EXPERIMENT NO-3

VARIOUS OPERATIONS ON SIGNALS AND SEQUENCES

AIM:-
To performs operations on signals and sequences such as addition, multiplication, scaling,
shifting, folding, computation of energy and average power.

SOFTWARE REQURIED:-
1.MATLAB R2010a.

2. Windows 11.

THEORY:-
Basic Operation on Signals:

Time shifting: y(t)=x(t-T)The effect that a time shift has on the appearance of a signal If T
is a positive number, the time shifted signal, x(t-T) gets shifted to the right, otherwise it gets
shifted left.

Signal Shifting and Delay:

Shifting: y(n)={x(n-k)}; m=n-k; y=x;

Time reversal: Y(t)=y(-t) Time reversal flips the signal about t = 0

𝒙(𝒏) 𝒙(𝒏 − 𝑻)

𝒛𝑻

Signal Addition and Subtraction:

Addition: any two signals can be added to form a third signal, z (t) = x (t) + y (t)

Signal Amplification/Attenuation:

Multiplication/ Division:
of two signals, their product is also a signal. z (t)=x(t) y (t)

folding:
y(n)={x(-n)} : y=fliplr(x); n=-fliplr(n):

PROCEDURE:-

 Open MATLAB
 Open new M-file
 Type the program
 Save in current directory
 Compile and Run the program
 For the output see comm
PROGRAM:
clc; %clear command window

close all; %close all figure windows

clear all; %clear workspace variables

t=0:0.01:5; %define time vector from 0 to 5 with step of 0.01

x1=sin(2*pi*t); %define sine function

x2=square(2*pi*t); %define square function

subplot(2,2,1); %create a subplot, first figure in 2x2 grid

plot(t,x1); %plot sine wave

xlabel('time'); %label x-axis

ylabel('amplitude'); %label y-axis

title('signal1:sine wave of frequency 1HZ'); %title the plot

subplot(2,2,2); %create a subplot, second figure in 2x2 grid

plot(t,x2); %plot square wave

xlabel('time'); %label x-axis

ylabel('amplitude'); %label y-axis

title('signal2:square wave of frequency 3HZ'); %title the plot

%ADDITION OF SIGNALS
y1=x1+x2; %adding both signals

subplot(2,2,3); %create a subplot, third figure in 2x2 grid

plot(t,y1); %plot the resultant signal

xlabel('time'); %label x-axis

ylabel('amplitude'); %label y-axis

title('addition of two signals'); %title the plot

%PRODUCT OF TWO SIGNALS

y2=x1.*x2; %product of two signals

subplot(2,2,4); %create a subplot, fourth figure in 2x2 grid

plot(t,y2); %plot the resultant signal

xlabel('time'); %label x-axis
ylabel('amplitude'); %label y-axis

title('product of two signals'); %title the plot

OUTPUT:

%SCALING OF SINE SIGNAL

a=5; %define scaling factor

y3=a*x1; %scale the signal

figure; %create another figure window

subplot(2,2,1); %create a subplot, first figure in 2x2 grid

plot(t,x1); %plot the i/p signal

xlabel('time'); %label x-axis

ylabel('amplitude'); %label y-axis

title('sine wave of frequency 1HZ'); %title the plot

subplot(2,2,2); %create a subplot, second figure in 2x2 grid

plot(t,y3); %plot the scaled signal

xlabel('time'); %label x-axis

ylabel('amplitude'); %label y-axis

title('amplified sine signal'); %title the plot

%FOLDING OF SQUARE SIGNAL

L1=length(x2); %create a variable to know the length of square wave
nx=0:L1-1; %define nx vector

subplot(2,2,3); %create a subplot, third figure in 2x2 grid

plot(nx,x2); %plot the scaled signal

xlabel('x2'); %label x-axis

ylabel('amplitude'); %label y-axis

title('square wave of frequency 1HZ'); %title the plot

y4=fliplr(x2); %fold the signal

nf=-fliplr(nx);
subplot(2,2,4); %create a subplot, fourth figure in 2x2 grid

plot(nf,y4); %plot the folded signal

xlabel('nf'); %label x-axis

ylabel('amplitude'); %label y-axis

title('folded signal'); %title the plot

OUTPUT:

%SHIFTING
figure; %create another figure window

N=100; %define length of step function

t1=1:100; %define time vector from 1 to 100
x3=ones(1,N); %define unit step function

subplot(3,1,1); %create a subplot, first figure in 3x1 grid

plot(t1,x3); %plot the unit step signal

xlabel('time t1'); %label x-axis

ylabel('amplitude'); %label y-axis

title('unit step signal'); %title the plot

subplot(3,1,2); %create a subplot, second figure in 3x1 grid

plot(t1+5,x3); %plot the shifted signal

xlabel('t1+5'); %label x-axis

ylabel('amplitude'); %label y-axis

title('left shifted signal'); %title the plot

subplot(3,1,3); %create a subplot, third figure in 3x1 grid

plot((t1-5),x3); %plot the shifted signal

xlabel('t1-5'); %label x-axis

ylabel('amplitude'); %label y-axis

title('right shifted signal'); %title the plot

OUTPUT:
%SEQUENCE OPERATIONS
n1=1:1:10; %define discrete time vector from 1 to 10 with a step of 1

s1=[5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1]; %sequence generation

figure; %create another figure window

subplot(2,2,1); %create a subplot, first figure in 2x2 grid

stem(n1,s1); %stem plot the sequence

xlabel('n1'); %label x-axis

ylabel('amplitude'); %label y-axis

title('input sequence 1'); %title the plot

n2=1:1:10; %define discrete time vector from 1 to 10 with a step of 1

s2=[5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6]; %sequence generation

subplot(2,2,2); %create a subplot, second figure in 2x2 grid

stem(n2,s2); %stem plot the sequence

xlabel('n2'); %label x-axis

ylabel('amplitude'); %label y-axis

title('input sequence 2'); %title the plot

%ADDITION
s3=s1+s2; %addition of sequences

subplot(2,2,3); %create a subplot, third figure in 2x2 grid

stem(n1,s3); %stem plot the sequence

xlabel('n1'); %label x-axis

ylabel('amplitude'); %label y-axis

title('sum of two sequences'); %title the plot

%PRODUCT
s3=s1.*s2; %product of sequences

subplot(2,2,4); %create a subplot, fourth figure in 2x2 grid

stem(n1,s3); %stem plot the sequence

xlabel('n1'); %label x-axis
ylabel('amplitude'); %label y-axis
title('product of two sequences'); %title the plot

OUTPUT:

%SCALING
figure; %create another figure window

subplot(2,2,1); %create a subplot, first figure in 2x2 grid

stem(n1,s1); %stem plot the sequence

xlabel('n1'); %label x-axis

ylabel('amplitiude'); %label y-axis

title('input sequence 1'); %title the plot

s5=4*s1; %scale the sequence

subplot(2,2,2); %create a subplot, second figure in 2x2 grid

stem(n1,s5); %stem plot the sequence

xlabel('n1'); %label x-axis

ylabel('amplitude'); %label y-axis

title('scaled sequence 1'); %title the plot

subplot(2,2,3); %create a subplot, third figure in 2x2 grid

stem(n1-2,s1); %stem plot the sequence
xlabel('n1'); %label x-axis

ylabel('amplitude'); %label y-axis

title('right shifted sequence 1'); %title the plot

subplot(2,2,4); %create a subplot, fourth figure in 2x2 grid

stem(n1+4,s1); %stem plot the sequence

xlabel('n1'); %label x-axis

ylabel('amplitude'); %label y-axis

title('left shifted sequence 1'); %title the plot

OUTPUT:

%FOLDING OF A SEQUENCE
L2=length(s2); %create a variable to know the length of sequence

nx1=0:L2-1; %define nx1 vector

figure; %create another figure window

subplot(2,1,1); %create a subplot, first figure in 2x2 grid

stem(nx1,s2); %stem plot the sequence

xlabel('nx1'); %label x-axis

ylabel('amplitiude'); %label y-axis

title('input sequence 2'); %title the plot
s6=fliplr(s2); %fold the sequence

nf2=-fliplr(nx1);

subplot(2,1,2); %create a subplot, first figure in 2x2 grid

stem(nf2,s6); %stem plot the sequence

xlabel('nf2'); %label x-axis

ylabel('amplitiude'); %label y-axis

title('folded sequence '); %title the plot

OUTPUT:

%program to calculate energy of sequence-1

z1=sin(2*pi*20*t).^2; % create a variable to square the signal

e1=sum(abs(z1).^2); %summation of all sequences squares

e1 %display the energy

%program to calculate energy of sequence-2

t=0:pi:10*pi; %define time interval
z2=-cos(2*pi*50*t).^2; % create a variable to square the signal
e2=sum(abs(z2).^2); %summation of all sequences squares

e2 %display the energy

%program to calculate power of sequence-1

p1=(sum(abs(z1).^2)/length(z1)); %calculate power of sequence

p1 %display power

%program to calculate power of sequence-2

p2=(sum(abs(z2).^2)/length(z2)); %calculate power of sequence

p2 %display power

OUTPUT:
e1=

187.5000

e2=

4.0388

p1=
0.3743

p2=

0.3672

RESULT:
Various operations on signals and sequences are performed.