Data Encoding and Modulation

Contents
• Line coding – Unipolar, Polar and Bipolar signaling
• Modulation
• Analog to Digital Conversion - Pulse Code and
Delta Modulation.
• Analog Modulation Techniques -Amplitude,
Frequency, and Phase Modulation
• Digital Modulation Techniques - Amplitude,
Frequency, and Phase Shift Keying.
• Multilevel Modulation - QPSK, QAM
• Introduction to Modem
 Line coding
• Line coding is the conversion of digital to
electrical signal
 Line coding

Unipolar

Line Coding Polar

Bipolar
 Line coding
• Unipolar
– NRZ (Non Return to Zero)
– RZ (Return to Zero)
• Polar
– NRZ
• NRZL (Non Return to Zero - Level)
• NRZI (Non Return to Zero - Inverted)
– RZ
– Manchester
• Manchester
• Differential Manchester
• Bipolar
– AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)
– B8ZS (Bipolar Eight Zeros Substitution)
– HDB3 (High density Bipolar Three Zeros Substitution)
Encoding Schemes
 Nonreturn to Zero-Level
(NRZ-L)
• two different voltages for 0 and 1 bits
• voltage constant during bit interval
– no transition I.e. no return to zero voltage
– such as absence of voltage for zero, constant
positive voltage for one
– more often, negative voltage for one value and
positive for the other
 Nonreturn to Zero Inverted
• nonreturn to zero inverted on ones
• constant voltage pulse for duration of bit
• data encoded as presence or absence of signal
transition at beginning of bit time
– transition (low to high or high to low) denotes binary 1
– no transition denotes binary 0
• example of differential encoding since have
– data represented by changes rather than levels
– more reliable detection of transition rather than level
– easy to lose sense of polarity
 NRZ Pros & Cons
• Pros
– easy to engineer
– make good use of bandwidth
• Cons
– dc component
– lack of synchronization capability
• used for magnetic recording
• not often used for signal transmission
 Bipolar-AMI
• Use more than two levels
• Bipolar-AMI
– zero represented by no line signal
– one represented by positive or negative pulse
– one pulses alternate in polarity
– no loss of sync if a long string of ones
– long runs of zeros still a problem
– no net dc component
– lower bandwidth
– easy error detection
 Manchester Encoding
• has transition in middle of each bit period
• transition serves as clock and data
• low to high represents one
• high to low represents zero
• used by IEEE 802.
 Differential Manchester Encoding
• midbit transition is clocking only
• transition at start of bit period representing 0
• no transition at start of bit period representing 1
– this is a differential encoding scheme
• used by IEEE 802.5
B8ZS and HDB3
 Modulation
• We know any signal has 3 basic properties namely amplitude,
phase and frequency.
• Modulation is a process of in which any one of the carrier
signal i.e. either amplitude or frequency or phase is changed
according o the base band signal
• Modulation is used to change/shift the signal spectra
 Modulation
• For effective transmission and reception
• For reducing noise/interference
• For frequency assignment
• For multiplexing
Low frequency digital modulation includes – PCM, Delta Modulation
High frequency digital modulation includes – ASK, FSK, PSK, BPSK, QPSK, QAM
 Modulation
• Analog Modulation
– AM (Analog Modulation)
– FM (Frequency modulation)
– PM (Phase Modulation)
• Digital Modulation
– ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)
– FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
– PSK (Phase Shift Keying)
• Pulse Modulation
– PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)
– PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
– PPM (Pulse Position Modulation)
 PCM Block Diagram
• Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is a method of modulation in
which a continuous analog wave is transmitted in an
equivalent digital mode. This is fundamentally based on
Nyquist theorem
• To generate a PCM signal from an analog signal, three
processing steps are required:
– Sampling
– Quantization
– Encoding
 PAM signal – discrete in time, continuous in amplitude
• The sampled signal is continuous in amplitude but
discrete in time. Here we mark the time instants T0,
T1, and so on at equal time intervals along the time
axis
Quantized signal - discrete in time, discrete in amplitude
• Quantization is the process of mapping continuous infinite values to a
smaller set of discrete finite value
• Our interest is to get a digitized signal both discrete in time and amplitude.
This is achieved by a process known as quantization
• This is ultimately the concept of pixel
Quantized signal - discrete in time, discrete in amplitude
From Analog Signal to PCM Digital Code
 Pulse Modulation
• PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)
– Here the width of the pulse remains the same but
the amplitude of pulse is varied
• PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
– Here the amplitude of the pulse remains the same
but the width of pulse is varied
• PPM (Pulse Position Modulation)
– Here amplitude and pulse remains the same but
the position of the pulse is varied
 Pulse Modulation
• PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
– Here we send individual bits of every samples
– It implies maximum utilization of bandwidth
• DPCM (Differential Pulse Code Modulation)
– Here we transmit bits which is the difference of the adjacent samples.
– Is the improved version of PCM
– Less utilization of bandwidth
• DM (Delta Modulation)
– We observed that in PCM that it transmits all bits which re used to
code a sample. Hence signaling rate and transmission channel
bandwidth is are quite large in PCM. To overcome this problem, delta
modulation is used
– It transmits only one bit per sample
– Bandwidth is further reduced
 Delta Modulation
• Analog input is approximated by a staircase
function
• Move up or down one level () at each sample
interval
• Binary behavior
– Function moves up or down at each sample
interval
Delta Modulation - example
 Analog Modulation
Techniques
• Amplitude Modulation
– Changing the amplitude of the carrier
to encode the data
– Here a high amplitude means a bit
value of 1
– And low amplitude means a bit value
of 0
• Frequency Modulation
– is a process of changing the frequency
of a carrier signal in accordance with
the message signal (modulating signal).
– Changing carrier wave to a higher
frequency encodes a bit value of 1
– No change in carrier wave frequency
means a bit value of zero
• Phase Modulation
– Changing the phase of the carrier to
encode the data
– Changing carrier wave’s phase by 180
degree corresponds to a bit value of 1.
– No change in carrier wave phase
means a bit value of zero
 FM Modulation
- Note that there are no amplitude variations in the FM.
- The envelope of an FM modulated signal is a constant.

29
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 Digital Data, Analog Signal
• main use is public telephone system
– has frequency range of 300Hz to 3400Hz
– use modem (modulator-demodulator)
• encoding techniques
– Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
– Frequency shift keying (FSK)
– Phase shift keying (PK)
Modulation Techniques - Overview
 Amplitude Shift Keying
• encode 0/1 by different carrier amplitudes
– usually have one amplitude zero
• susceptible to sudden gain changes
• inefficient
• used for
– up to 1200bps on voice grade lines
– very high speeds over optical fiber
 Binary Frequency Shift Keying
• most common is binary FSK (BFSK)
• two binary values represented by two different
frequencies (near carrier)
• less susceptible to error than ASK
• used for
– up to 1200bps on voice grade lines
– high frequency radio
– even higher frequency on LANs using co-ax
 ASK, FSK
• If the amplitude of the carrier is switched depending on the
input digital signal, then it is called amplitude shift keying
(ASK)
• If the frequency of the carrier is switched depending on the
input digital signal, then it is called frequency shift keying
(FSK)
 Phase Shift Keying
• phase of carrier signal is shifted to represent
data
• binary PSK
– two phases represent two binary digits
• differential PSK
– phase shifted relative to previous transmission
rather than some reference signal
 Phase Shift Keying
• If the Phase of the carrier is switched depending on the input
digital signal, then it is called Phase shift keying (FSK)

Constellation diagram
Constellation diagram

Reference signal
 Quadrature PSK
• get more efficient use if each signal element
represents more than one bit
– e.g. shifts of /2 (90o)
– each element represents two bits
– split input data stream in two & modulate onto
carrier & phase shifted carrier
• can use 8 phase angles & more than one
amplitude
– 9600bps modem uses 12 angles, four of which
have two amplitudes
 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎
𝟎𝟎

Constellation diagram

Reference signal
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
• Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is a popular
analog signaling technique that is used in the asymmetric
digital subscriber line (ADSL)
• This modulation technique is a combination of ASK and
PSK.
• QAM can also be considered a logical extension of QPSK.
• QAM takes advantage of the fact that it is possible to send
two different signals simultaneously on the same carrier
frequency, by using two copies of the carrier frequency,
one shifted by 90˚ with respect to the other.
• For QAM, each carrier is ASK modulated. The two
independent signals are simultaneously transmitted over
the same medium. At the receiver, the two signals are
demodulated and the results combined to produce the
original binary input.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
• For example, 8 QAM uses four carrier phases
plus two amplitude levels to transmit 3 bits
per symbol. Other popular variations are 16
QAM, 64 QAM, 256 QAM which transmit 4, 6
and 8 bits per symbol respectively
 MODEM
• The basic difference between a Modem and a Router is that a
Modem takes Internet Signals from the provider and connects
it with your device
• Router takes the Internet from the modem and transfers it to
your wireless devices.
• Both Modem and Router measure the networking devices,
wherever a piece of electronic equipment connects your
laptop or your network to the Internet Service Provider for
accessing the web.
• To get the internet connection for our network, we both need
a modem and router either individually or integrated.
 MODEM
• Stands for modulator and demodulator
• Modulator converts digital signals to analog signals whereas
demodulator converts analog to digital. Hereby allowing our
computer to connect to the internet
• It is a network device placed between the computer system
and telephone lines.
 MODEM
• There are different types of modems available.
Each modem has different features and
provides with different benefits. Below are the
different types of modems:
– Wired/wireless modem
– Optical modem
– Digital modem
– Cable modem
– Satellite modem
 Tutorial
• What is analog modulation? Compare and
contrast between amplitude modulation,
frequency modulation and phase modulation.
• What do we need modulation? Compare and
contrast between ASK, FSK and PSK.
• Write short notes on
– Pulse Code Modulation
– Line coding
– Modem