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Answer With Proper Diagram

The document discusses criteria for selecting transducers, emphasizing range, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, frequency response, environmental factors, compatibility, cost, reliability, and durability. It also defines compensators, detailing types such as lead, lag, and lead-lag compensators, with a focus on the lead compensator's function in improving system stability. Additionally, it covers the correlation between time and frequency domain characteristics, the Nyquist stability criterion, and the need for specific information for detailed mathematical solutions.

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34Shreya Chauhan
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11 views2 pages

Answer With Proper Diagram

The document discusses criteria for selecting transducers, emphasizing range, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, frequency response, environmental factors, compatibility, cost, reliability, and durability. It also defines compensators, detailing types such as lead, lag, and lead-lag compensators, with a focus on the lead compensator's function in improving system stability. Additionally, it covers the correlation between time and frequency domain characteristics, the Nyquist stability criterion, and the need for specific information for detailed mathematical solutions.

Uploaded by

34Shreya Chauhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Q1.

Attempt any four


a. Explain various criteria for selecting a transducer for an application.
When selecting a transducer for a specific application, several key criteria need to be
considered:
1. Range and Sensitivity:
● Range: The transducer should have a suitable range to cover the expected measurement
values. It should not be overloaded or underutilized.
● Sensitivity: The transducer should have a high enough sensitivity to detect small
changes in the measured variable.
2. Accuracy and Precision:
● Accuracy: The transducer should provide accurate measurements, meaning the readings
should be close to the true value.
● Precision: The transducer should provide consistent and repeatable measurements,
meaning the readings should have minimal variation.
3. Frequency Response:
● The transducer should have a suitable frequency response to capture the dynamics of the
measured variable. If the variable changes rapidly, the transducer needs a wide
bandwidth.
4. Environmental Factors:
● The transducer should be able to withstand the environmental conditions of the
application, such as temperature, humidity, pressure, and vibration.
5. Compatibility and Interface:
● The transducer should be compatible with the data acquisition system and other
components in the setup. It should have a suitable output signal and interface.
6. Cost:
● The cost of the transducer should be considered within the budget constraints of the
application.
7. Reliability and Durability:
● The transducer should be reliable and durable, meaning it should have a long lifespan
and minimal maintenance requirements.
b. What is a compensator? State its types and explain any one in detail.
A compensator is a device or system used to modify the dynamic response of a control system.
It is used to improve the system's performance, such as stability, transient response, and
steady-state error.
Types of Compensators:
● Lead Compensator: Improves system stability and reduces overshoot.
● Lag Compensator: Reduces steady-state error and improves system accuracy.
● Lead-Lag Compensator: Combines the advantages of lead and lag compensators to
provide both stability and accuracy improvements.
Explanation of Lead Compensator:
A lead compensator introduces a phase lead into the system's open-loop transfer function. This
phase lead can increase the system's phase margin, thereby improving stability. The transfer
function of a lead compensator is given by:
G_c(s) = K_c * (s + z) / (s + p)

where:
● K_c is the compensator gain
● z is the zero of the compensator
● p is the pole of the compensator
c. Given the transfer function T(s) = 36 / (s^2 + 4.2s + 36), find the damping factor and
natural frequency of the system. Find the response of the system when a unit step is
applied.
d. Draw Schering bridge circuit and derive formula for unknown parameters.
e. What is the correlation between time domain and frequency domain characteristics?
The time domain and frequency domain are two different ways to represent a signal or system.
The time domain shows how a signal changes over time, while the frequency domain shows the
distribution of energy or power of the signal across different frequencies.
Correlation:
● The time domain response of a system can be obtained by taking the inverse Fourier
transform of the frequency response.
● The frequency response of a system can be obtained by taking the Fourier transform of
the time domain impulse response.
● The stability of a system can be analyzed in both domains. In the time domain, a stable
system has a bounded output for any bounded input. In the frequency domain, a stable
system has a frequency response with no poles in the right-half plane.
f. Explain the use of Nyquist stability criterion.
The Nyquist stability criterion is a graphical method used to determine the stability of a linear
control system. It involves plotting the Nyquist plot, which is the polar plot of the open-loop
transfer function of the system.
Use:
● The Nyquist plot can be used to determine the number of unstable poles of the
closed-loop system.
● The Nyquist plot can be used to determine the phase margin and gain margin of the
system, which are measures of stability.
● The Nyquist plot can be used to design compensators to improve the stability of the
system.
Note: To provide the detailed solutions for questions c, d, and e, which involve mathematical
derivations and circuit diagrams, it would be helpful to have more specific information about the
system or circuit in question.

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