless charging market.

Industry Focus:

The seminar emphasizes the inductive coupling technique for wireless mobile charging,
reflecting its leading position in the industry.

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Comparing Wireless Charging Technologies

Figure 6: Global Wireless Charging Market Overview

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Comparing Wireless Charging Technologies

Figure 7: Comparing Wireless Charging Technologies

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METHODOLOGY OF THE EXPERIMENT

Figure 8: Circuit Diagram consisting of transmitter and receiver coils

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METHODOLOGY OF THE EXPERIMENT
The hardware components required to design the proposed system of a wireless mobile
charger based on inductive coupling are:

Copper wire

IRFZ44N N-Channel MOSFET

9-volt Battery

IN4007 diode

1000 µF capacitor

LM7805 IC

1 KΩ resistor

Charging Pin

Switch
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Working Principle
The wireless power transfer circuit includes a 9V battery, rectifier, LC oscillator,
transmitter, receiver, current amplifier, and voltage regulator. The IRFZ44N MOSFET is
used to convert DC into AC and acts as a current amplifier, improving the coil’s efficiency.

Transmitter Coil: The transmitter coil, powered by the supply, consists of multiple
turns of copper wire. When an electric current flows through the coil, it creates a
magnetic field, enabling wireless power transfer to the receiver.

Secondary Coil: The secondary (receiving) coil is built similarly to the primary coil and
operates at the same resonant frequency to ensure efficient energy absorption and low
resistance at the transmitter’s frequency.

Rectifier: A rectifier, made of four diodes, is used to convert the AC output from the
secondary coil into DC. In this system, a full-wave rectifier is employed, which provides a
smoother DC signal by inverting the negative half of the AC waveform. During the
positive AC cycle, diodes D1 and D2 conduct, and during the negative cycle, D3 and D4
conduct, resulting in a continuous positive DC output.
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Working Principle

LC Oscillator Circuit: The LC circuit generates electrical oscillations when a charged

capacitor is connected to an inductor. It is used to select or generate a specific frequency
signal, with oscillations continuing indefinitely if there’s no resistance.

Voltage Regulator: A voltage regulator ensures a stable DC power supply. The IC 7805
provides positive voltage regulation, delivering a consistent 5V output.

The wireless charging system consists of two circuits: the transmitter and the receiver.
The transmitter circuit, with a Z44 MOSFET, converts DC into AC and sends power
wirelessly through a transmitting coil. The receiver circuit receives AC via a coil, which is
then converted to DC using a bridge rectifier. 1000 F capacitor is used to smooth out the
voltage fluctuations (known as ”ripples”) in the DC output. These ripples are caused by
the rectification process when converting AC to DC, and a voltage regulator provides a
stable 5V DC output for charging mobile devices.

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Working Principle

Figure 9: Flow Chart Of Working

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Wireless Charging: Applications

Wireless household appliances: Household devices like vacuum cleaners or kitchen

gadgets can be charged or powered wirelessly, eliminating the need for cables and
enhancing convenience.

On-the-road charging for electric vehicles: Electric vehicles can receive power
wirelessly while driving on specially equipped roads, extending their range without
stopping to charge.

Powering medical devices wirelessly: Medical implants or wearable devices can be

charged wirelessly, improving patient mobility and reducing the need for frequent battery
replacements or surgeries.

Wireless charging for trains: Trains can be powered or charged wirelessly while in
motion or at stations, enhancing energy efficiency and reducing reliance on overhead
cables or traditional charging infrastructure.

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Wireless Charging: Future Scope
Expansion to Electric Vehicles (EVs): Wireless charging solutions for EVs will
provide seamless, hands-free power transfer, reducing the need for manual plug-ins at
charging stations.
Multi-device wireless charging: Homes, offices, and public spaces will feature wireless
charging pads capable of charging multiple devices at once, improving convenience for
users.
Long-distance wireless charging technology: Future advancements will enable
charging devices from a distance, freeing users from having to place devices directly on
charging pads.
Integration into smart cities and public infrastructure: Wireless charging will be
embedded in public infrastructure, such as streets and public transport, to charge devices
and vehicles on the go.
Increased user awareness and adoption: Growing awareness of the benefits of
wireless charging will drive broader adoption, addressing concerns related to safety,
efficiency, and convenience.
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Conclusion

Convenient, eliminating cords: Wireless charging eliminates the hassle of tangled

cords, providing a more organized charging solution.

Charges multiple devices simultaneously: Users can charge several devices at once,
enhancing efficiency in multi-device environments.

Future-proof technology: Wireless charging is constantly evolving, making it a

forward-looking solution that can adapt to new devices and advancements in technology.

Safety features prevent overheating and energy waste: Built-in safety mechanisms
ensure safe charging by preventing overheating and optimizing energy use.

User-friendly, simplifying the charging process: Simply placing a device on the

charging pad makes the process intuitive and hassle-free.

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References

[1] M. Tamilselvi, C. Ramesh Babu Durai, B. Senthilkumar, B. Latha, V. Samuthira

Pandi and J. Lakshmi Priya, ”WPT: A Smart Magnetic Resonance Technology based
Wireless Power Transfer System Design for Charging Mobile Phones,” 2024
International Conference on Intelligent and Innovative Technologies in Computing,
Electrical and Electronics (IITCEE), Bangalore, India, 2024, pp. 1-6, doi:
10.1109/IITCEE59897.2024.10467828 .

[2] S. Cheng Shu, R. Juanatas and J. Niguidula, ”Design and Development of a Wireless
Mobile Charging System,” 2023 5th Asia Energy and Electrical Engineering
Symposium (AEEES), Chengdu, China, 2023, pp. 1252-1255, doi:
10.1109/AEEES56888.2023.10114225.

[3] A. Gehlot, R. Singh and D. Singh, ”Enhanced Wireless based mobile charging
application,” 2022 International Interdisciplinary Humanitarian Conference for
Sustainability (IIHC), Bengaluru, India, 2022, pp. 540-544, doi:
10.1109/IIHC55949.2022.10059752 .

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References

[4] N. S. Chandu, P. Rehaan, P. Niranjan, M. Kavitha, N. S. Kalyan Chakravarthy and

D. M. Reddy, ”Analysis on a Multi-Segmented Wireless Charging System for Mobile
and Wearable Devices,” 2022 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Sustainable
Energy and Future Electric Transportation (SeFeT), Hyderabad, India, 2022, pp. 1-4,
doi: 10.1109/SeFeT55524.2022.9908913.

[5] X. Mao, J. Lin, T. Su and Y. Zhang, ”Automatic Guided Vehicle Wireless Charging
With Dual Receiving Coils for Misalignment Tolerance,” in IEEE Transactions on
Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 336-339, Jan. 2024, doi:
10.1109/TCSII.2023.3304661.

[6] https://teresas.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/N.Sornamuhi-Projectreport-
AB19PHY019-Sornamuhi-N-merged-1-min.pdf

[7] https://scoop.market.us/top-10-mobile-accessories-companies/

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References

[8] https://www.amazon.in/Wireless-Charger-Charging-Qi-
CertifiedStation/dp/B0B87PLML9

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Thank You

Thank You....

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