Generally metaLs hard ex cept

alkalene metals 5hich are Soft

Au,zn -.

Yon metals,
Generally hey can be solids , (tqvi
In)ei gases at temperature with
LM Bp
2) They are bad conductors except
qraphile hich is a qood conduetor
fmovement of free e
because

Graphite is used as electrodes

clectrolysis process
Metalloids:
contain bolh meta

Generally they
|0)
c) non- etallic Properties,
and
lo)£lemncnts oith both metallic
dies
mon -
metallic prope Antimonic
Arsenic
4: Germanium
 ymbols based hatin
names
klement
0) Antinomy &iibiun
Symbol
Sb
(2) Copper (uprum
8)
(3) gold Aurum
4) rom
Au
Ferumn Fe
(5) Silver Argentum
6) Mercury
7)odiumn
8) Potassiu
Hhydraurgyrm
Yatrum Va
) kead Kalium
o) Tin
Plumbum Pb
-) Tunasten `tannr
olfram
Sn
Compound
3t consisis
of
kind )
of
which is
formed by the particles,
of moYe 4han
{ixed alio atom combination
and in
Compounds by weiqht.
Can
be broken
different atons into
chemical species
Mixtres:
1t conta ins
parBicles
moTe 4han 1 kind of
There 2 types cf mijxBure
)itomogencous 2) 4feleroqentous
4omogeneous mixBure: Uniform
distibution f different particlts
Co: &alt + ater, Suqar + wate ir,
Ornamental Gold(A[loy)
Heteroqeneous mizture Yon unifoYm
distribution of di4ferent parlicles .

ea: 0il + ater , Milk . blood tc

Valeney
The combining copacity of an ele ment
catled valency
Yo- of H no of bonds
Eq: CHu H are 4 therefore L bonds are
formed.
Vo of H no. of bonds
H
2
2
H,0
Hss
3

CHu
(noof H no-of bonds
ro1 valency
 No-of bonds taeh
2

|4 u ’Totol
(no-of o = double the
eh forms
each
mo-of bonds (o
s l5l23
Valeney is the no-of,
ot
(chlorìn)
valeney)
hydrogens
+he no- of lalbgemor doe bhe
ef ele ment combines
which an atom
YaH
valency 1nereases H

Na,o go deceases
valeny ncreases

aleney
Cr:6
V5

P:3
P5
 4on| Radical:
atom
An group of atoms bearing
4he charqe is
is called son
id contains 2 types
) &imple i0ns
i) Compound ions
Simple 2ons: An atom of a e lement
containing,
Na
the charge 3

Compound i0ns - Aloms of differe nt

dlement contajnirg the chargc
2 2

Cation (+ve charqed ion)

u)
unittve ion:

Na'

Rb':
NH, : Ammonium
ion
PH, *Phospheroujors
Ho Hydronjum
N0,Yitronitu m
NO: Nit rosorniu m
Ag' Silver
MercUTOUS
 Di tre on!
Bc

Ca

Ba

Sn:&tannous
42
a: Cupric
+2
Ho': MMercuric
Fe; Fefr ous
Pb Pumbous
1)Tri +ve ionS
AL 3: Alumic
Fest:Feric
Au. Auric
)etra +ve ior
P:" :- Platinic
Ph: Pumbic
Sn
&tannic
Anions (-ve charqed ion )

H tydr ide
Fluoride
Chloride
Bromide
dodide
H
CN Cyanide
sCNi- 9 hio yanate
Bicarbonale
Hg
HSq,' Bisulphate
Bisulphite
CLoi-ypochlorite
chlorite
Calorate
Perchloraie
NO,-TYitrite
NO:-itrate
N-- Azide
Mno i- Permanganate
CHCO0 - Acetate
HCOO:- Formate
OH.
ilydrox ide
&uperoxide
", Polypo phesphi te
(1) 6il di -ve ion
oxide
HPG i- Phosphite
peroxide
Sulphide
So, ¿- &ulphate
so;? :- &ulphite
co- Carbonate
,oU: 0xa late
Mno: Manganate
Cr,o t - Dichromate
|Cro?:- chromate
Sgo:Kio sulphate
Su Op :- etra thionate

3
- riride
p3.
Phosphide
B Boride
Po
3
Phosphale
Aluminate
nL0
v) Tetra - Ve: ion
’Carbide
,0, Pyre phosphate
Silicate
 Noble Gases

ns'ap Oetet conf"

(completely filed with val
sheit )
36 kr

duplet
&6 Rn
!32

These are less Teactiue shows inert

behavior and are called as nobles OY
inert gases Because all e [emenis are

with octet onf^ ezcept He (duplet conf"

Formulae : st is the represe rtation of
molecules with snbols and subseript
nunbers
Cris YOSS method to write the formula
compounds
) Positive ly charged species is placed
at left side and Ve
charge species
is placed at ightight side
3) Compoud ior Te pyese nied in
brackets
ii) rile the numkical Value
cf charge
on the top ot each ion'
that
CYOSS numericals & orie
the foYmula.
vy jf the num valves are
by a (Ommon factor take the
Simplest ralio
Ca
-2 2

Yal
Cacoz
calei um phosphale
Ca
Aluminium
AU
chb
AL
Ca, (PO4)e X
Aluminium sulphate Aluminjum phosphot
3
3

AL CPOu)
#luminium nitrate
3
AL
aodium perozide
2

AL CNO)3
Potassium Speroxide
Barium peroride
+2
Ba
2
Ba

Baln
 Sodium azide azide
Barium
Ba N3
Na Ba

Ba( N3 )2
Sodium Jetrathionate Calcium oxalate
2
Co2+ 2)
Na
C20u

Nag
Ferrous Sulphate Ferric &ulphatele
34 - 2
+2 -2
Fe
e

Feg SOy
Fea (so4 3
Kodium chromate Potassium dichromate
+) 2
+) 2
Na Cr Ou
NazCr Cy
Nazlr0u
fotassium manganate
Potassim
Permanganate k Mnly
k MnOy

K Mnty
 Caleium acetale &tanntbus chloride
Ca
CHgc00 Snt

Ca (CHzCoo)
Sn Ua
Bodium formate
Na
+
HCOG
tManganese djox ide
2

Mn Otoxide )
HCOO Na
Atomic
AtomiL
numbex nnof
iuctuI
protons | elrdron:
(prcsenled
mass
n rotons t nutrons

Jsotopes : Aiovns Mumbe

atomic of Samt tloment hoving
(z) 6ut dit
mass
numb (n)
H

Prolivm
(P)
Dout
Drulerivm 4rítiu l )

adioattive
heevy
hyoroge
Can
calueulate
ovg. atonmic eweight
1sobars - Aloms of d4t elements hove
Sane diff but diff atomic
nasS number
number
13
Ba
A K Ca 56
14

show similar physical properties but diff

chemical properlies
4sotomesi Ato ns of diff element s
di<t atomic :4 mass number but o h
Same neutrons.
30 3) 3 2 23
P
S 12

n31-15 S 32 -I6
 SsodiaphersAtoms
differ in their
But have their
same
atomic
isoBopic
aditf
e l enumbr
mass ts

number
[A-22)

23- 22
dsostes ;-
atomiciHq and4olecules Kith the
same Mun
Atomicity
molecule.
: Nunmber of

Atomic ity
 Jsodíaphevs : Atoms c diffmnass
elements
their atomic &
differ inin thir
but have isoBopic
number (a.
23 )2

dsostersi- 1olecules Aoith the Same

sa
atomicits and same mumber of eleet,
ABomicity :. Number Ot
of otoms present i
molecule.
- chem.
Dæide
3
common
name Aaughing
Atomicity! N20 2C+)
8
- 22
2 2*

B3N3H .Borazolé
Benzeme (o1) Borazine
tomieity 6(6)t 6()
:12
3(1) 61)
Cor ) sn-organic

4 21 + G Benzeie
U2
 Jsodiaphes Aloms of ditf element.
differ in thcir atomic E mas
but havc same isoBopic number
19 number (a
4

23 - ) 2

Jsosters
t1olecules with the
atomicits and Same MUmbe
number of eleetroy
Atomicits: Vumber of otoms present i
molecule. n

oxióe name
common
rame kaughing
gas
Atomicity2le)
Ne0 2 C+)
18
22 22*

B3 NgHe Boraxole
Benzeme to) Koraine
Aomiciiy ;6)3
To- of 6(e)t 6i)
Cor) dn- organic
3(1) 6ci) Benzenie
 S
atonmic
1a4er conpose indivis ible
Dar icles atoms
ultabl
Greek indivisibl e /une
Atoms heYe Dart icles
h i t hout
ade mmolecuCes
of
molecules are made atoms
Par ticles
Atoms are hence the ut mal e
matter
of maer
-’
’
2toms
Atoms teke
are
building
part
6 Cocks
chem
of
-xr b u t
are
6ecause atoms
molecule s 7et
and conbine
enstable
they
Stabi [ity· identica
Aoms Sane e lemnent
other P0oerties.
and
elenents fiffev
Atoms f diffe vent
-’ PMopPerlies
physical
6e CTeo t e
Car nei her
Atoms
estr oyed
falton -;heoy
a ble eplain
’his mass
COnSeratiOn
of
 Put Atat

thange jn heat ene34

(enthalpy)
(1Am p)
also (xplained
explained law of
constant
definiBe ceiposil ion 4 law muliple
poions.
han of (onstant propovtions: A
given
tompound alwaqs ontains the Same
tlement s
(ombined in a fixed
ropordion by koeight

’The ratio of cabor

Dygen
12
32
3

’ 1lsed to cal tulate the chemical form

of a compeund.
fercen tage noeiqht of ar element
root atoms X
molec ule
weiqht
Caleulate i n CO2

300

27 24.

(alculate. the . of Silica

Ix 28 xÒO y66 .

16l6l23 Sub atomic particle s

of smaller parlicles
Atoms cornsist neutin
Iike e; protons eutTOn
ninutren posisiron andi-1Yo

mesons
pions
 Iroperties f fundamenta
partic, De

áub Relative
atomic
parlicle
Distoveies Mass
(obsolule)
mass
charge Relat ye
(absolut)

ElecronThomsornlo.000546 1837

Protor qold
27 1
Stein

Yeutron James
Chad ick l:675xi kq
Yote e
&.proton
proton 4. neutron eharqed
are
partieles
are mass partic les 27

order ot mass me L mp
1834 times
" Me is
1831
Me(c1837).Me)
of H atom
can thus be
subatonic particle
lic le defined as the
charge of --60 1ö hich
carries
(oulumb ie
28
9 e
change as5
H
aton 1834 mass
eMa5S of e is elative to that of
slydrcgern atom.
Mass og H atom 1 008 aml

mass H atom
26
mass

:834

t H atom/|
masS e: * mass
Thus 1834

1837

oftmole of. e.
(alculale the charge
! mole

charge
f I mole 23

charge
46.50OC F
 t[ectrorn - discovery
’Electron has dis, overed by hom
rame oas proposed by otoney
The discharge tube is sealed tube
made of glass containtng 9 thin meta!
plates .
’Thin metal plates are calles e feetrodee
kserved enly
observed
Oigin f rays (oo) 0mly at ves,
lo_pTessure m
ey
hiqh völBaqe
C1; oo, 00D.
very
Properiies f movecathode ray5
from cathode to annd
’hese TayS
’ hese rayS are invisible ; but
anode
their
behaviour ideniified with the elp
floure Sent phosphoresent which
qCows. when Ait by the Tays
’Thesetrerays travel in straiqht ines
in absence of electric -6 maqnètic
field.
’.4n the presente bf leciic field thy
are deflected towar ds anode in Mg
field tosa ds south pole
hese ays contoin - vely charqe d
partic les calle d electrons .

These raays are

independent Dn the
natuYe cathode mateial & natuTe
of qas in the tube
 change to mas S atio of electron (s)
charge
mas5 Talio is k nown
specific tharge
’TI homson measured ralio of e
Crealer the magnitude of charge
e pardicle greater the deflect ior
1ohen electric & magnelic field is
applied.
hightey the
4he mass of the parlicle
qreater the deflection
Def tection inevea ses ‘ ohen vol Haqe
+
(or) 4588 xc elq

-As velo city of e ces the speeifie charqe

in the relative
of P J
ses due
of e
caleulale d
tMassof moving Can be
by using formula
J
moving f masS

rest mass
velocily of
velocity of lignt
ther mass f moving
becomes infiniy
.ind the 1alue of a parlicle
H- atom
(He') Yt 42
2

’Value of of. cathode ays is

independent ot nature of metal
fovming 4he caliode 4 the qasuse
in the discharge tube.
calhode un ode

O
magnet {lourOscent
Anereasin
electron ? order of specific charg e of
proton Cp) -
neutroY is
P
e

)834

âpecifie charge order : e >p>d

>n
 Drav backs of thcoryDalton
Dallon
4fe failed to cxplain the
the indernol
$tucture of atorm
st failed to explain cxperiments (ike
hen 4lass (or) ebonile Tubbed ilh
silk tor) fur gtnerate electricity
diff
gt could not taplain how atoms of and
anolher
ele ments differ from on
combine ith One anotheg.

t failed to ezplan -hen eteeticity

wAS tentualed ohen 4lass
Milk ran's oil drop epeiment
Charge of
Milkman detevmined the charge of e
by ar oil drop was alays arn indegrol
multiple of I60 xJo. G
Mass of e
31

p1ass of e

oil drople ls charge

plate (4
Smal hole
Atomizer

the s0urre
Telescope
oilundei
droplets
charged plale observation
(-)