3rd Periodical Exam in Math 8

Name: _____________________________________________ Date: ________________________

Grade level/section: _________________________________ Score: _______________________
GENERAL DIRECTIONS: Read each item carefully and choose the best answer. Encircle the letter of your
choices.
NOTE: NO ERASURE
For items 1 to 6
Topic: Describing a Mathematical System
A mathematical system is a structured set of elements that follow specific rules. It consists of the following
components:
Undefined Terms – Basic terms that are not formally defined but are used to define other terms (e.g., point,
line, plane in geometry).
Defined Terms – Terms that are explained using undefined terms and previously defined terms (e.g., angle,
polygon, circle).
Axioms/Postulates – Statements accepted as true without proof, forming the foundation of a mathematical
system (e.g., "Through any two points, there is exactly one line").
Theorems – Statements that can be logically proven based on axioms and previously established theorems
(e.g., the Pythagorean Theorem).
Operations and Properties – Rules that define how elements interact within the system (e.g., commutative
and associative properties in algebra).
1. Which of the following is an undefined term in geometry?
a) Angle b) Point c) Polygon d) Triangle
2. What do we call a statement that is accepted as true without proof in a mathematical system?
a) Theorem b) Axiom c) Definition d) Hypothesis
3. Which of the following is a proven mathematical statement?
a) Axiom b) Undefined term c) Theorem d) Postulate
4. Which of the following are components of a mathematical system?
a) Undefined terms, theorems, proofs c) Numbers, colors, sounds
b) Theorems, operations, grammar d) Hypotheses, experiments, observations
5. Which of the following statements best describes postulates and theorems?
a) Postulates are statements that must be proven, while theorems are accepted without proof.
b) Postulates and theorems are both undefined terms.
c) Postulates are accepted without proof, while theorems must be proven using logical reasoning.
d) Postulates and theorems are the same thing.
6. In a mathematical system, which of the following must be proven?
a) Axiom b) Postulate c) Theorem d) Undefined term

For items 7 to 12
Topic: The Need for an Axiomatic Structure in Mathematics and Geometry
Mathematics, especially geometry, is built on a structured system of axioms (postulates), undefined terms,
defined terms, and theorems. This axiomatic structure provides a logical foundation for mathematical
reasoning and proofs.
Key Components of an Axiomatic System
Undefined Terms – Basic terms that do not have formal definitions but are understood intuitively (e.g., point,
line, plane in geometry).
Defined Terms – Terms that are described using undefined terms and other previously defined terms (e.g.,
angle, segment, polygon).
Postulates (Axioms) – Statements accepted as true without proof, serving as the foundation for logical
reasoning (e.g., "Through any two points, there is exactly one line").
Theorems – Statements that have been proven based on axioms, postulates, and previously established
theorems (e.g., Pythagorean Theorem).
Without an axiomatic structure, mathematics and geometry would lack consistency and logical reasoning,
making it difficult to prove relationships and develop further concepts.

7. Which of the following is an undefined term in geometry?

a) Triangle b) Line c) Square d) Circle
8. A postulate in a mathematical system is:
a) A statement that must be proven c) A term that has no definition
b) A rule accepted as true without proof d) A type of undefined term
9. Which of the following statements is a theorem?
a) Through any two points, there is exactly one line.
b) A point has no dimension.
c) The sum of the angles in a triangle is always 180°.
d) A plane extends infinitely in all directions.
 10. Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between postulates and theorems?
a) Postulates are proven statements, while theorems are accepted without proof.
b) Postulates are accepted without proof and are used to prove theorems.
c) Theorems and postulates are the same.
d) Theorems are statements used to define postulates.
11. Which of the following is an example of an undefined term used to describe geometric figures?
a) Line, Point, Plane c) Circle, Radius, Diameter
b) Triangle, Square, Rectangle d) Angle, Perpendicular, Parallel
12. Why are undefined terms necessary in a mathematical system?
a) Because they are more important than defined terms.
b) Because they provide the basic building blocks for definitions and theorems.
c) Because they do not follow any logical rules.
d) Because they have multiple definitions in mathematics.

For items 13 to 19
Topic: Triangle Congruence
Triangle congruence occurs when two triangles have the same size and shape, meaning their
corresponding sides and corresponding angles are equal. Triangle congruence can be proven using five
congruence postulates and theorems:
SSS (Side-Side-Side) Congruence – If three sides of one triangle are equal to three sides of another triangle,
the triangles are congruent.
SAS (Side-Angle-Side) Congruence – If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to those in
another triangle, the triangles are congruent.
ASA (Angle-Side-Angle) Congruence – If two angles and the included side of one triangle are equal to those
in another triangle, the triangles are congruent.
AAS (Angle-Angle-Side) Congruence – If two angles and a non-included side of one triangle are equal to
those in another triangle, the triangles are congruent.
HL (Hypotenuse-Leg) Congruence – Applies only to right triangles: if the hypotenuse and one leg of one right
triangle are equal to those in another right triangle, the triangles are congruent.
Importance of Triangle Congruence
Triangle congruence is essential in geometry, engineering, and real-life applications such as bridge
construction, architecture, and robotics, where ensuring the stability and accuracy of structures is crucial.

13. What does it mean for two triangles to be congruent?

a) They have the same angles but different side lengths.
b) They have the same size and shape.
c) They have different shapes but the same area.
d) They have different perimeters but the same angles.
14. Which of the following is NOT a valid triangle congruence theorem?
a) SSS b) SSA c) SAS d) AAS
15. In the ASA congruence theorem, what does the S stand for?
a) Side b) Segment c) Slope d) Supplementary angle
16. Given two triangles ABC and DEF, which of the following is sufficient to prove that the triangles are

c) AB=DE , BC=EF , ∠B=∠E

congruent?

b) ∠A=∠D , ∠B=∠E , ∠C=∠F d) ∠A=∠D, AC=DF, AB=DE

a) AB=DE , BC=EF , CA=FD

17. Which of the following conditions is not necessary for proving triangle congruence?
a) Equal corresponding sides c) Equal areas
b) Equal corresponding angles d) A valid congruence theorem
18. In a right triangle, which theorem can be used to prove congruence?
a) SSS b) SAS c) ASA d) HL
19. A civil engineer is designing a bridge and needs to ensure that the supporting triangular trusses are
identical for structural stability. Which of the following triangle congruence theorems would be most
appropriate to use when checking the accuracy of the trusses?
a) ASA b) SSA c) SSS d) AAS

For items 20 to 26
Topic: SAS, ASA, and SSS Congruence Postulates
In geometry, triangle congruence means that two triangles have the same size and shape, meaning their
corresponding sides and corresponding angles are equal. Three important postulates (rules) that determine
triangle congruence are:
SSS (Side-Side-Side) Congruence Postulate
If three sides of one triangle are equal to the three sides of another triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent.
SAS (Side-Angle-Side) Congruence Postulate
If two sides and the included angle (the angle between the two sides) of one triangle are equal to the
corresponding two sides and included angle of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
ASA (Angle-Side-Angle) Congruence Postulate
If two angles and the included side (the side between the two angles) of one triangle are equal to the
corresponding two angles and included side of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.
These postulates help mathematicians prove that two triangles are congruent without measuring all sides and
angles. They are used in various fields such as architecture, engineering, and computer graphics.
20. What does SSS stand for in the SSS Congruence Postulate?
a) Side-Side-Angle b) Side-Side-Side c) Side-Angle-Side d) Side-Angle-Angle
21. Which of the following statements describes the ASA Congruence Postulate?
a) Two triangles are congruent if two angles and a non-included side are equal.
b) Two triangles are congruent if three sides are equal.
c) Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the included side are equal.
d) Two triangles are congruent if two sides and a non-included angle are equal.
22. In the SAS Congruence Postulate, what does the A stand for?
a) Altitude b) Angle c) Axis d) Area
23. Which of the following correctly matches the congruence postulate with its description?
a) SSS – Two triangles are congruent if all three angles are equal.
b) SAS – Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the included side are equal.
c) ASA – Two triangles are congruent if two angles and the included side are equal.
d) SAS – Two triangles are congruent if three sides are equal.
24. Which of the following is a correct application of the SAS Congruence Postulate?
a) A carpenter cuts two wooden planks with the same length and angle between them to create two
identical triangular supports.
b) A surveyor uses two angles and a side to determine the shape of two plots of land.
c) A bridge designer ensures three metal rods are the same length to form identical triangular braces.
d) An artist draws two triangles with the same base and height, assuming they are congruent.
25. Suppose two triangles have two equal sides and an equal included angle. Which postulate proves
their congruence?
a) ASA b) SSA c) SSS d) SAS
26. An architect is designing two triangular roof trusses for a house. To ensure the trusses are identical,
the architect measures two sides of each truss and the angle between them. Which congruence
postulate is being used, and why is it the best choice?
a) SSS, because it ensures all sides are the same.
b) ASA, because it guarantees the angles of the trusses are equal.
c) SAS, because knowing two sides and the included angle ensures the trusses are congruent.
d) None, because there is no way to prove the trusses are congruent.
For items 27 to 33
Topic: Solving Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles
In geometry, corresponding parts of congruent triangles are equal (often abbreviated as CPCTC). This
principle states that when two triangles are congruent, their corresponding sides and corresponding
angles are also congruent.
Key Concepts
Definition of Congruent Triangles
Two triangles are congruent if they have the same size and shape.
Congruence can be proven using triangle congruence postulates such as SSS, SAS, ASA, AAS, and HL.

If △ABC≅△DEF, then:
Corresponding Parts

∠A=∠D, ∠B=∠E, ∠C=∠F

Corresponding angles are equal:

Corresponding sides are equal:

AB=DE, BC=EF, CA=FD
Using CPCTC in Proofs and Problem-Solving
Once two triangles are proven congruent, their corresponding parts can be used to find missing angles or sides.
Applications
Used in engineering to ensure structures are symmetrical.
Helps in truss bridge designs for equal weight distribution.
Applied in map-making to verify distances accurately.
27. What does CPCTC stand for in geometry?
a) Congruent Parts Correspond to Triangular Congruence
b) Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent
c) Congruent Parallel Chords and Triangle Congruence
d) Corresponding Proportions of Congruent Triangle Concepts
28. If two triangles are congruent, what can we say about their corresponding angles?
a) They are equal. c) They are complementary.

29. If △ABC≅△XYZ, which of the following is true?

b) They are supplementary. d) They are perpendicular.

b) ∠A=∠X and ∠C=∠Y d) ∠B=∠X and AB=YZ

a) AB=XY and BC=YZ c) AB=BC and XY=YZ
 30. Given △PQR≅△STU, which of the following sets of equal measurements is correct?
a) PQ=ST, PR=SU, ∠P=∠S c) PQ=TU, PR=ST, ∠P=∠U
b) PQ=ST, PR=TU, ∠Q=∠T d) PQ=ST, PR=SU, ∠Q=∠U
31. Two triangles are congruent by the ASA postulate. What corresponding parts must be equal?
a) Two angles and an included side. c) Three angles.

32. If △DEF≅△ABC, what can we say about the sides?

b) Two sides and an included angle. d) Three sides.

a) DE=AB, EF=BC, FD=CA c) DE=CA, EF=AB, FD=BC

b) DE=BC, EF=AB, FD=CA d) DE=BC, EF=CA, FD=AB
33. A structural engineer is designing a bridge with triangular support frames. He needs to ensure that
two triangular beams are identical for stability. He measures two sides and the included angle of both
triangles and finds them to be equal.Which theorem does he use to prove the congruence of the
triangles, and why is this important for construction?
a) SSS, because all three sides must be equal for stability.
b) ASA, because it ensures the angles of the trusses are equal.
c) SAS, because knowing two sides and the included angle guarantees the beams have the same shape
and strength.
d) CPCTC, because it allows the engineer to assume all parts of the triangles are equal.

For items 34-40

Topic: Proving Two Triangles Are Congruent
In geometry, two triangles are congruent if they have the same shape and size, meaning their
corresponding sides and corresponding angles are equal. Instead of measuring all sides and angles, we
can use congruence postulates and theorems to prove that two triangles are congruent.
Congruence Postulates and Theorems
SSS (Side-Side-Side) Postulate
If all three sides of one triangle are equal to the corresponding three sides of another triangle, then the
triangles are congruent.
SAS (Side-Angle-Side) Postulate
If two sides and the included angle (the angle between the two sides) of one triangle are equal to the
corresponding parts of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
ASA (Angle-Side-Angle) Postulate
If two angles and the included side (the side between the two angles) of one triangle are equal to the
corresponding parts of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
AAS (Angle-Angle-Side) Theorem
If two angles and a non-included side of one triangle are equal to the corresponding parts of another
triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
HL (Hypotenuse-Leg) Theorem (for right triangles only)
If the hypotenuse and a leg of one right triangle are equal to the corresponding parts of another right
triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
Why is Triangle Congruence Important?
Used in construction and engineering to ensure accurate measurements.
Helps in map-making to compare land areas.
Used in computer graphics and animations for object transformations.
34. Which of the following is not a postulate for proving two triangles congruent?
a) SSS b) SAS c) AAA d) ASA
35. In the SAS Postulate, which part must be the included element?
a) A side b) An angle c) A midpoint d) A diagonal
36. Which of the following is specifically used for right triangles?

37. Given △ABC≅△XYZ, which of the following statements is true?

a) AAS b) HL c) SAS d) ASA

a) AB=XY, BC=YZ, CA=XZ c) AB=XZ, BC=XY, CA=YZ

b) AB=YZ, BC=XZ, CA=XY d) AB=XY, BC=XZ, CA=YZ
38. Which of the following postulates/theorems require knowing two angles?
a) SSS and SAS b) ASA and AAS c) HL and SSS d) SAS and ASA
39. If two triangles are congruent by AAS, what does this mean?
a) They have two equal sides and one equal angle.
b) They have two equal angles and one equal non-included side.
c) They have three equal sides.
d) They have one equal angle, one equal side, and another equal angle.
40. Why does AAA not prove triangle congruence?
a) Because angles alone do not determine side lengths.
b) Because AAA is the same as AAS.
c) Because AAA is only used for right triangles.
d) Because AAA only works in quadrilaterals.