Kinematics Cheat Sheet Edexcel FM2

c)
In this chapter, you will learn how to use calculus to deal with problems where acceleration isn’t constant, and instead varies with time, displacement, or velocity. You will a) b)
become familiar with the different ways we can model real-world situations, such as drag or air resistance. The physical interpretation for the limited
range of x values in graph b is that P
Acceleration varying with time comes to a stop after decelerating.
We can use the relationship between time, displacement, velocity, and acceleration, along with calculus techniques we’ve encountered previously, to analyse the motion of a
particle whose acceleration varies with time. a) Acceleration-displacement for example 2
Displacement - x b) Velocity-displacement for example 2
d c) Acceleration & velocity on the same axes for example 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � d𝑡𝑡
d𝑡𝑡
• We can differentiate displacement with respect to time to obtain velocity: 𝑣𝑣 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥 Velocity - v
• We can differentiate velocity with respect to time to obtain acceleration: 𝑎𝑎 = = Acceleration varying with velocity
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2 d Sometimes, acceleration is given as a function of velocity. In this case, we can form and solve a differential equation to acquire velocity as a function of time.
• Similarly, we can integrate acceleration with respect to time to obtain velocity: 𝑣𝑣
= ∫ 𝑎𝑎 d𝑡𝑡 � d𝑡𝑡
d𝑡𝑡
• We can integrate velocity with respect to time to obtain displacement: 𝑥𝑥 = ∫ 𝑣𝑣 d𝑡𝑡 We know
Acceleration - a When an object is at
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• 𝑎𝑎 = its terminal or
Don’t forget to include your constant of integration when finding these quantities. We can use information given in the question, for example initial conditions, to find the 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
limiting speed, its
value of this constant. and can use this relation to set up a differential equation of the form acceleration is zero.
𝜋𝜋 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Example 1: A particle P travels along the x-axis. It starts from rest at the origin O and at a time t seconds after starting, P’s velocity is v m/s, where 𝑣𝑣 = 5sin ( 𝑡𝑡). Find a) the • = 𝑓𝑓(𝑣𝑣).
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acceleration of P 1.5 minutes after it starts moving, and b) the greatest displacement from O it can reach while moving. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 5𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 We then solve this using the separation of variables technique taught in Pure Year 2, Section 11.10.
Differentiate the velocity with respect to time to find the acceleration, 𝑎𝑎 m𝑠𝑠 −2 . 𝑎𝑎 = = cos � 𝑡𝑡� Similarly, if we need to find the distance travelled when acceleration varies with velocity, we use
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 2
1.5 minutes = 90 seconds 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
5𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 −5𝜋𝜋 • 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑣𝑣 ∙
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Convert the value of t into seconds and sub into value for a. so 𝑎𝑎 = cos � × 90� = cos(45𝜋𝜋) = × −1 =
2 2 2 2 2 16−𝑣𝑣 2
5𝜋𝜋
P accelerates at m𝑠𝑠 −2 in the negative 𝑥𝑥 direction Example 3: A cyclist moves along a straight horizontal track. The cyclist’s acceleration is ms −2 at a time t seconds, where 𝑣𝑣ms−1 is their velocity. Given they start
2 50
from rest at the origin, find v in terms of t and show that the cyclist won’t exceed a velocity of 4m𝑠𝑠 −1 . Find the distance covered by the cyclist as they accelerate from
Integrate the velocity with respect to time to find the displacement, 𝑥𝑥m, 𝜋𝜋 2 𝜋𝜋 10 𝜋𝜋 0m𝑠𝑠 −1 to 2m𝑠𝑠 −1 , 𝑥𝑥, 𝑣𝑣 > 0 for all t.
𝑥𝑥 = � 5 sin � 𝑡𝑡� d𝑡𝑡 = − × 5 cos � 𝑡𝑡� + 𝑐𝑐 = − cos � 𝑡𝑡� + 𝑐𝑐
including the integration constant in the expression. 2 𝜋𝜋 2 𝜋𝜋 2
Using 𝑎𝑎 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
, separate the variables to set up a differential 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 16 − 𝑣𝑣2 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1 1
Use the initial condition to find the value of c. At t=0, x=0: −
10
cos(0) + 𝑐𝑐 = 0 → 𝑐𝑐 =
10
∴ 𝑥𝑥 =
10
�1 − cos �2 𝑡𝑡��
𝜋𝜋 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = → = → � d𝑣𝑣 = � d𝑡𝑡
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 equation. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 50 2
16 − 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 50 16 − 𝑣𝑣 2
50
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
cos � 𝑡𝑡� varies between -1 and 1, so x is greatest when cos � 𝑡𝑡� = −1 16 − 𝑣𝑣 2 = (4 + 𝑣𝑣)(4 − 𝑣𝑣), so let = +
1 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵
2 2
16−𝑣𝑣 2 4+𝑣𝑣 4−𝑣𝑣
(subtracting the most negative value). Multiply through by (4 + 𝑣𝑣)(4 − 𝑣𝑣) to give 1 = 𝐴𝐴(4 − 𝑣𝑣) + 𝐵𝐵(4 + 𝑣𝑣)
Use knowledge of the cosine function to find the maximum displacement. 10 20 1
�1 − (−1)� =
∴ greatest displacement = When 𝑣𝑣 = 4: 1 = 8𝐵𝐵 → 𝐵𝐵 =
π 𝜋𝜋 8
1
20
The greatest distance from O that P reaches is m. When 𝑣𝑣 = −4: 1 = 8𝐴𝐴 → 𝐴𝐴 =
𝜋𝜋 Use the method of partial fractions to integrate the LHS. We 1 1 1 1 1 1
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𝑡𝑡
manipulate our expression to make it easier to work with later on. Thus, we have ∫ d𝑣𝑣 + ∫ d𝑣𝑣 = ∫ d𝑡𝑡 ∴ (ln(4 + 𝑣𝑣) − ln(4 − 𝑣𝑣)) = + 𝐶𝐶
8 4+𝑣𝑣 8 4−𝑣𝑣 50 8 50
4 + 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 4 + 𝑣𝑣 4
Acceleration varying with displacement ln � � = 8 � + 𝐶𝐶� → � � = 𝑒𝑒 �25𝑡𝑡+8𝐶𝐶�
4 − 𝑣𝑣 50 4 − 𝑣𝑣
When a particle moves in a straight line with acceleration that varies with displacement, we use calculus to manipulate the relationships we used above to analyse its motion. 4
�25𝑡𝑡+8𝐶𝐶�
4
�25𝑡𝑡� 4 + 𝑣𝑣 4
We can link acceleration, velocity, and displacement when considering differentiation with respect to time:
8𝐶𝐶
𝑒𝑒 is a constant, so 𝑒𝑒 = 𝐷𝐷 ∙ 𝑒𝑒 →� � = 𝐷𝐷 ∙ 𝑒𝑒 �25𝑡𝑡�
4 − 𝑣𝑣
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 2 𝑥𝑥
• 𝑎𝑎 = = 4
When 𝑡𝑡 = 0, 𝑣𝑣 = 0 ∴ = 𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒 0 → 𝐷𝐷 = 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 2 The terminal or limiting 4
Now, we use the chain rule to get these relationships in terms of a change in displacement: velocity of an object is the 4 + 𝑣𝑣 4 4 4 4 4
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 velocity it approaches but � � = 𝑒𝑒 �25𝑡𝑡� → 4 + 𝑣𝑣 = 4𝑒𝑒 25𝑡𝑡 − 𝑣𝑣𝑒𝑒 25𝑡𝑡 → 𝑣𝑣 �𝑒𝑒 25𝑡𝑡 + 1� = 4 �𝑒𝑒 25𝑡𝑡 − 1�
• 𝑎𝑎 = = × = 𝑣𝑣 ∙ as 𝑣𝑣 = We find the integration constant from the initial conditions. Now, 4 − 𝑣𝑣
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 can’t exceed, represented 4
We compare this with the result obtained when we implicitly differentiate 𝑣𝑣 :
1 2 by an asymptote on its
we can make velocity the subject. 4(𝑒𝑒 25𝑡𝑡 − 1)
2 𝑣𝑣 = 4
velocity-displacement
𝑑𝑑 1 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑒𝑒 25𝑡𝑡 + 1)
• � 𝑣𝑣 2 � = 2 × 2𝑣𝑣 × 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑣𝑣 ∙ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
graph.
So, we conclude The terminal velocity for We consider how the fraction will behave as t changes in order to 4
𝑡𝑡
(𝑒𝑒 25 −1) 4 4
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 1 𝑣𝑣 = 5 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 is 𝑣𝑣 = 5. find its range of values. With this, we can find the limiting value of Consider 4 . For all real t, (𝑒𝑒 25𝑡𝑡 − 1) < (𝑒𝑒 25𝑡𝑡 + 1), meaning the denominator always exceeds
• 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑣𝑣 ∙ = �2 𝑣𝑣 �2
the velocity.
𝑡𝑡
(𝑒𝑒 25 +1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 4
𝑡𝑡
We can use these different expressions when we have a particle whose acceleration varies with displacement. the numerator and hence �
(𝑒𝑒 25 −1)
4 � < 1 always.
𝑡𝑡
𝑑𝑑 1 1 (𝑒𝑒 25 +1)
• e.g. if we know 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), we can rewrite this as 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = � 𝑣𝑣 2 �, or integrate to show 2 𝑣𝑣 2 = ∫ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) d𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
4
𝑡𝑡
(𝑒𝑒25 −1)
Example 2: Model a robot as a particle P moving along the x-axis. When it passes through the origin O, it has a velocity 2 ms−1 along x. P is 𝑥𝑥 m from O at a time t seconds, Therefore, 4 � 4 � < 4 → the cyclist won′ t exceed 4m𝑠𝑠−1 .
𝑡𝑡
(𝑒𝑒25 +1)
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with a velocity of 𝑣𝑣 ms −1 and an acceleration of magnitude ( 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥) m𝑠𝑠 −2 towards O. Find 𝑣𝑣 in terms of 𝑥𝑥 for 𝑥𝑥 > 0 and explain why 𝑥𝑥 has a limited range of values.
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3 𝑑𝑑 1 2 3 16 − 𝑣𝑣 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑣𝑣 1
𝑎𝑎 = − � 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥� → � 𝑣𝑣 � = − 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎 = = 𝑣𝑣 ∙ → = (16 − 𝑣𝑣 2 ) → d𝑣𝑣 = d𝑥𝑥
Use the relation between acceleration and velocity, solving the differential 4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 50 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 50𝑣𝑣 16 − 𝑣𝑣 2 50
1 2 3 −2𝑥𝑥 1 2 We use the relation 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑣𝑣 ∙ to find an expression for velocity in The numerator is a function of the differential of the denominator so
equation to find v. Note that acceleration is in the direction of x decreasing. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑣𝑣 = + 𝑒𝑒 − 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐴𝐴 terms of displacement. 𝑣𝑣 1 1 1
2 8 2 � d𝑣𝑣 = � d𝑥𝑥 → − ln|16 − 𝑣𝑣2 | = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶
1 3 3 13 16 − 𝑣𝑣 2 50 2 50
Find the integration constant using the initial condition given in the question. At 𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑣𝑣 = 2 ∴ (22 ) = + 𝐴𝐴 → 𝐴𝐴 = 2 − =
2 8 8 8 1 1 1
When x= 0, 𝑣𝑣 = 0 ∴ ln|16| = −2𝐶𝐶 → 𝐶𝐶 = − ln(4) → 𝑥𝑥 = 2 ln(16) − 2 ln|16 − 𝑣𝑣 2 |
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1 2 3 −2𝑥𝑥 1 2 13 3 13 16
Rearrange to make v the subject. 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑒𝑒 − 𝑥𝑥 + → 𝑣𝑣 = � 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + We use the initial conditions to find this new integration constant. → 𝑥𝑥 = 25ln � �
2 8 2 8 4 4 As the cyclist starts from rest at the origin and the function is 16 − 𝑣𝑣2
16 16 4
Use the fact that the argument in the square root can’t be negative to explain increasing for v>0, we can simply sub in v=2. When 𝑣𝑣 = 2, 𝑥𝑥 = 25ln � � = 25ln � � = 25ln � �
3 −2𝑥𝑥 13 3 13 16 − 22 12 3
why x can’t take every value above 0. You can’t solve this inequality, but the 𝑒𝑒 + is always > 0, so require 𝑒𝑒 −2𝑥𝑥 + > 𝑥𝑥 2 4
question doesn’t require you to. 4 4 4 4 The cyclist travels 25ln � � m.
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