Red Hat System

Administration I

RH124
PRESENT AT ION BY:
M OHAM ED EL ERAKY
Agenda
o1. Introduce Linux and the Red Hat Enterprise Linux
ecosystem

o2. Run commands and view shell environments.

o3. Manage, organize, and secure files.

o4. Manage users, groups.

o5. Control and monitor systemd services.
o6. Configure remote access “SSH”
o7. Configure network interfaces and settings.
o8. Manage software using DNF
RH124 2
Introduce Linux and the
Red Hat Enterprise Linux
ecosystem
We will cover these Topics

o Linux History brief

o Filesystem Hierarchy
Standard (FHS)
Linux History brief
In 1984, Richard Stallman, an American software engineer, had a
goal to create an operating system a completely free UNIX-compatible
open source (non-proprietary)
The initiative was called the GNU Project (GNU’s Not Unix), Richard
wants to make an open-source Operating system.

by 1991, Richard had been developed significant software’s.

The only critical piece missing was a core software component called
kernel to drive and control the GNU software and to regulate its
communication with the hardware, So Richard had created bunch of
software’s successfully. However, he failed to create and a kernel that
should regulate the communications between the GNU software’s and
the hardware.

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Linux History brief
Around the same time, The computer science student Linus

Torvalds developed a kernel that manage resources, memory, and

storage, Also provide Multi tasking “switcher tasks” and proclaimed its
availability.
The new kernel was named Linux, and it was gradually integrated

with the GNU software that Richard had created before, So They’re
created a compatible OS called GNU/Linux, Linux operating system, or
simply Linux.
Linux was released under the GNU General Public License (GPL).
Initially written to run on Intel x86-based computers, the first
version (0.01) was released in September 1991

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Linux History brief
The GPL license is to ensure that the code is published as an open
source.
The Linux kernel, and the operating system in general, has been
enhanced with contributions from tens of thousands of software

programmers, amateurs, and organizations around the world.

Therefore, Currently there are a variety of Linux distributions out

there (e.g. RedHat, Debian, CentOS, Arch, etc..)

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Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
(FHS)
The Linux directory structure follows the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS),
which prov ides a consistent organization and naming scheme for
directories in a Linux-based operating system.

On Windows machines you access your data with the driv e letter then the
path for date. on Linux machines it’s the quite opposite.

Linux world hav e a wide Rule called Everything is a file. So, The Disk
appears as a special file under /dev And you’re mount This disk file to any
path on the system in order to access it.

Linux machine hav e the / path, it’s the main path for the system this path
include all your system paths.

So, on Linux machines you access the data with the path then the mounted
disk un-like windows.
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Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
(FHS)
Let’s discover the Linux directory structure:

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Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
(FHS)
- /bin - Binaries

The /bin directory contains the executable files of many basic commands
like ls, cp, cd, etc.

- /sbin – System binaries

This similar to /bin howev er it’s contains the executable binary commands
that can run only by the root

- /dev- Device files

This directory only contains special files that are related to the dev ices,
these are v irtual files, physically on the disk. All system dev ice files

- /etc- Configuration files

The /etc directory contains The core configuration files of the system, use
primarily by the administrators and serv ices

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Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
(FHS)
- /usr - User binaries and program data

The /usr contains all the executable files, libraries, and sources for most of
the system programs, because of that most of the files are read-only. In
fact, most of the files under /bin and /lib and /lib64 are Linked “shared
under” /usr.

- /home – User personal data

The home directory for users, personal directories for the users.

- /lib – Shared library

The directory holds the libraries needed by the binaries in /bin and /sbin
directories.

- /tmp – Temporary files

As the name suggests, this directory holds temporary files of the applications

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Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
(FHS)
- /media – mount point for removable media

when you connect a remov able media such as a USB or DVD, a directory is
created automatically.

- /mnt – Mount directory

Created for you for locally mount, This is similar to the /media directory but
instead of automatically mount in the remov able media.

- /srv – Service data

The /srv directory contains data for serv ices prov ided by the system. For
example, if you run a HTTP serv er, it’s a good practice to store the website
data in the /srv directory

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Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
(FHS)

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Run commands and view
shell environments.
We will cover these Topics

o Linux basic command

- print system info
 Linux basic command
In This slide will try to Print-out the system information:

uname # display system info

uname -a # display all system info
uname -r # kernel version
uname -n # hostname name
hostname # get server hostname
hostnamectl set-hostname <new_name> # set hostname
cat /etc/os-release # display all system info
cat /etc/redhat-release
lscpu # check your cpu
lsmem # check your memory
free -h # get memory info
Lshw

date # print date

date +%x

# calendar
cal
cal 2019 14
cal 9 2019
 Linux basic command

ps
ps -u <username>
ps aux # get run-time process

top # get run-time process in interactive mode

top -u <username>

# top Options
# - Press 1 to get how many of your processors
# - Press s to change the default refresh rate
# - press t CPU usage
# - press m memory usage
# - Press k to kill process
# - Press w to write "save"
# - SHIFT + M Sort by memory consumption
# - SHIFT + P Sort by process consumption
# - r for renice
# Renice values are from -20 to 19
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 Linux basic command

# help command
date –help
Man date

whoami # print out your account name

who # name of account's are login now
w # provide more info

last # get info for each user login time

Lastlog # get brief info

tty # display the terminal number

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Manage, organize, and
secure files.
We will cover these Topics

o Linux basic command

- Copy, mov e, create, delete, permissions, and organize files while
working from the bash shell.
 Linux basic command
- in this slide will try to Copy, move, create, delete, set permissions, and
organize files while working from the bash shell.

cd / # change directory
cd ~ # go to your home dir
cd - # return to the last path
cd .. # return back on step | cd ../.. 2 step back

mkdir dir1 dir2 # multiple dirs

mkdir -p dir3/dir4/dir5 # dir in dir
ls –lathR

touch file1 file2 # create file one

vim file1 # edit file one content
cat file1 # print out content

cp file1 dir1 # copy file

cp file1 file2 dir2/ # copy multiple files
cp -r dir1 dir2 # recursive copy

ls # List current dir content 18

ls -l / # list / dir content

Linux basic command

ls -la # list all | any file starts with . is

hidden

mv file1 dir3 # rename files with move

mv file /dev/null # delete the file

rm -r file1 # delete none empty file

rm -rf dir1 # delete by force

CTRL + u # delete line

CTRL + k # delete line
CTRL + arrow # navigation
CTRL + a # go to the start line
CTRL + e # go to the end | Press on end
CTRL + SHIFT + c # past content

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Linux basic command Let’s discover some advance stuff
tail file1
tail –n 5 file1
tail –f file1
head file1

cat file1 | grep <value>

cat file1 | grep -i <value>

grep <name> <path of file> # use –n print line number

grep <name> /etc/passwd
grep cat /usr/share/dict/words # grep on cat word in
dict files
grep ^cat /usr/share/dict/words # grep words that
starts with cat only
grep cat$ /usr/share/dict/words # grep words that ends
with cat only
grep ^cat$ /usr/share/dict/words # grep words that
starts with cat and endswith cat only
grep -r <word> /etc/ # search for this word in all
files under /etc
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grep -rl <word> /etc/
 Linux basic command
ps aux | awk '{print $1}' # specify a column
cat /etc/passwd | awk -F : '{print $1}'
cat /etc/passwd | grep -i <username> | awk -F : '{print $1}'

cut -f 1 -d : /etc/passwd # specify a column

cut -f 1 -d : /etc/passwd > file1 # Save in external file

!ls # get the last value of running cut command

!cat

ps -u <username> && echo "$HOSTNAME" # AND condition

Ps -u <username> || echo "$HOSTNAME" # Or condition
ps -u <username>; echo "$HOSTNAME" # multiple commands in one
line

top & # run in the background

top -p <procid> # get process

du -h <file path> # get file/list_files size

du -hs <file path> # get total size only 21
Linux basic command | VIM

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Linux basic command | Permissions

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Linux basic command | Permissions

ll –d file # print file permissions

ls -l # print all dir files and permissions
chmod u=rw,g=r,o=r file1 # change permissions
chmod 775 file1

### Access control list ACL ###

ll -d file1 # ensure that there is +

getfacl file1 # get current permissions
setfacl -m u:mohamed:rw file # Set permissions
setfacl -m g:mohamed:rw file

# 1- you should set permission first with chmod

then ACL

# 2- ACL inherit from chmod, meanwhile chmod did

not
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Manage users, groups

We will cover these Topics

o Create and manage users

o Create and manage groups

o Add a user to group

Manage users, groups
=== users categories ===
# 1- super user

# 2- user
# 3- service account
========================

# 1- super user

sudo vim /etc/sudoers # add user to sudoers file

# 2- Normal user

sudo useradd <username> # add user

sudo passwd <username> # set password

sudo useradd <username> -s /usr/bin/sh # specify a shell

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Manage users, groups
# 3- service account

useradd --system --no-create-home <username> # create a

user without home dir

useradd --system --no-create-home -s /usr/sbin/nologin

<username> # create a user without home dir and no console
login

sudo useradd --system --no-create-home <username> -s

/usr/sbin/nologin -p <username> # we set a password for
test purose

su - <username> # login as

# print users, passwords, and groups

tail /etc/passwd

tail /etc/shadow

tail /etc/group
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 Manage users, groups
groupadd sales # add group

tail -n 1 /etc/group # get created group

groupmod -n <newname> <oldname> # rename a group

groupdel <groupname> # Delete a group

id <username> # get user info

group <username> # get user group memeber

sudo usermod -aG sales mohamed # Append user to a group

sudo gpasswd -d <username> <groupname> # delete a user from a group

| sudo deluser mohamed root

# Delete user

sudo deluser --remove-all-files mohamed # this works only on ubuntu

sudo userdel <username> --remove -f # Delete a user and his home

directory
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Control and monitor
systemd services.

We will cover these Topics

o Control and monitor network serv ices and system

daemons with the systemd serv ice.
 Control and monitor systemd services.
The first service start on the system is systemd “system daemon“ Then systemd is responsible to
start all the services.

systemd will segregate the performance of CPU and memory on the services to start in
parallel.

Systemd provide systemctl command to manage services, systemctl is not to manage

services only but process and more.

systemctl -t service # list active and exited services

systemctl -t service --all # print all services

systemctl list-units # print units

systemctl list-units --all # print all units

systemctl list-units --type service

systemctl list-units --type service --all # all active and inactive service

systemctl status sshd

systemctl start sshd # start the service

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 Control and monitor systemd services.
systemctl status sshd

systemctl start sshd # start the service

systemctl enable sshd # enabel to start auto while booting

systemctl restart sshd # restert the service

systemctl reload sshd # reload the config files

systemctl stop sshd

systemctl status NetworkManager

echo$? # print out the last command value if 0 the last command submitted
successfully if have any other value so it went through error

#There is some serviess depend on other services, Therefor if you stopped it The
other services will start it again

systemctl list-dependencies sshd # list servcies The depend on sshd || under sshd

systemctl list-dependencies sshd --reverse # list service that sshd depend on ||

upove sshd

# Any edit on the conf file must have reload | restart the service after 31
Configure remote access
“SSH”

We will cover these Topics

o Configure secure command line serv ice on remote

systems
 Configure remote access “SSH”
- Using port 22

- using asymmetric encryption (pub and priv keys)

- Note that there’s no file .ssh on the client or the remote

# 1- Run this on the client machine

ssh-keygen # Generate the pub and private keys on the client machine

- The file that ends with .pub it's the public key that should copied to the remote

- There's a file under the .ssh path on the remote serv er called known_hosts, its
automatically created when you login v ia SSH command on this serv er

ssh-copy-id mohamed@192.168.1.1 # 2- copy the pub key to the remote to

automate authentications

# this will generate a file on the remote called .ssh/authorized_keys

that have the pub key

# you can copy and past the pub key contenct to the remote
authorized_key file 33
 Configure remote access “SSH”
- Note that .ssh dir crated on the remote and hav e a file called authorized_key hav e your
pub key.

- Now you can SSH on the remote serv er with out asking for password

ssh <username>@192.168.1.1 # remote on the server

sudo vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config # sshd service config file, any change in this file
must reload the service

systemctl status sshd

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Configure network
interfaces and settings.

We will cover these Topics

o Configure network interfaces and settings

Configure network interfaces and settings.
- Get info

ip address show # print NIC info

ip addr show

ip a s

ip a s <NIC Name>

# get network statistics, receive and transfer packets

ip -s link show <NIC Name>

- There’re two ways I prefer to set an IP

1- vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 # put the Ip in the

configuration file

nmcli con down <NIC Name> ; nmcli con up <NIC Name>

Systemctl restart NetworkManager

- 2 user mtui command 36

Nmtui # then down and up the NIC, and restart the service
Manage software using
DNF

We will cover these Topics

o Download, install, update, and manage software

packages from Red Hat and DNF package
repositories.
 Manage software using DNF
- You can download the software package file with .rpm extension then install it using
rpm –Ivh <package name> However each software package have dependencies and
some dependencies have dependencies. The package manager handle all of this for
you

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 Manage software using DNF
dnf list installed # it's the same if you use yum
dnf list installed | grep -i "python"

rpm -qa | grep -i "python"

sudo vim /etc/yum.repos.d/redhat.repo

yum search <package>

yum remove -y <package>
yum install <package>
yum update <package>
yum info <package>

vim /var/log/yum.log

dnf update

yum history # or user dnf history info

yum history undo 3 # undo to action num 3 39
Resources
▪ GPL

▪ Linux wiki

▪ RHEL Book

▪ RH124

▪RHEL personal Document

▪RH124 course -none official-

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 Thank you
Thank you, I Really appreciate your attendance

Contact me:
M ohamed-ibrahim2021@outlook.com