Basic concepts of Information Coding

ADITY BADOLE GROUP 109

Q.1) Information coding (concept). Coding of textual information (principles). Code tables.

Ans1. Coding theory is the study of the properties of codes and their respective
fitness for specific applications. Codes are used for data compression, cryptography,
error detection and correction, data transmission and data storage. Codes are studied
by various scientific disciplines—such as information theory, electrical engineering,
mathematics, linguistics, and computer science—for the purpose of designing
efficient and reliable data transmission methods. This typically involves the removal
of redundancy and the correction or detection of errors in the transmitted data.
There are four types of coding:
1. Data compression (or source coding)
2. Error control (or channel coding)
3. Cryptographic coding
4. Line coding
Data compression attempts to remove redundancy from the data from a source in
order to transmit it more efficiently. For example, ZIP data compression makes data
files smaller, for purposes such as to reduce Internet traffic. Data compression and
error correction may be studied in combination. Error correction adds extra data bits
to make the transmission of data more robust to disturbances present on the
transmission channel. The ordinary user may not be aware of many applications
using error correction. A typical music compact disc (CD) uses the Reed–Solomon
code to correct for scratches and dust. In this application the transmission channel is
the CD itself. Cell phones also use coding techniques to correct for the fading and
noise of high frequency radio transmission. Data modems, telephone transmissions,
and the NASA Deep Space Network all employ channel coding techniques to get the
bits through, for example the turbo code and LDPC codes.
Principle
Entropy of a source is the measure of information. Basically, source codes try to
reduce the redundancy present in the source, and represent the source with fewer
bits that carry more information.
Data compression which explicitly tries to minimize the average length of messages
according to a particular assumed probability model is called entropy encoding.
Various techniques used by source coding schemes try to achieve the limit of
entropy of the source. C(x) ≥ H(x), where H(x) is entropy of source (bitrate), and C(x) is
the bitrate after compression. In particular, no source coding
Q.2) Encoding audio information. Principles of analoug-to-digital conversion, sampling, sampling.
Characteristics of the audio file.

Ans 2. - Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) is a device that transforms digital data into
an analoug signal. According to the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem, any sampled
data can be reconstructed perfectly with bandwidth and Nyquist criteria. A DAC can
reconstruct sampled data into an analoug signal with precision. MP3 Lossless, lossy,
and uncompressed audio coding formats. The most widely used audio coding formats
are MP3 and Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), both of which are lossy formats based
on modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) and perceptual coding algorithms. An
audio file format is a file format for storing digital audio data on a computer system.
The bit layout of the audio data (excluding metadata) is called the audio coding format
and can be uncompressed, or compressed to reduce the file size, often using lossy
compression.

Q.3) Encoding graphic information. The principles of colour image formation. Colour spaces (concept
and examples of RGB and CMYK spaces). Parameters and formats (indicating differences) of the
graphic file.
Ans 3. - A colour image is usually stored in memory as a raster map, a two dimensional array
of small integer triplets; or (rarely) as three separate raster maps, one for each channel.

Separate R, G, and B image layers

Eight bits per sample (24 bits per pixel) seem adequate for most uses, but faint banding
artifacts may still be visible in some smoothly varying images, especially those subject to
processing. Particularly demanding applications may use 10 bits per sample or more.

On the other hand, some widely used image file formats and graphics cards may use only 8
bits per pixel, i.e., only 256 different colours, or 2–3 bits per channel. Converting continuous-
tone images like photographs to such formats requires dithering and yields rather grainy and
fuzzy results.

Graphics cards that support 16 bits per pixel provide 65536 distinct colours, or 5–6 bits per
channel. This resolution seems satisfactory for non-professional uses, even without dithering.

What is the difference between the RGB and CMYK colour space and why does it matter? RGB
refers to the primary colours of light, Red, Green and Blue, that are used in monitors,
television screens, digital cameras and scanners. CMYK refers to the primary colours of
pigment: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black A colour space is a specific organization of
colours. Adding a specific mapping function between a colour model and a reference colour
space establishes within the reference colour space a definite "footprint", known as a gamut ,
and for a given colour model, this defines a colour space.

PEG (or JPG) - Joint Photographic Experts Group. ...

PNG - Portable Network Graphics. ...

GIF - Graphics Interchange Format. ...

TIFF - Tagged Image File. ...

PSD - Photoshop Document. ...

PDF - Portable Document Format. ...

EPS - Encapsulated Postscript. ...

AI - Adobe Illustrator Document.

Q.4) Encoding graphic information. Formation of graphic and video information. Vector, fractal and
raster image. Presentation modes of colour graphics (True Colour, High Colour, Index). Parameters
and formats (indicating the differences) of the video file.

Ans 4.- Graphic design is the art, profession and academic discipline whose activity
consists in projecting visual communications intended to transmit specific messages
to social groups, with specific objectives. Therefore, it is an interdisciplinary branch
of design[1] whose foundations and objectives revolve around the definition of
problems and the determination of objectives for decision-making, through creativity,
innovation and lateral thinking along with digital tools, transforming them for proper
interpretation. This activity helps in the optimization of graphic communications (see
also communication design). It is also known as visual communication design, visual
design or editorial design.
The role of the graphic designer in the communication process is that of encoder or
interpreter of the message. They work on the interpretation, ordering and presentation
of visual messages. The design work always starts from a client's demand, a demand
that ends up being established linguistically, either orally or in writing, that is, that
graphic design transforms a linguistic message into a graphic manifestation.[2]
Graphic design has, as a field of application, different areas of knowledge focused on
any visual communication system. For example, it can be applied in advertising
strategies, or it can also be applied in the aviation world.[3]
In this sense, in some countries graphic design is related as only associated with the
production of sketches and drawings, this is incorrect, since visual communication is
a small part of a huge range of types and classes where it can be applied.
The raster image represents a picture consisting of an array of points on the screen
having such attributes as coordinates and colour.
Pixel - The smallest element of the image on the computer screen. Screen pixel size is
approximately 0.0018 inches.
The raster pattern is similar to a mosaic, in which each element (pixel) is painted in a
certain colour. This colour is fixed at a specific screen location. Moving the image
fragment "removes" paint from an electron canvas and destroys the pattern.
The current status of the screen is stored in the video card. Information can be stored
in the computer's memory - in a graphical data file.
The most close analogues of raster graphics are painting, photography
Vector graphics

In vector graphics, the image consists of simple elements called primitives: lines,
circles, rectangles, painted areas. The boundaries of the areas are set by curves.
The file that represents the vector image contains the initial coordinates and
parameters of the primitives - vector commands.
The closest analogue of vector graphics is a graphic representation of mathematical
functions. For example, to describe the segment, it is enough to specify the
coordinates of its ends, and the circle can be described, setting the coordinates of the
centre and the radius. Information about the colour of the object is preserved as part
of its description, i.e. Also in the vector command.
Vector commands are reported to the output device that it is necessary to draw an
object using the laid number of primitive elements. The more items are used, the
better this object looks like.
Applications for creating vector graphics are widely used in the design, technical
drawing, technical work. Vector graphics elements are also available in text
processors. In these programs, simultaneously with drawing tools and commands
provide special software that generates vector commands corresponding to objects
from which the drawing consists.
Vector graphics files may contain raster objects.
Advantages of vector graphics

Vector images occupy a relatively small memory.

Vector graphics does not allow you to get pictures of photographic quality.
Vector images are described by thousands of commands. In the process of printing,
these commands are transmitted to the output device (printer).
Fractal graphics
The latter of the types of computer graphics under consideration is fractal graphics.
Fractal graphics is today one of the fastest developing promising types of computer
graphics.
The mathematical basis of fractal graphics is fractal geometry. Here, the method of
inheritance from the so-called, "parents" of the geometric properties of heirs objects
is based on the basis of the image constructions.
Concepts fractal, fractal geometry and fractal graphics, which appeared in the late
70s, today firmly entered the use of mathematicians and computer artists. The word
fractal is formed from Latin Fructus and in translating means "consisting of
fragments". It was proposed by Mathematics Benoit Mandelbrot in 1975 for the
designation of irregular, but self-like structures with which he was engaged. e image
on paper does not look like on the monitor screen. Example fractal graphics:

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Colours

Let’s review these three key terms:

In this illustration, a "1" denotes a primary colour, "2" shows secondary colours, and
"3" shows tertiary colours. (Graphic source: Envato Elements.)
Also, use the colour wheel to help understand how colours fit together. Colours
directly across from each other on the wheel can be paired to create schemes called
complementary colour combinations. That's one example of a principle that helps you
create the best presentation colour combinations.
2.Tints, Tones, and Hues

While the colour wheel shows each of the colours at their "pure" form, we know that
there are many other versions of a colour. This comes down to aspects like tints,
tones, and hues. Tints of colour are created by adding white to the original colour.
Tones go hand in-hand with colour because they're created by adding grey to the
original colour. I like to think of tint as how much of the base colour is truly
represented.
Video Encoding Formats
MP4 (mp4, m4a, m4v, f4v, f4a, m4b, m4r, f4b, mov)
3GP (3gp, 3gp2, 3g2, 3gpp, 3gpp2)
OGG (ogg, oga, ogv, ogx)
WMV (wmv, wma, asf*)
WEBM (webm)
FLV (flv)
AVI*
QuickTime*