Click Here for More books [NEETpassionate] 11 Electricity ‘One of the most essential part of life in today’s world is electricity. able ar convenient form ofenergy. It is being used in almost every sector of modern sociery like households, commercial, transport and industry, etc., to make life faster and easier. Electric Charge and Current Electric Charge A charge is a physical entity which is defined by excess or deficiency of electrons ona body. A body is said to be negatively charged, ifit gains electrons. e.g, An cbonite rod rubbed with fur acquires negative charge. A body is said to be positively charged, if ic loses electrons. eg, A glass rod rubbed with a silk cloth acquires positive charge. ‘The SI unit of electric charge is coulomb (C), which is equivalent to the charged contained in nearly 6 x 10'® electrons. ‘The total charge acquired by a body is an integral multiple of magni tingle electron Thi principle inal juennce of charge. reel dare oe © Magnicude of charge on one electron, ¢ = — 16 107! C. © Charge on melectrons, ¢ = ne =x 1.6% 107"C. * Magnitude of charge on one proton, ¢ =+ 16% 10" C, Electric Current It in defined as the rate of flow of electric charge through any cross-section of a conductor in unit time. If g amount of charges flows through a conductor in ¢time, then Charge) _ ne Ek crc curren (he ED Engen) where, m = number of electrons flowing through the conductor. Ieisaconveollbleand BaddeLabialuCT) © Electric Charge and Our © Electric Potential and Porn Ditference © Electric Circuit © Ohm's Law > Resistance © Resistance of a Systeme Resistors » Heating Etect of Elecine Current > Electric Powernone Electricity it of electric current Ht Ererich scientis we 830) Ivis a scalar quantity, ‘ is ampere (A), ‘Andee: Marie Ampere 1 units of current ate milliampere nd 2 10" A)and microampere(t WA = 10-*A), pirection of Electric Current direction of electric current is taken as ‘opposite to the esen ofthe flow of dectons(nepive eas 8 dec drei the curren lows from positive erred eta cdo the negative terminal, flow of Charges Inside a Wire Inside a olid, the atoms are packed together very closely to cheer but electrons are able xo travel through the ig ‘apa asf they were in vacuum. When a steady current flows intconductor, then the electrons in it move with a certain srenge drift speed (che constant speed of the electrons inside conductor with which they move under the effect of caemal electric supply) of the order of 10°* m/s. Thus, flow Fdarges (i.e. electrons) produces curtent in a wire. Ammeter Uectnic current is measured by a device called arnmeter. itis ‘low resistance device which is always connected in series ‘io the device dnrough which the current isto be measured. ample 1. A current of 150 mA flows through a (tut for 2 min. Find the amount of charge that flows h the circuit, ‘i Given, Current, F #150 mA #150%107? A Time, 1 2 min = 2%60* 120 ent of charge, g = Welnow that, qm / x1 = 4= 150x107? 120 . gelbC tug Co charge lowe around the circuit , 2. A total of 6 x 10" electrons How throug! “ ol vet Carrying eonduetor when connected iowa Weng tt Power supply for 20 s. Find the value o "In the conductor. Click Here for More books [NEETpassionate] 357 Sol, Given, Toul numberof electrons. = 6 10% electrons Time,t = 204, Current, =! Wehner that, = 8 Ai) {irom the principle of quantisation of cectric charge] and, fel «ii) From Eq (and (i), we get o . 1a SIM 1610 ag eiortG] : 20 OAR KIO" Aw 48 x10%A ‘This, the cutremt through the conductor is 48 x10 A, Electric Potential and Potential Difference Electric Potential Ie is defined as the amount of work done when a unit Positive charge is moved from infinity to a point. work done in moving a positive chargeq from infiniey toa point is W then electric potential V of that point is The SI unit of electric potential is volt (V) and is named afer lian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827). Ie is a scalar quaatiry, Electric Potential Difference (ay) “The electric potential difference between cwo points is defined at the work done in moving a unit positive charge from one point to other point. ‘The electric povential dlfference between two points in a current carrying conductor is said to be 1 vole, if 1 joule of wotk is done in moving 1 coulomb of electric charge from one point to other point, Youle Tha, 90h on UF] vel = 1 ic = WelpCeic" Smallet units of electric potential, ImVs10°V, 1bVe1o%y Larger wots of electric potential, VkV #10? V, IMV «10% Vv358 Voltmeter ‘The electric potential difference between two points in @ ‘lrCUM 16 measured using a device called volumeter. Its 8 highs Seer: torte vias are pmnneid in Heat OO, ‘the componeris) through which potential difference Is 10 be measured Example 3. How much work ia done In moving a charge of 3 C across two points having a potential difference 15 Vt Sol. Given, Charge, 4 = 3C and Potential difference, AV = 15 ‘The amount of work done in moving the charge W avg atsu3u dS) Example 4. Calculate the potential difference between two terminals of a battery, if 100 J of work is fequired to wanster the charge of 20 C from one derminal of the battery fo the other. Sol. Given, Work dane, W = 100 J: Charge. ¢ = 20 C Potential difference, AV = > Weknow thar, V2 % 2120 sy 720 ‘The potential difference berween two points is 5 V. Example 5. How much work is done in moving a charge of 2 C from a point of 118 V toa point at 128 VF Sol. Given, Charge. = 2C: Potential at point A.V, = 118 Vs Potential a point B. V_ = 128 V: Work done, We know that, Potential difference, AV @ Vy = V,= 128 = 118 10¥ + Work done, W = AVX q= 10%2= 20) So, the work done in moving the charge is 20 J. Gaui 1 Fi nthe blanks: W) The clectne potential diMerence batween two points in o CACM 1G MOBTTED UEING 8 GENCE COMED 55.0.0. |) Dwecton of tow of electric current in conductor Is taken in ppoke duoctin of movement al... 2 Tue anc Fale tor the folowing statements: 0) Aerator ia. a high renisiance dovce which 1s aways ‘connected in paral W) Th St und of lectnic potential ditterence is JIC. 3 Me boty has posters charge, thon what dows I moan? 4 Inwhich derochon does current flow in an electric circu? 5 Tho chasge on an electron is 16 10°"*C. Find the number of eecirore that weil Now per wecand lo constivte @ current of 2A. 6 werk don in mevdng 0 charge of 20 mC hom inte to» port On an elecne tle 16. then whal tho olcic potential at this pow? INEETpassionar@l#one S008 hs Electric Circuit ‘Addoned and continuous path through which eer flows is known as clectrc circuit thas various ea induding a source of current (say a cell or bateny et (say « bulb or any other appliance), a switch/ley (17) thw lose a circuit), « fuse, all connected through cn, 2 wires. These wires are generally made of copper," When the key is dosed, then the cteuit is calleg lreuit. This means that cursent would Rlow thas 2% Girewit to operate the device. When the key is open fet ircuit is called open circuit. This means that curren: not flow through the circui nie Circuit Diagram Ic is a schematic diagram which represents the rex, positions and connections of various circuit compote, represented by their symbols. A. schematic diagrom of en electric circu having ce ‘electric bulb, ammeter and plug key Symbols used in Electric CircuitsClick Here for More books [NEETpassionate] wane Electricity Sm ah oe (Creu components gs a a LR ae Controts current WR oo forateghine wr _oo aes reenter yk a — eee aw =e & (wo points, oe Seley devee OO Ohm’s Law This lw was given by a German Physicist Georg Simon hn (1787-1854) in the year 1827. It gives a relationship terween current /, flowing in a metallic wire and potential Wiaence V, setoss its terminals. According co this law, the electric current flowing through a ‘maductor is directly proportional xo che potential difference ‘pplied across its ends, providing the physical conditions luchas temperature) remain unchanged. IV isthe potential difference applied across che ends of a ‘onductor through which current J flows, then according to Ohm's law, Ves al w r=! = Rische constant of proportionality called resistance - ctor ata given temperature. 7 "om the above formula, itis clear chat current is inversely “Portional to resistance. If resistance is doubled, then fia: gets halved and if resistance is halved, then curent doubled, {at constant temperature) “The called toric ‘conductors which obey Ohm's law are is Conductors while the conductors which do not obey Ohwn's Sew are caled non-ohmic conductors 359 V-?Graph ‘The graph between the potential difference V and the ding current /is found to be a straight line pasing dows the origin for ohmic (metallic) ‘conductors. Y teres, ¥ — 4 0 Current, ¢— ‘11 graph for metallic conductor Resistance Icis that property of a conductor by virtue of which it opposes! resists the flow of chazges/flow of current through, it. Its SH unit is ohm and is represented by the Greek leer ©. Resitaner of conductor is given by =~, x cis said co be 1 ohm, ifa potential difference of 1 volt across the ends of the conductor makes a current of 1 ampere to flow through it. Vohe s L Vampere Lv a2 evar = Qe atv Example 6. The potential dillerence between the terminals of an electric heater is 75W when it draws ‘current of 5A from the source. What current will the heater draw, if the potential difference is increased to 150V7 Sol. Given, Potential difference, V = 75.V Curent, T= SA Weknow tha, Re ke arsa ‘When potential difference is increased 10150 V, chen current is pete ion R15 So, she current chrough the heater becomes 10 A.360 Some Important Terms Related to Resistance Some important terms related to resistance are as follows: '* Resistor A component in an electric circuit which offers resistance ro the flow of electrons constituting electric current is known as resistor. These are used to make those electrical devices, where high resistance is required. Ik reduces current in a circuit, e.g. alloys like nichrome, manganin and constantan, * Rheostat/variable resistance It is a variable resistor, which is ‘used to control the flow of electric current by manually increasing or decreasing the resistance. '* Good conductor A material which offers low resistance to the flow of dectrons or electric current in an electric circuit is known as a good conductor, e.g. silver, copper, aluminium. Amongst chese, silver is the best conductor of electricity. * Poor conductor A material which offers higher resistance than conductors to the flow of electrons of electric current in ‘an electric circuit is known as poor conductor, e.g. mercury, lead, scainkess steel, alloys of iron and chromium. * Tnmalater A material which offers very high resistance to the flow of electrons ot electric current in an electric circuit is known as insulator, e.g. rubber, dry wood and plastic. Electric current does not flow through them, Factors on which the Resistance of a Conductor Depends The clectrial fesitance of 3 conductor depends on the (0 Length of the conductor The resistance of Conductor R is direcdly proportional co its lengeh /. . ie. Since, the resisance of a wire is ditecly proportional fo its length, i.e. when the length of a wire is fe then its resistance also. gens (in Atea oF crousection of the conductor The saleance ofa onducoy Ris inversely proportional to its Ral Since, the resistance Ali), of a wire is inversely propor its area of cross-section, ic. when the we desea of vines doubled, then its resistance gets halved and if area of cross-section of wire is halved, ite resis wg wire is halved, then its resistance Click Here for More books [NEETpassiongigi pone s, aa . C8 iy, ii) Nature of the material of the conduc “ teitance ofa conductor depends onthe sat" the material of which itis made Some neat low anc, where other are high ea “Therefore from Eqs (and Gi), we ean win where, pis the constant of proportionality ing called electric resistivity or specific esingar the material of the conductor. tI Resistivity It is defined as the resistance of a conductor of usp length and unit area of cross-tection. Iu SI uns, ‘ohm-metre (Q-m). The resistivity of a material does not depend on is lng vor thickness but depends on the nature of the substinc: and temperature. It is a characteristic propery of de material of the conductor and varies. only, if i temperature changes. Insulators such as glass, rubber, cbonite, etc., haveaver ‘high resistivity (10'7t010'7 Q-m), while conducos have a very low resistivity (10°* co 1076 2-m). Alloys have higher resistivity chan chat of te ‘constituent metals, They do not oxidise easily at big? temperatures, this is why they are used to make heas2t glements of divices such as electric iron, heaters «© ‘Tungsten is almost used exclusively for flamen o lectric bulbs, whereas copper and aluminium 1° Generally used for electrical transmission lines. Example 7. A wire of given material having fength land area of cross-section A has a ol fesistance of 10. What would be the resistance rn nother wire of the same material having leng Gnd area of cross-section 2.5 A? Sol. For firu wire, Length & J, Arca of cross-section ® 4 and Resistance, R, = 10.0, wa ie. =H toa ape a= F 0a p= 7 a For second wire, length = 174, area of cro-eti il : U4 WA 1 _tgomba -Rosanc, Ry =p A = WA, =10 ‘So, the resistance of that wire is 1.0.inne Electricity ick Here for More books [NEETpassionate] 361 Je 8. Resistance of a ma oe ‘temperature 25°C. If, the dames ath Mis Noam: then wit will be the resisuvty or ne se emperaturel metal at 0 nen, Length oF wire, P= 2 m a pestance, R= 300, Temperature, T= 25°C piameter of wires d = 04 mm =6 210 esinivty ofthe wire, p =? RA Rnd? Weknow that. p= > = = = XRG x10 4x2 = 4.24.10" Om ‘The resistivity of the metal at 25°C is 4.24 «10% en, oxID 1 Flinthoblanks: () When ne tength of a conductor's ncreased to dot, ren its rsisvity |) The resistance of conducting wire is. (Proportional to its, feng, 2 Thue and False for the following statements: {1 the length of var is halved and is cross-sectional area doubled, then its resistance would be decreased to one fourth 0) The rato of electric current owing trough te conductor to olen Gitlerence applied across the concuctr et constant temperature is cated resistance of conductor 4 What does it mean a circuit is closed ot open? { Astudent made an electric cuit as shown below C ‘er any mistake nits crc ny ANCOR } dicate once rnatrce awe sramownes OTT, | the potential difference constant. 7 tet haves “Then, how much dows te cure o iat is he citerence between 0 9008 ‘ Give two exarnolot of 08C? Te 3 0 wre Potential difference acost Cece resistance is 300. Find out the elec ° is Hv ond a rough me one gos. 254) Resistance of a System of Resistors ‘Two of more resistors can be connected with each other by different combinational methods in order to achieve the desired equivalent resistance in a particular circuit. There ‘ar¢ two methods of joining the resistors together which are 1 given below: Resistors in Series ‘When two of more resistors are connected end to end to ach other, then they are said co be connected in series. The following figure shows the connection of resistors in sess i am Kooy Series Combination of Resistors ‘An applied potential V produces current / in the resistors and R,, Ry and Rycausing a potential drop V;,V, and Vy respectively, through each resistor. Total potential, = V=V, + ¥; +V5 ByOhmshw, = Yj =/R, xn V, = IR, and Vy = [Ry Thus, V=V,+¥;+Vj= IR,+ IRa+ UR, =. Val(R +Ry+R) IER is the cquivalent resistance and V = JR Hence, IR= IR, + Ry+ Ry) = RER +R AR, ‘Some important points regarding series combination of resistors are as f # The equivalent resistance is equal to the sum of the all individual resistances. # The equivalent resiscance is thus gre” resistances of cither resistor. This is maximum effective resistance. The current through cach resistor is sa «The potential difference across each resi YZ362 & Three resistors of SQ, 10 Qand 15.0. ‘are connected in series with a 12 V power supply. Calculate their combined resistance, the current that flows in the circuit and in each resistor and the Potential difference across each resistor. Sol, Given, R= S02, R= 100, R #181, V =12V, Red Derand Yvyh oP a wa ba Rv ‘Acconding to question, the thee resistor are connected in ROR FR ReSel0415 oO + The current flowing through the circuit (2) Porential of wy In series combination, the current. flowing through each fesistr is equal to total current flowing through the circuit, ‘Therefore, current lowing through each resistor is 0.4 A -Potencial difference acros fire resistor, Ma iR = 0Ax5=2V Potencial difference acros second resistor, Via Ry= 04x1084¥ ‘and potential difference across third resistor, Yai = 04x15 @6V 0, Study the following electric circuit. Find ‘readings of (i) the ammeter and (ii) the voltmeter. the: Sot, le the given circuit, the maistance of 402 and bulb resistance of 2.00 ate conneced in teri, s0 equivalent resistance ofthe cnc, RR +R 240420060 Total curren flowing in the cre, ( 1 Pound iereee(Y) Total resinance (A) In series combination, comporrent of the ciruit i Gurren Mowing in the circuit. So, 0.5 A carremt will teat through the ammeter, ic reading will be 0.3 A. (4) Reading of volumecer = Porental difference across 20 buth es Ve ika0$x201¥ {+ cumene flowing through the bulb is 0.5 A} Click Here for More books [NEETpassionalill#One Sclency Clas, y Disadvantages of Series Combing Vany ot th lon, is combination, if any of the comm Oe ea ae ds whl break and ne components will work. we {4 1s 10¢ posible 40 connect & bulb and series simultaneously because they values of current co operate properly Resistors in Parallel When wo or more resistors are connected simul, berween two points to each other, then they are aan connected in parallel combination. The followin’? shows the connection of resistors in parallel brace need int Fe aa | ‘An applied potential difference V produces current J: Ruf its Ry and Fy in Ry. Totalcurrent, f= 1,41, 4/5 . ¥. ee v ty Oleib be. fie ere and ae IF Ris the equivalent resistance, then / = (rom £3. | nat Some imporant points tegardling parallel combinstio® tesitors ae a fllowse ” * The reciprocal of equivalent resistance is equal of the reciprocal of individual resistances ‘ * The equivalent resistance is less than the ie sither resistor. This is also known as minimut® resistance, ot! * The current from the source is greater than th through either resistor, jasame * The potential difference across each resistor itClick Here for More books [NEETpassionate) puinone Hecticty applications ‘of Parallel Combination ndaily life ; combination of resistances is hi ae ra daily life, a8 the circuits used tae cance nresitances requiting different amountssfewne sai of combination in a circuit divides the neon song te componen cecil gadget, sohae here foe neesHFY AMOUNE Of CUent to operare propery. This je reson of connecting electial appliance in Pash ‘abiation in household circuit. gxomple 11. 1Wo 40. resistors and 20° resistor areal connected in paratie! with a 12 V power supply. cakulate their effective resistance and the current inough each resistor. What isthe current flowing ivough the supply? Sol, Gin, = 408, Ry = 400, R, = 200, VeIRVR EL Lh 9? (RV. = Ree So.the hrc esscrs together have an eective resieance Of 10. Each sesso has «penal difeenr of 12 V ‘cron it. Because in parallel combination. the poten difference across each eciace ‘equal to the tou! potential Aifrence applied on the combination. Welnow that, w Povential difference un) = Pevensie 0) ‘We Ee che following seat for dhe cues Ganene through 40 (2 resision, 4 ® Gy = O94 Ao, 1, = 03.6 Caren thsough 20 02 resistor, /y Gurren, Je fy + y+ fy 203A #0344064 miaA = 2 206A 363 Problem Based on Combination of Resistors (Series and Poratlel Both) |e this combination, circuit has some resistances connected in series combination and some in parallel combination. This type of combination is luo called complex circuit. The following are some examples which will help you to solve = ‘combination of resistances in series and parallel Example 12. in the given tigure, R, =5 0. Ry #100, Ry = 15. R200 R250 anda 15V battery is connected to the arrangement. Calculate (i) the total resistance in the circult, and (it) the total current towing in the circu. Laid 4 aL Ew Sey Ps andy in are whet RRR RWS WM DHSH2 , ge 80 ‘Thus, the total resistance. a Re R82 0394638 «9710 vias tte ie oisan The toel caret, FF IS at Example 13. Consider the circuit diagram as given fyn30 e300 Mye30 e390 = Ry = RoR = R #30 then find nes naa resistance of the clreuit.Click Here for More books [NEETpassionate] Sol. tm the given cireult, Ry. Ry and Ry are in pa ‘A, currents ehroughe Ry, Ry and Ry quale vsinonce Ris a ie at Arse Ao30 Ay=30 As current through Ry and Ry is sume. So. theit equivalent feaistanceis Re R, + Ryo 12431 @G "Now the given circuit can be redrawn as shown below sije § yaa Now, the given circuit can be redrawn as shown below 20 wna 30 “er 8 an 38 Now it can be seen that R and Rare in parallel combination ‘As, currents through Ry and R’ ae different. So. their Now, &.R’ and Ry are in series combination. A, cine ‘equivalent resistance can be calelated as below through RR" and Ry is same. recht Pelee d aie Sos equbaen reine ofthe whe crt RRR 6S G62 Ra Rake hare “R920 [Now he given circuit can be redrawn as shown below . =a i= " Current chiough , and Ry will be same as ches aia. san combination and will be equal co the cota cure S Ke through the circ s Tehah=2A ei a8 Potential drop ar R. Y= R= 2x22 4V [Now, it it ceas from the above citeuit that ll the resistances reine ERAT ASA sy, R” and R, ase in series combination. re ae ae ‘As. current through KR” and Ry Now, potential drop at R’, ¥”can be calculated «+. Equivalent resistance ofthe circu veyeyey Re kek’ +h 30420 +30=80 - ee! Example 14. Find the equivatent resistance of the S “iv following eireult. Also, lind the current and potential at each resistor. 10 aetricit pone ect oe east maton Peel dopa a ya\ eVYyeview wey » rein % re ong By == 7 yr 4 " nip noon Laosna eal” fame blank tn series combinalian al resistors. potential ctlerence across each (tor I8.... Wh BAGG CUFENK through each resistor two e8ste8 Of equal resistance A ave connected in a n resistance will bo Perabo ten tye ond False for ta Following statements: {ji parallel combination of resistors, the equivalent resistance i tess than the resistance of ether rosttor ) Te potential diterence across each resistor in paratel combination is tar9. 3A 1 Hofer resistors have tame value of electic potential across them. in ‘hich way they ave Connected to each ether? 4. Wty. wa.do not use series combination ol connecting ebecic appkances in nousehoid circuit? § What do you understand by moced combination of resistances? {| the creuit shown below, calculate the net resistance of the circuit tans. 1250) 1a 30 200) ‘$0 | i av Heating Effect of Electric Current Ncall or a battery is the source of electrical energy. Due to the ical reactions inside them a potential difference is serup which is ‘spomible for the flow of current through any electrical circuit. So, oe this flow, the source continuously has to roe the "yy. Bur only a pare of this energy helps in maintaining the current quumed into acfal work. Rear eric may be consumed in the Form heat by raising the temperature of the appliances. core, when an electric current is passed through « high inate wire lke nichrome wire, them the wr tcomes vey ho Produces heat, In purely resistive circuits, the source of energy eathiouly gee “dadpated cnurely in the for of heat. This ix Ns ‘the heating effect of current. set band by the easformation of eileen into hea ©, electric heater, electeic iron, etc. Click Here for More books [NEETpassionate] ——— 365 Calculation of Heat Generated in a Conductor ‘Assuming a conductor as a resistance wire which tesists the flow of curtent through it. So, work must bedone by the current source for continuous flow of the current Now, we calculate the work done by the source when the current / flows through s wire of resintance R. When an electric charge ¢ moves against a potential difference V. Then, Amount of work, Wagx¥ From definition of current, we know that, i) ret or gelxr i) From Ohm's law, v eR or VIR 7 litt) Substituting the values of g and V in Eq. (i). we get W a(/ xs) x IR= lt ‘Assuming that all electrical work done or electrical energy consumed is converted into heat energy. ie. heat produced. So, heat produced is given by lw? x Rx Thus, itis known as Joule’s law of heating, This law implies that heat produced in a resistor is (i) directly proportional to the square of current fora given resiscance. Gi) directly proportional to the resistance for a given current. Git) directly proportional to the time for which the current flows through the resistor, Example 15, An electric iron of resistance 25 Qtakes a current of 7 A. Calculate the heat developed in 0.5 min. Sot, Given, Resistance, R © 25.0; Current, = 7 A; Time, # © 05 mia = 05% 60 = 30.5; Heat, Hm ? We know that, Heat, Hl (Rp H@ (7) 25% 30 = 36780) = 368x108) So. the heat developed is 3.68 x 10* J,Click Here for More books [NEETpassionate] 366 ALn0N€ Sclency } a. Example 16. ced 10s inaSN oF realtonce. Hndine poentel ditewneeccras ine EV@Ctric Power resistor. Is defined as the amount of eleettic ene Sol. Given, Heat, H = 200), Raisance, R=50 circuit pet unit time. Oca Time,: = 105, Povential difference, V =? If W be the amount of electric energy consumed j ‘Weknow that, int seconds, then the electric power i given ya ™*%, Heat. He PR pee 7 = Camen, f= 4. |200 pairs) & Vixa0 "7" But W = clecttic energy = Vq = Vit : ‘So, the potencial difference across the resistor is vt = oi Vem (by Ohms aw) Reng me: ESUE: 2 2x5=10V . According to Ohm's law, V = /R Practical Applications of * Heating Effect of Electric Current |, 373/565 Although heating effect of electric current causes “ undesirable loss of electrical energy sill here are some useful The SI unit of electric power is wate (W) applications of it. Some of them are given below eis said co be 1 watt, if ampere current flows thnce Electric Bulb ircuit having 1 vole potential difference. ie 1 watt = 1 vole 1 ampere = 1VA Te has a filament made of tungsten. So, most of the < . bras wanes fete berm crkcasandemme Mote © Bigger units of power are as given below: y partis converted into light because it has high resistivity and dlowaat OV '= 10? W igh melting point. | megawatt (Mw) = 10° w The filament is thermally isolated and the bulb is filled with eee chemically inactive nit : ‘unit of power is horse power. lie of flameng 28 M4 * BOM ers v0 prolong the vHPeraewe *+ Commercial unit of electrical energy i TWN = 1000Wn Electric Fuse = 1000 x 3600Ws tis used as a safety device in household circuits. It protects SMBNIO Wan 56% 10%) the circuits, by stopping the Row of any unduly high electric * Number of units consumed by electric applances# current. Ic is connected in series with the mains supply. It = Sait x hours consist of an alloy of lead and tin which has appropriate i) melting point. When the current owing through the circuit exceeds che Ma ene Seaacy constanet safe limic, the temperature of the fuse wire increases and ic circuit? int hences the Fuse wire melts and breaks the circuit. Thishelps _eg.gelM™# A NOt consumed in an elec ut Wr pepreten te orher circuit elements rom harards caused by move eecrena neva ah sane ete eee refrigerator, ete.. installed in ‘our hornes. We pay (oro Fuses are always rated for different ‘electrical energy chat we use. Rats a ted for diferent cuentas suchClick Here for More books [NEETpassionate] ain0R. Electricity em ei je 17. Anelectric fan runs t be, The current flowing through it 130.64. Ar a ye is the electrical energy transformed wat How ‘much energy is transtormed bee ven, Posentialdiference,V = 229 y rom the 220 y = 220x062 132 W wd 2 Pr=132 120-1580) $6, the power of fan i132 W and i of ener tromple 18. An electric retrigerator fated 500 W Hes 6 hours/day: What isthe cast ofthe energy rpoperate it for 30 days at 24.5 per kWh? Gal. Energy consumed by refrigerator in 30 days hours 5 5007 x 6PM x sodas x6 aay ansfoems 15840 J = 90000. = 90h Cow af energy to operate the rerigeratoe for 30 days = 90 KW 24.5 per kWh = 405 txample 19. An electric iron consumes ‘energy at arate of 880W, when heating is at the maximum ‘mle and 340W, when the heating is at the Sinimum. The voltage is 220V. What are the ‘urent and the resistance is each case? Power, P=VI, Current, = PIV: Resinance of the electic iron Rel Bassa (i) Phen beatings atthe minimum ate Te bie HO isay v~ 20 Resistance of the electric ison Vv _ 20 Rea 2142850, a) Check Point 04] 1 Fanmetians ) Heat procuced in atessstor is of ouent tor a gen resistor (9) The thament of electre bub is made of 2 Tue and Fase (0. lowatt hou 1s equal to one unt 19) Becars fuse connected in senes with the man supply 3 What is te neatng ettect of electric current? 4 Slate tne tactors on which the heat produced ina cuvent concuctor Sepends Give one practcal anpication of ths effect 5 Aksewre conssts of an aloy otlead and tn Why? © Ar eect heater otresstance $00 Os connected toa mains supply for 5Omen 1 1SAcurtent flows though the lament of he heatee. an (alaate te heat energy prosuced nthe heater {Ang 20 25x 10°J] 7 Why ae elaine bubs fed win chemically inactnve nitrogen and zgon? What's he maxmum power # kiowalts oe applance that can be Connected saley 10a 13A,230Vmans socket? (Ans. 2594, Proportonal tothe square