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Aphasia is a language disorder caused by brain damage, affecting speech, understanding, reading, or writing, typically resulting from strokes or injuries. There are several types of aphasia, including Broca’s, Wernicke’s, Global, Anomic, and Conduction, each with distinct symptoms and causes. Dyslexia, a separate learning disorder, impacts reading and writing abilities despite normal intelligence, primarily due to genetic, neurological, and environmental factors.

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6 views5 pages

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Aphasia is a language disorder caused by brain damage, affecting speech, understanding, reading, or writing, typically resulting from strokes or injuries. There are several types of aphasia, including Broca’s, Wernicke’s, Global, Anomic, and Conduction, each with distinct symptoms and causes. Dyslexia, a separate learning disorder, impacts reading and writing abilities despite normal intelligence, primarily due to genetic, neurological, and environmental factors.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Ikram
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Aphasia

Aphasia is a language disorder caused by brain damage that affects a person’s ability to
speak, understand, read, or write. It typically results from stroke, head injury, or
neurological diseases.

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Types of Aphasia, Their Causes, and Symptoms

1. Broca’s Aphasia (Non-Fluent Aphasia)

Definition: A condition where speech is slow and effortful, but comprehension remains
relatively intact.

Causes: Damage to Broca’s area (left frontal lobe), often due to a stroke.

Symptoms:

Difficulty forming complete sentences.

Speaking in short, broken phrases.

Struggles with grammar and word order.

Comprehension is mostly intact.


2. Wernicke’s Aphasia (Fluent Aphasia)

Definition: A condition where speech is fluent but lacks meaning, and comprehension is
impaired.

Causes: Damage to Wernicke’s area (left temporal lobe), usually due to a stroke.

Symptoms:

Speaking in long, nonsensical sentences.

Difficulty understanding spoken and written language.

Unaware of their language mistakes.

Words may be jumbled or incorrect (word salad).

3. Global Aphasia

Definition: The most severe form of aphasia, affecting all aspects of communication.

Causes: Extensive damage to both Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas, usually due to a large
stroke.

Symptoms:

Severe impairment in speaking, understanding, reading, and writing.

Very limited or no speech.

Difficulty recognizing spoken or written words.

May only produce a few words or sounds.

4. Anomic Aphasia

Definition: A condition where a person has difficulty finding the right words, especially
nouns and verbs.

Causes: Damage to various parts of the brain (left hemisphere, parietal or temporal lobes).

Symptoms:

Struggles to recall names of objects or people.


Uses vague or descriptive phrases instead of specific words.

Speech remains fluent and grammatically correct.

Comprehension is normal.

5. Conduction Aphasia

Definition: A disorder where a person can speak fluently and understand language but
struggles with repeating words and phrases.

Causes: Damage to the arcuate fasciculus, the connection between Broca’s and
Wernicke’s areas.

Symptoms:

Difficulty repeating sentences.

May substitute or rearrange words.

Fluent speech but with errors.

Good comprehension.

Each type of aphasia varies in severity, but speech therapy can help in language recovery.

Dyslexia

Definition:

Dyslexia is a learning disorder that affects a person’s ability to read, write, and spell,
despite normal intelligence and adequate educational opportunities. It is a neurological
condition that affects the brain’s ability to process language.

Causes of Dyslexia

Dyslexia is primarily caused by differences in how the brain processes language. Key
causes include:
1. Genetic Factors:

Runs in families; often hereditary.

Linked to variations in specific genes affecting brain development.

2. Neurological Differences:

Reduced activity in brain regions responsible for reading and language processing (e.g., left
temporal lobe).

Differences in how the brain deciphers speech sounds and links them to letters.

3. Environmental Factors:

Premature birth or low birth weight.

Exposure to toxins or infections during pregnancy.

Lack of early language exposure.


Symptoms of Dyslexia

In Children:

Difficulty recognizing letters and matching them to sounds.

Problems with learning new words.

Slow and effortful reading.

Struggles with spelling and writing.

Difficulty understanding rhyming words.

In Teenagers and Adults:

Trouble reading fluently and quickly.

Poor spelling and writing skills.

Difficulty understanding jokes, idioms, or figurative language.

Struggles with organization and following instructions.

Avoidance of reading-related tasks.

Dyslexia and Intelligence

Dyslexia is not related to intelligence—many dyslexic individuals are highly intelligent and
creative. Early intervention, specialized teaching methods, and assistive technology can
help dyslexic individuals succeed academically and professionally.

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