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PT_Assignment_1_and_2[1]

The document contains assignments for a B.Tech 4th Semester course on Phase Transformations, covering various topics such as classification of phase transformations, entropy of mixing, Gibbs free energy expressions, and diffusion rates. It includes specific problems and theoretical questions related to alloy systems, thermodynamic principles, and phase diagrams. Additionally, it addresses concepts like uphill diffusion, solid solubility, and solid-solid interfaces.

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BANISHREE SHARMA
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18 views2 pages

PT_Assignment_1_and_2[1]

The document contains assignments for a B.Tech 4th Semester course on Phase Transformations, covering various topics such as classification of phase transformations, entropy of mixing, Gibbs free energy expressions, and diffusion rates. It includes specific problems and theoretical questions related to alloy systems, thermodynamic principles, and phase diagrams. Additionally, it addresses concepts like uphill diffusion, solid solubility, and solid-solid interfaces.

Uploaded by

BANISHREE SHARMA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS

B.Tech 4th Semester, Jan – May 2025


ASSIGNMENT – 1

1. Classify the various types of phase transformations based on the following attributes: (a) only composition
change, (b) only structure change, (c) both composition and structure change, (d) transition temperature. Explain
with examples.
2. Find the entropy of mixing of an alloy containing n number of components. Assume ideal solution model.
3. Write the Gibbs free energy expression for following systems: (a) pure copper (b) Al-Cu alloy.
4. For a single component system, why do the allotropes stable at high temperatures have higher enthalpies than
allotropes stable at low temperatures, e.g. H(-Fe) > H(α-Fe)?
5. By using suitable equations, show that the chemical potentials of A and B can be obtained by extrapolating the
tangent to the G-X curve to XA = 0 and XB = 0.
6. 15 g of gold and 25 g of silver are mixed to form a single-phase ideal solid solution.
(a) How many moles of solution are there?
(b) What are the mole fractions of gold and silver?
(c) What is the molar entropy of mixing?
(d) What is the total entropy of mixing?
(e) What is the molar free energy change at 500 °C?
(f) What are the chemical potentials of Au and Ag at 500°C taking the free energies of pure Au and Ag as zero?
(g) By how much will the free energy of the solution change at 500°C if one Au atom is added? Express your
answer in eV/atom.
7. Under what conditions the following effects observed in binary solution: (a) miscibility gap (b) intermetallic
compound (c) ordered solution (d) cluster formation and (e) ideal solution. Justify with explanation.
8. If a metal undergoes an allotropic transformation 𝛼 ↔ 𝛽 at room temperature and high pressure and the same
transformation occurs at some low temperature (<298K) at 1 atm pressure, is the volume change associated with
the transformation positive or negative? Provide thermodynamic justification for your answer. Given for 𝛼 ↔ 𝛽
𝛼→𝛽
transformation, ∆𝐻𝑡𝑟 = a positive value.
9. Draw the G vs X at different temperatures shown in the below binary phase diagrams:

10. Estimate the change in the equilibrium melting point of copper caused by a change of pressure of 10 kbar. The
molar volume of copper is 8.0 × 10-6 m3 for the liquid, and 7.6 × 10-6 for the solid phase. The latent heat of fusion
of copper is 13.05 kJ mol-1. The melting point is 1085℃.
PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS
B.Tech 4th Semester, Jan – May 2025
ASSIGNMENT – 2

1. What is Kirkendal effect? Explain it with a suitable example.


2. Justify the order of diffusion rate: DLattice < DPipe < DGrain Boundary < DSurface
3. Using the Fick’s 1st law, derive the Fick’s 2nd law of diffusion.
4. Make comparison between the steady state and non-steady state diffusion.
5. What is uphill diffusion and why does it occur in some transformations? Give a metallurgical example of
uphill diffusion to justify it.
6. Explain the effect of undercooling (ΔT) on r* and ΔG*.
7. The solid solubility of silicon in aluminium is 1.25 atomic % at 550°C and 0.46 atomic % at 450°C. What
solubility would you expect at 200°C? Check your answer by reference to the published phase diagram.
8. What is the difference between tilt boundary and twist boundary? Derive Young’s equation to find the contact
angle. What is the importance of contact angle (θ) in practical applications, explain?
9. Write down an equation that shows by how much the molar free energy of solid Cu is increased when it is
present as a small sphere of radius r in liquid Cu. By how much must liquid Cu be cooled below melting point
before a solid particle of Cu can grow if the particle diameter is (i) 2 µm, (ii) 2 nm? (Cu: Tm = 1085℃. Atomic
weight 63.5. Density 8.9 g/cc. Solid/liquid interfacial energy  = 0.144 J m-2. Latent heat of melting L = 13300
J mol-1.)
10. Name and explain in detail about the types of solid-solid interfaces.

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