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TLE-ICT-CSS
Quarter 2 – Module 1-4:
Performing Mensuration and Calculation

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 9

TLE
Information and Communications Technology
Computer Systems Servicing
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Performing Mensuration
and Calculation

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Computer Systems Servicing. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Select Measuring Instruments
• Lesson 2 – Carry out measurements and calculations
• Lesson 3 - Maintain measuring instruments

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify the different storage to be measured
2. Demonstrate how to compute to get the binary digits
3. Ensure proper handling of measuring instruments

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 Lesson
Select Measuring
1 Instruments
As a Computer Systems Servicing student, you need to familiarize the
different computer components that makes up a computer and identify those
components that need to be measured and calculated.

What’s In

What are the components of a computer that you are familiar with?
Name at least 5 components.

Notes to the Teacher

If there is no desktop computer in the premises, watch a
video clip in this URL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-HCJDWfCl-M

What’s New

Almost everyone uses cellphones for different purposes like taking

pictures, videos, downloading and accessing files and many others. It
actually works like a personal computer. Have you ever wondered which part
of your device these files are saved?

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 What is It

SELECT MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

MEMORY

Memory is used most often to identify fast, temporary forms of storage.

When the information is kept in memory, the CPU can access it much more
quickly. Most forms of memory are intended to store data temporarily.

READ-ONLY MEMORY (ROM)

Read-only memory (ROM) chips are located in the

motherboard. ROM chips contain instructions that can be
directly accessed by the CPU.

Basic instructions for booting the computer and loading the operating
systems are stored in ROM. ROM chips retain their contents even when the
computer is powered down. The contents cannot be erased or changed by
normal means.

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)

Random Access Memory (RAM) is the temporary storage

for data and programs that are being accessed by the CPU.

RAM is volatile memory, which means that the contents

are erased when the computer is powered off. The more RAM in a computer,
the more capacity the computer has to hold and process large programs and
files, as well as enhance system performance.

Early computers had RAM installed in the motherboard as individual

chips. The individual memory chips, called Dual Inline Package (DIP) chips,
was difficult to install and often became loose on the motherboard. To solve
this problem, designers soldered the memory chips on a special circuit board
called a memory module.

SIMMs and DIMMs

SIMMs (Single Inline Memory Module) have 30-pin and

72-pin configurations.

DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module) is a circuit board that holds

SDRAM, DDR SDRAM and DDR2 SDRAM.

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 DDR (Double Data Rate) technology doubles the maximum bandwidth
of SDRAM, DDR2 offers faster performance while using less technology.
DDR3 operates at even higher speeds than DDR2; however, none of these
DDR technologies are backward- or forward- compatible.

CACHES AND REGISTERS

Caches are designed to alleviate this bottleneck by

making the data used most often by the CPU instantly
available.

Registers are memory cells built right into the CPU that contain specific
data needed by the CPU, particularly the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU). An
integral part of the CPU itself, they are controlled directly by the compiler that
sends information for the CPU to process.

STORAGE DRIVES

Storage drives read or write information on magnetic or optical storage

media. The drive can be used to store data permanently or to retrieve
information from a media disk. Storage drives can be installed inside the
computer case, such as a hard drive. For portability, some storage drives can
connect to the computer using a USB port, a FireWire port, or a SCSI port.
These portable storage drives are sometimes referred to as removable drives
and can be used on multiple computers.

Hard Drive

A hard drive, or hard disk drive, is a magnetic storage

device that is installed inside the computer. The hard drive is
used as permanent storage for data. In a Windows computer,
the hard drive is usually configured as the C: drive and
contains the operating system and applications. The hard
drive is often configured as the first drive in the boot
sequence. The storage capacity of a hard drive is measured in billions of bytes,
or gigabytes (GB). The speed of a hard drive is measured in revolutions per
minute (RPM). Multiple hard drives can be added to increase storage capacity.
Traditional hard drives are magnetic. Magnetic hard drives
have drive motors designed to spin magnetic platters and the
drive heads. In contrast, the newer solid state drives (SSDs)
do not have moving parts. Because there are no drive motors
and moving parts, the SSD uses far less energy than the
magnetic hard drive. Non-volatile flash memory chips manage all storage on
an SSD, which results in faster access to data, higher reliability, and reduced
power usage. SSDs have the same form factor as magnetic hard drives and
use ATA or SATA interfaces. SSDs can be installed as a replacement for
magnetic drives.

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 Optical Drive

An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to

read data on the optical media. There are three types of
optical drives: Compact Disc (CD), Digital Versatile Disc
(DVD) and Blu-ray Disc (BD). CD, DVD, and BD media can be pre-recorded
(read-only), recordable (write once), or re- writable (read and write multiple
times).

External Flash Drive

An external flash drive, also known as a thumb drive,

is a removable storage device that connects to a USB port.
An external flash drive uses the same type of non-volatile
memory chips as solid state drives and does not require
power to maintain the data. These drives can be accessed by the operating
system in the same way that other types of drives are accessed.

Types of Drive Interfaces

Hard drives and optical drives are manufactured with different

interfaces that are used to connect the drive to the computer. To install a
storage drive in a computer, the connection interface on the drive must be the
same as the controller on the motherboard. Here are some common drive
interfaces:

• IDE – Integrated Drive Electronics, also called

Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) is an
early drive controller interface that connects
computers and hard disk drives. An IDE
interface uses a 40-pin connector.

• SATA – Serial ATA refers to the serial version of the

ATA drive controller interface. A SATA interface
uses a 7-pin data connector.

• SCSI – Small Computer System Interface is a drive

controller interface that can connect up to 15
drives. SCSI can connect both internal and
external drives. An SCSI interface uses a 50-pin,
68-pin, or 80-pin connector.

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 esson
Carry Out Measurements
2 and Calculation

While humans interpret words and pictures, computers interpret only

patterns of bits. In our next lesson, let us understand how computer
interprets data and information.

What’s In

How do you count numbers? So, you think you know how to count?
Well, there is another way to do it.

Notes to the Teacher

It is recommended to visit this link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b6vHZ95XDwU&featur
e=youtu.be for a brief introduction about binary numbers.

What’s New

Did you know that computers only use 0 and 1? Everything that you
see or hear on a computer such as pictures, movies, words, or even sounds is
stored using just those two numbers! Let’s learn more.

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 What is It

Carry Out Measurements and Calculation

DIGITAL REPRESENTATION

Information is represented and stored in a digital binary format within

a computer. The term bit is an abbreviation of binary digit and represents the
smallest piece of data.

A bit can have only two possible values, a one digit (1) or a zero digit
(0). A bit can be used to represent the state of something that has two states.

CONVERT DECIMAL NUMBERS TO BINARY

To convert a decimal number to binary, all you have to do is divide the

number by 2. Get the quotient and the remainder. Bring down the quotient,
divide it by 2, and get the quotient and remainder again. Do it repeatedly until
the quotient results to 0. Copy the remainder from bottom to top, and that is
the binary equivalent.

Example: 30
Quotient Remainder
30/2 15 0
15/2 7 1
7/2 3 1
3/2 1 1
1/2 0 1

30 = 11110

Checking: 1 1 1 1 0 Multiplier
16 8 4 2 1 Equivalents
16 8 4 2 0 Results
16 + 8 + 4 + 2 = 30

CALCULATING DATA STORAGE

While a bit is the smallest representation of data, the most basic unit
of digital storage is the byte. A byte is 8 bits and is the smallest unit of
measure (UOM) used to represent data storage capacity. When referring to
storage space, we use the terms bytes (B), kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB),
gigabytes (GB), and terabytes (TB).

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 One kilobyte is a little more than one thousand bytes, specifically 1,024.
A megabyte represents more than a million bytes or 1,048,576. A gigabyte is
1,073,741,824 bytes. A terabyte is 1,099,511,627,776.

Here is another conversion:

1 byte = 8bits
1kilobyte = 1,024 bytes
1 megabyte = 1,024 kilobytes
1 gigabyte = 1,024 megabyte
1terabyte = 1,024 gigabyte

When something is represented digitally, the greater the detail, the

greater the number of bits needed to represent it. A low-resolution picture
from a digital camera will use around 360KB, and a high-resolution picture
could use 2 MB or more.

Examples of components and devices that use byte storage include:

random access memory (RAM), hard disk drive space, CDs, DVDs, and MP3
players. CDs have a data storage capacity of approximately 700 MB. DVDs
have a data storage capacity of approximately 4.3 GB on a single-layer disc,
and approximately 8.5 GB on a dual-layer disc. BDs have a storage capacity
of 25 GB on a single-layer disc, and 50 GB on a dual-layer disc. Once we know
the size of a file or folder, it is possible to determine the number of bytes being
used.

Example:
A file is 25KB in size
1KB = 1,024Bytes
25 x 1,024 = 25,600Bytes in a 25KB file

If this 25KB file is stored in a 1MB folder, how many files can be
stored in that folder?
1MB = 1,048,576Bytes 25KB = 25,600Bytes

1,048,576Bytes/25,600Bytes = 40.96 files can be stored in a 1MB

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 Lesson
Maintain Measuring
3 Instruments

It is better to observe some few practices in handling these hardware

components for them to last long and to avoid the chances of premature
failure.

What’s In

Look at the things around you inside your house. How will you
maintain these things? Cite some examples. Why is maintenance important?

Notes to the Teacher

It is recommended to visit this link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9aFVjvCJcbk
to have some basic tips on computer maintenance.

What’s New

Check the computer you are using. What can you say about its
performance? Is it safe to connect a flash drive in it? Is the antivirus
updated? Open the system unit, does it accumulate dust? Computers work
well when they are taken care of.

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 What Is It

Maintain Measuring Instruments

MEMORY

The gold contacts at the bottom of your RAM must be clean and free of
debris in order to maintain a solid connection. If your RAM sticks are dirty,
your computer might not recognize that they’re installed and may sometimes
show a blue screen. Normally, dusting out the inside of your computer on a
monthly basis (more if the environment is unusually dusty) is sufficient to
keep RAM modules clean.

Holding a RAM without caution and proper anti-static protection could

break your precious memory module. Although this piece is sensitive and
delicate, it will not break if you handle the device correctly and properly. Here
are some safety measures in handling a RAM.
• Use anti-static wrist straps or anti-static clips to drain all the static
electricity that is present in your body and which you could acquire if
you have a carpeted floor.
• After taking the RAM out of your computer, do not place it anywhere
because it could be exposed to other elements (especially water or
anything moist) and it is better that you put it in an anti-static plastic
container first before placing the RAM in a safe location.
• If possible, wear thin rubber gloves when holding the RAM. Place your
fingers on the edge of its corners (the green plated part of the module
with plastic coating) to avoid the chances of damaging the sensitive
parts of the RAM.

HARD DISK DRIVE

Hard disk drive (HDD) can last for years when properly maintained.
Neglect can lead an HDD to fail sooner than it normally would and the
potential loss of valuable data.
Common causes for a drive failure include:
• Water damage
• Overheating
• Electrical faults
• Firmware corruption
• Damaged boot sector
• Mechanical failure

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 Be Careful about Downloading and Installing Software

One of the most common reasons clients need hard drive recovery
services is because malware has infected the drive and destroyed its ability to
boot.

Keep the Computer’s Components Free of Dust

Air circulation causes dust to collect inside the computer’s case, so it’s
important to periodically remove dust and debris to prevent electrical faults
or overheating.

Update the Computer’s Operating System with Critical Patches

By keeping the computer’s OS up to date with the latest patches, it’ll be

less likely to become infected with malicious software that can damage data
on its HDD.

Defragment the Drive Regularly

Large files can become scattered across the drive’s platter, which slows
the process of reading them and impacts a computer’s performance.
Defragmentation reorganizes all the software and data into an optimal
arrangement.

Delete Unused Software and Files Periodically

It’s important to maintain free space on a drive that the computer can
use for temporary storage. When its drive becomes too full, a computer can
slow to a crawl as it attempts to use the little free space left to juggle data.

REMOVABLE STORAGE DEVICES

Flash drives or thumb drives are also highly important mainly

because they contain files that you use in school or personal life. Failure to
properly take care of these devices and disks could result in irreversible loss
of essential data.

Avoid placing your removable disks on top of other electronic devices. If

you place your USB or other disk on top of your TV set, computer, gaming
platform, for a long period of time, this can lead to data damage.

Make it a point to eject your drive properly. Make sure you always “safely
remove” your removable device from your PC whenever you are about to
detach it. This prevents sudden data loss and damage to the drive. Pulling
your flash drive or memory card away from its PC socket without doing the
“safely remove” action can lead to total disk damage.

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 Maintain the integrity of your files. Monitor what goes in and out of the
drive. Accessing peer to peer software, adult sites, and sites with known
malware and spyware issues, can all cause viruses to creep into your PC
storage items and compromise the integrity of your files.

Keep it all safe. Sometimes, no matter how hard you try in protecting
your disks, they are subjected to wear, tear, and other unforeseen factors. To
make sure that you do not instantly lose important data, backup your files in
multiple locations.

OPTICAL MEDIA

CDs and DVDs are extremely delicate data storage media and any type
of mishandling can damage the CD or DVD thereby resulting in data loss.
Therefore, it is important for you to exert caution while using these optical
media.

Do:
1. Handle discs by the outer edge or the center hole.
2. Keep dirt or other foreign matter from the disc.
3. Store discs upright (book style) in plastic cases specified for CDs and
DVDs.
4. Store discs in a cool, dry, dark environment in which the air is clean.
5. Remove dirt, foreign material, fingerprints, smudges, and liquids by
wiping with a clean cotton fabric in a straight line from the center of the
disc toward the outer edge.

Do not:
1. Touch the surface of the disc.
2. Bend the disc.
3. Store discs horizontally for a long time (years).
4. Expose discs to extreme heat or high humidity.
5. Write or mark in the data area of the disc (the area the laser “reads”).
6. Clean by wiping in a direction going around the disc.
7. Scratch the label side of the disc.
8. Use a pen, pencil, or fine-tip marker to write on the disc.
9. Write on the disc with markers that contain solvents.
10.Try to peel off or reposition a label.

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 References

LO 1:
Biasong, Joy Kenneth Sala. 2013. slideshare.net. June 16. Accessed June
15, 2020. https://www.slideshare.net/kenjoyb/k-to-12-pc-hardware-
servicing-learning-module

De Vera, Psst. 2016. prezi.com. April 26. Accessed June 15, 2020.
https://prezi.com/xhb2fp2v9ulu/perform-mensuration-and-calculation/

magsipocarm05. 2019. fliphtml5.com. July 7. Accessed June 15, 2020.

https://fliphtml5.com/dwahv/umog/basic/

Computer Hope. 2017. computerhope.com. October 11. Accessed June 27,

2020.https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/memory-module.htm
Watson, Stephanie. howstuffworks.com. Accessed June 27, 2020.
https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/blu-ray3.htm

Villinger, Sandro. 2019. avast.com. September 26. Accessed June 30,

2020.https://www.avast.com/c-what-is-ssd

LO 2:
Paño, Khlaire. 2016. slideshare.net. February 23. Accessed June 17, 2020.
https://www.slideshare.net/KhlairePao/digital-representation-58607073

LO 3:
pcdreams. 2016. pcdreams.com.sg. September 21. Accessed June 18, 2020.
https://pcdreams.com.sg/how-to-take-care-of-your-pc-storage-devices-
2/#:~:text=Your%20data%20storage%20devices%2C%20such,irreversible%2
0loss%20of%20essential%20data.

Byers, Fred. 2003. libguides.wustl.edu. October. Accessed June 18, 2020.

https://libguides.wustl.edu/c.php?g=47429&p=303867

Writer, Staff. 2016. howtodothings.com. Accessed June 18, 2020

http://www.howtodothings.com/computers-internet/how-to-properly-
handle-ram

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