AASHTO Guide Specifications For LRFD Seismic Bridge Design 2nd Edition American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
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2011
AASHTO Guide Specifications for
LRFD Seismic
Bridge Design
2nd Edition
Published by the
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a
violation of applicable law.
An abbreviated table of contents follows this preface. Detailed tables of contents precede each Section and Appendix.
vii
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
ABBREVIATED TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................1-i
ix
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
1.3—FLOWCHARTS................................................................................................................................................... 1-4
1-i
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
SECTION 1:
INTRODUCTION
1.1—BACKGROUND C1.1
The state of practice of the seismic design of bridges is This commentary is included to provide additional
continually evolving, and the AASHTO Guide information to clarify and explain the technical basis for the
Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design was specifications provided in the Guide Specifications for
developed to incorporate improvements in the practice that LRFD Seismic Bridge Design. These specifications are for
have emerged since publication of ATC 6, Seismic Design the design of new bridges.
Guidelines for Highway Bridges, the basis of the current The term “shall” denotes a requirement for compliance
AASHTO seismic design provisions. While small with these Specifications.
improvements have been incorporated into the AASHTO The term “should” indicates a strong preference for a
seismic design procedures in the intervening years since given criterion.
ATC 6 was published in 1981, these Guide Specifications The term “may” indicates a criterion that is usable, but
and related changes to the current AASHTO LRFD Bridge other local and suitably documented, verified, and approved
Design Specifications represent the first major overhaul of criterion may also be used in a manner consistent with the
the AASHTO procedures. The development of these Guide LRFD approach to bridge design.
Specifications was performed in accordance with the The term “recommended” is used to give guidance
recommendations of the NCHRP 20-07/Task 193 Task 6 based on past experiences. Seismic design is a developing
Report. The Task 6 effort combined and supplemented field of engineering that has not been uniformly applied to
existing completed efforts (i.e., AASHTO Standard all bridge types; thus, the experiences gained to date on
Specifications Division I-A, NCHRP 12-49 guidelines, only a particular type are included as recommendations.
SCDOT specifications, Caltrans Seismic Design Criteria,
NYCDOT Seismic Intensity Maps (1998), and ATC-32)
into a single document that could be used at a national level
to design bridges for seismic effects. Based on the Task 6
effort and that of a number of reviewers, including
representatives from State Departments of Transportation,
the Federal Highway Administration, consulting engineers,
and academic researchers, these Guide Specifications were
developed.
Key features of these Guide Specifications follow:
SDC A
1-1
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
1-2 AASHTO GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS FOR LRFD SEISMIC BRIDGE DESIGN
SDC B
SDC C
SDC D
1.2.1—Maps
1.3—FLOWCHARTS
It is envisioned that the flowcharts herein will provide
the engineer with a simple reference to direct the design
process needed for each of the four SDCs.
Flowcharts outlining the steps in the seismic design
procedures implicit in these Guide Specifications are given
in Figures 1.3-1 to 1.3-5.
The Guide Specifications were developed to allow
three global seismic design strategies based on the
characteristics of the bridge system, which include:
SDC A
PRELIMINARY DESIGN BRIDGE
AND SINGLE
TYPE SELECTION AND DESIGN
SPAN BRIDGES
FOR SERVICE LOADS
Figure 1.3-1—Applicability of the Guide Specifications and the Seismic Design Procedure for Bridges in SDC A
and Single-Span Bridges
SDC B STEP 2
STEP 1 COMPUTE DISPLACEMENT
CAPACITY ΔC
ARTICLE 4.8.1
DISPLACEMENT SATISFY MATHEMATICAL
DEMAND ANALYSIS REQUIREMENT FOR (EDA)
ΔD ARTICLE 5.5
ANALYSIS OR REDESIGN
USE PUSHOVER
DETERMINE ABUTMENT
ANALYSIS PROCEDURE MODELING
ARTICLE 4.2 ARTICLE 5.2
MINIMUM SUPPORT AND
SHEAR KEY REQUIREMENTS
DETERMINE HORIZONTAL FOUNDATION MODELING AND ARTICLES 4.12 AND 4.14
GROUND MOTION EFFECTS LIQUEFACTION IF PRESENT
ALONG BOTH AXES ARTICLES 5.3 & 6.8
ARTICLE 4.3.1 FOUNDATION DESIGN
FIGURE 1.3-5
CONDUCT DEMAND
ANALYSIS
DAMPING AND SHORT ARTICLES 5.1.2 AND 4.4
PERIOD CONSIDERATIONS SDC B DETAILING
ARTICLES 4.3.2 & 4.3.3 FIGURE 1.3-5
DETERMINE DISPLACEMENT
DEMANDS ALONG COMPLETE
SELECT ANALYSIS MEMBER LOCAL AXES
PROCEDURES: (ESA) OR (EDA) ARTICLE 4.8
5.4.3
ARTICLES 5.4.2 OR 5.4.3
SDC C STEP 2
STEP 1 COMPUTE DISPLACEMENT
CAPACITY, ΔC , ARTICLE 4.8.1
OR BY PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
DISPLACEMENT SATISFY MATHEMATICAL
DEMAND ANALYSIS REQUIREMENT FOR (EDA)
ΔD ARTICLE 5.5
DETERMINE HORIZONTAL
MINIMUM SUPPORT AND
GROUND MOTION EFFECTS FOUNDATION MODELING AND SHEAR KEY REQUIREMENTS
ALONG BOTH AXES
LIQUEFACTION IF PRESENT ARTICLES 4.12 AND 4.14
ARTICLE 4.3.1 ARTICLES 5.3 & 6.8
SDC D STEP 2
DETERMINE DISPLACEMENT
STEP 1 CAPACITY ΔC
BY PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
DISPLACEMENT SATISFY MATHEMATICAL ARTICLE 4.8.2
DEMAND ANALYSIS REQUIREMENT FOR (EDA)
CHARACTERISTICS, C 4.11.5
ΔD ARTICLE 5.5
AND GO TO STEP 1 OR 2
AD UST BRIDGE
SEISMIC DESIGN ΔC > ΔD
PROPORTIONING EFFECTIVE SECTION
ARTICLE 4.1 PROPERTIES NO
ARTICLE 5.6
YES
DETERMINE
CHECK P - Δ
ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
ABUTMENT MODELING REQUIREMENTS
ARTICLE 4.2
ARTICLE 5.2 ARTICLE 4.11.5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2
2-i
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
SECTION 2:
Capacity Checks—Capacity design checks made with the overstrength magnifiers set to 1.0. The expected strengths of materials
are included. Capacity checks are permitted in lieu of full capacity design for SDC B.
Capacity Design—A method of component design that allows the designer to prevent damage in certain components by making
them strong enough to resist loads that are generated when adjacent components reach their overstrength capacity.
Capacity-Protected Element—Part of the structure that is either connected to a critical element or within its load path and that
is prevented from yielding by virtue of having the critical member limit the maximum force that can be transmitted to the
capacity-protected element.
Collateral Seismic Hazard—Seismic hazards other than direct ground shaking, such as liquefaction, fault rupture, etc.
Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC)—A statistical rule for combining modal responses from an earthquake load applied in
a single direction to obtain the maximum response due to this earthquake load.
Critical or Ductile Elements—Parts of the structure that are expected to absorb energy and undergo significant inelastic
deformations while maintaining their strength and stability.
Damage Level—A measure of seismic performance based on the amount of damage expected after one of the design
earthquakes.
Displacement Capacity Verification—A design and analysis procedure that requires the designer to verify that his or her
structure has sufficient displacement capacity. It generally involves the Nonlinear Static Procedure (NSP), also commonly
referred to as “pushover” analysis.
Earthquake-Resisting Element (ERE)—The individual components, such as columns, connections, bearings, joints, foundation,
and abutments, that together constitute the earthquake-resisting system (ERS).
Earthquake-Resisting System (ERS)—A system that provides a reliable and uninterrupted load path for transmitting seismically
induced forces into the ground and sufficient means of energy dissipation and/or restraint to reliably control seismically induced
displacements.
Life Safety Performance Level—The minimum acceptable level of seismic performance allowed by this Guide Specification;
intended to protect human life during and following a rare earthquake.
Liquefaction—Seismically induced loss of shear strength in loose, cohesionless soil that results from a buildup of pore water
pressure as the soil tries to consolidate when exposed to seismic vibrations.
Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Flow—Lateral displacement of relatively flat slopes that occurs under the combination of gravity
load and excess pore water pressure (without inertial loading from earthquake); often occurs after the cessation of earthquake
loading.
Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreading—Incremental displacement of a slope that occurs from the combined effects of pore
water pressure buildup, inertial loads from the earthquake, and gravity loads.
Local—Descriptor used to denote direction, displacement, and other response quantities for individual substructure locations.
Seismic analysis is performed “globally” on the entire structure, while evaluations are typically performed at the local level.
Minimum Support Width—The minimum prescribed length of a bearing seat that is required to be provided in a new bridge
designed according to this Guide Specification.
Nominal Resistance—Resistance of a member, connection, or structure based on the expected yield strength (Fye) or other
specified material properties, and the nominal dimensions and details of the final section(s) chosen, calculated with all material
resistance factors taken as 1.0.
2-1
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
2-2 AASHTO GUIDE SPECIFICATION FOR LRFD SEISMIC BRIDGE DESIGN
Operational Performance Level—A higher level of seismic performance that may be selected by a bridge owner who wishes to
have immediate service and minimal damage following a rare earthquake.
Oversized Pile Shaft—A drilled shaft foundation that is larger in diameter than the supported column and has a reinforcing cage
larger than and independent of the column’s. The ratio of the size of shaft to that of the supported column which defines a shaft
as oversized is at the discretion of the Owner.
Overstrength Capacity—The maximum expected force or moment that can be developed in a yielding structural element
assuming overstrength material properties and large strains and associated stresses.
Performance Criteria—The levels of performance in terms of post-earthquake service and damage that are expected to result
from specified earthquake loadings if bridges are designed according to this specification.
Plastic Hinge—The region of a structural component, usually a column or a pier in bridge structures, that undergoes flexural
yielding and plastic rotation while still retaining sufficient flexural strength.
Plastic Hinge Zone—Those regions of structural components that are subject to potential plastification and thus shall be detailed
accordingly.
Response Modification Factor (R Factor)—Factors used to modify the element demands from an elastic analysis to account for
ductile behavior and obtain design demands.
Seismic Design Category (SDC)—One of four seismic design categories (SDCs), A through D, based on the 1-sec period design
spectral acceleration for the life safety design earthquake.
Service Level—A measure of seismic performance based on the expected level of service that the bridge is capable of providing
after one of the design earthquakes.
Site Class—One of six classifications used to characterize the effect of the soil conditions at a site on ground motion.
Tributary Weight—The portion of the weight of the superstructure that would act on a pier participating in the ERS if the
superstructure between participating piers consisted of simply supported spans. A portion of the weight of the pier itself may
also be included in the tributary weight.
2.2—NOTATION
As = area of the steel pipe (in.2); effective peak ground acceleration coefficient (3.4.1) (4.5) (4.12.1) (5.2.4.1) (6.7.1)
(C7.6)
Asj bar = area of vertical j-dowels hooked around the longitudinal top deck steel required at moment resisting joints for
integral cap of bent with a skew angle >20°(in.2) (8.13.4.1.2d) (8.13.4.2.2f)
Asjh = cross-sectional area of horizontal stirrups required at moment resisting joints (in.2) (8.13.4.1.2b) (8.13.4.2.2b)
Asjhc = area of required horizontal cap end ties (in.2) (8.13.4.2.2e)
Asjl = cross-sectional area of required additional longitudinal cap beam reinforcement (in.2) (8.13.5.1.3)
Asjv = cross-sectional area of vertical stirrups required at moment resisting joints (in.2) (8.13.4.1.2a) (8.13.4.2.2a)
Asjvi = cross-sectional area of vertical stirrup required inside the joint region (in.2) (8.13.5.1.2)
Asjvo = cross-sectional area of vertical stirrup required outside the joint region (in.2) (8.13.5.1.1)
Assf = area of longitudinal side reinforcement in the bent cap (in.2) (8.13.4.1.2c) (8.13.4.2.2c)
Asp = area of spiral or hoop reinforcement (in.2) (8.6.2) (8.6.3)
Ast = total area of column reinforcement anchored in the joint (in.2) (8.13.2) (8.13.3) (8.13.4.1.2a) (8.13.4.1.2b)
(8.13.4.1.2d) (8.13.4.2.2a) (8.13.4.2.2b) (8.13.4.2.2g) (8.13.5.1.1) (8.13.5.1.2) (8.13.5.1.3)
Asur = surface area of the side of a pile cap on which frictional force acts (kips) (C6.4.3)
Atg = gross area of section along the plane resisting tension in block shear failure mode (in.2) (7.7.6)
Atn = net area of section along the plane resisting tension in block shear failure mode (in.2) (7.7.6)
AsU bar = area of U-shaped top and bottom longitudinal reinforcement required at moment resisting joints (in.2)
(8.13.4.2.2d) (8.13.4.2.2e)
Av = cross-sectional area of shear reinforcement in the direction of loading (in.2) (8.6.2) (8.6.3) (8.6.9)
Avg = gross area of section along the plane resisting shear in block shear failure mode (in.2) (7.7.6)
Avn = net area of section along the plane resisting shear in block shear failure mode (in.2) (7.7.6)
Avf = interface shear reinforcement (in.2) (8.15)
a = depth of soil stress block beneath footing at maximum rocking (ft) (A.1)
B = width of footing measured normal to the direction of loading (ft) (6.3.4) (6.3.6)
Bc = diameter or width of column or wall measured normal to the direction of loading (in.) (6.3.6) (6.4.5) (8.13.2)
Bcap = thickness or width of the bent cap (in.) (8.11) (8.13.2)
Beff = effective width of the superstructure or bent cap for resisting longitudinal seismic moment (in.); effective width of
the bent cap joint (in.) (8.10) (8.11) (8.13.2)
Beffftg = effective width of footing (in.) (6.4.5)
Bo = column diameter or width measured parallel to the direction of displacement under consideration (ft) (4.8.1)
Br = footing width (ft) (A.1)
b = width of unstiffened or stiffened element (in.); width of column or wall in direction of bending (in.) (7.4.2) (8.6.2)
(8.6.9)
beff = effective width of the footing used to calculate the nominal moment capacity of the footing (ft) (6.3.6)
b/t = width–thickness ratio of unstiffened or stiffened element (7.4.2)
pile
C (i )
= compression force in ith pile (kip) (6.4.2)
c = soil cohesion (psf of ksf) (6.2.2)
cx(i) = distance from neutral axis of pile group to ith row of piles measured parallel to the y axis (ft) (6.4.2)
cy(i) = distance from neutral axis of pile group to ith row of piles measured parallel to the x axis (ft) (6.4.2)
D = distance from active fault (mi); diameter of concrete filled pipe (in.); diameter of HSS tube (in.); outside diameter
of steel pipe (in.); diameter of column or pile (in.) (3.4.3.1) (3.4.4) (4.11.6) (7.4.2) (7.6.2) (8.16.1)
D = core diameter of column measured from center of spiral or hoop (in.) (8.6.2) (8.6.3)
D/t = diameter-to-thickness ratio of a steel pipe (7.4.2) (C7.6.1)
D* = diameter of circular shafts or cross-section dimension in direction under consideration for oblong shafts (in.)
(4.11.6)
Dc = diameter or depth of column in direction of loading (ft or in.); diameter of pile shaft (in.) (6.3.2) (C6.3.6) (6.4.7)
(8.8.6) (8.10) (8.13.2) (8.13.4.1.2d) (8.13.4.2.1) (8.13.4.2.2g) (8.13.5) (8.13.5.1.3) (8.6.1)
Dcj = column width or diameter parallel to the direction of bending (in.) (6.4.5)
Dc,max = larger cross-section dimension of the column (in.) (8.8.10) (8.8.13)
Dftg = depth of the pile cap or footing (ft or in.) (6.4.2) (6.4.5) (6.4.7)
Dg = width of gap between backwall and superstructure (ft) (5.2.3.3)
Ds = depth of superstructure at the bent cap or depth of cap beam (in.) (8.7.1) (8.10) (8.13.2)
d = depth of superstructure or cap beam (in.); overall depth of section (in.); depth of section in direction of loading
(in.) (4.11.2) (8.13.5) (7.4.2) (8.6.3) (8.6.9)
db = nominal diameter of longitudinal column reinforcing steel bars (in.) (4.11.6) (8.8.4) (8.8.6)
di = thickness of ith soil layer (ft) (3.4.2.2)
E = modulus of elasticity of steel (ksi) (7.4.2) (7.7.5)
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete (ksi) (5.6.2) (C7.6)
Ec I eff = effective flexural stiffness (kip-in.2) (5.6.1) (5.6.2)
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel (ksi) (C7.6) (8.4.2)
Fa = site coefficient for 0.2-sec period spectral acceleration (3.4.1) (3.4.2.3)
Fpga = site coefficient for the peak ground acceleration coefficient (3.4.1) (3.4.2.3)
Fs = shear force along pile cap (kip) (C6.4.3)
Fu = minimum tensile strength of steel (ksi) (7.7.6)
Fv = site coefficient for 1.0-sec period spectral acceleration (3.4.1) (3.4.2.3)
Fw = factor taken as between 0.01 and 0.05 for soils ranging from dense sand to compacted clays (5.2.3.3)
Fy = specified minimum yield strength of steel (ksi); nominal yield stress of steel pipe or steel gusset plate (ksi) (7.3)
(7.4.1) (7.4.2) (7.7.6) (7.6.2) (7.7.5) (7.7.8) (7.7.9)
Fye = expected yield stress of structural steel member (ksi) (7.3) (7.5.2)
f c = nominal uniaxial compressive concrete strength (ksi) (6.4.5) (6.4.7) (C6.4.7) (7.6.1) (7.6.2) (8.4.4) (8.6.2) (8.6.4)
(8.6.9) (8.7.2) (8.8.4) (8.8.6) (C8.13.2) (8.13.3)
f cc = confined compressive strength of concrete (ksi) (8.4.4)
f ce = expected concrete compressive strength (ksi) (8.4.4) (C8.13.2)
fh = average normal stress in the horizontal direction within a moment resisting joint (ksi) (8.13.2)
fps = stress in prestressing steel corresponding to strain ps (ksi) (8.4.3)
fue = expected tensile strength (ksi) (8.4.2)
fv = average normal stress in the vertical direction within a moment resisting joint (ksi) (6.4.5) (8.13.2)
fy = specified minimum yield stress (ksi) (8.4.2)
fye = pected yield strength (ksi) (4.11.6) (8.4.2) (8.8.4) (8.8.6) (8.11) (8.13.2)
fyh = yield stress of spiral, hoop, or tie reinforcement (ksi) (8.6.2) (8.6.3) (8.6.9) (8.8.8) (8.13.3)
G = soil dynamic (secant) shear modulus (ksi) (C5.3.2)
(GA)eff = effective shear stiffness parameter of the pier wall (kip) (5.6.1) (5.6.2)
Gc = shear modulus of concrete (ksi) (5.6.2)
GcJeff = torsional stiffness (5.6.1)
Gf = gap between the isolated flare and the soffit of the bent cap (in.) (4.11.6)
Gmax = soil low-strain (initial) shear modulus (C5.3.2)
g = acceleration due to gravity (ft/sec2 or in./sec2) (C5.4.2)
H = thickness of soil layer (ft); column height used to calculate minimum support length (in.) (3.4.2.1) (4.12.1)
Hf = depth of footing (ft) (6.3.2) (6.3.4) (6.3.6)
Hh = the height from the top of the footing to the top of the column or the equivalent column height for a pile extension
column (ft) (8.7.1)
Hr = height of rocking column (ft) (A.1)
Ho = clear height of column (ft) (4.8.1)
Hw = height of backwall or diaphragm (ft) (5.2.3.3)
H = length of shaft from the ground surface to point of contraflexure above ground (in.); length of pile from point of
the ground surface to point of contraflexure above ground (in.); length of the pile shaft/column from the ground
surface to the point of contrafexure in the column above the ground (in.) (4.11.6) (8.6.1)
Hs = length of pile shaft as determined in accordance with Article 8.6.1 (in.) (8.6.1)
h = web depth (in.) (7.4.2)
h/tw = web depth–thickness ratio (7.4.2)
Ic = moment of inertia of the concrete core (in.4) (C7.6)
Ieff = effective moment of inertia of the section based on cracked concrete and first yield of the reinforcing steel (in.4);
effective moment of inertia of the section based on cracked concrete and first yield of the reinforcing steel or
effective moment of inertia taken about the weak axis of the reinforced concrete cross-section (in.4) (5.6.1) (5.6.2)
(5.6.3) (5.6.4)
Ig = gross moment of inertia taken about the weak axis of the reinforced concrete cross-section (in.4) (5.6.2) (5.6.3)
(5.6.4)
Ipg(x) = effective moment of inertia of pile group about the x axis (pile-ft2) (6.4.2)
Ipg(y) = effective moment of inertia of pile group about the y axis (pile-ft2) (6.4.2)
Is = moment of inertia of a single longitudinal stiffener about an axis parallel to the flange and taken at the base of the
stiffener (in.4); moment of inertia of the steel pipe (in.4) (7.4.2) (C7.6)
Jeff = effective torsional (polar) moment of inertia of reinforced concrete section (in.4) (5.6.1) (5.6.5)
Jg = gross torsional (polar) moment of inertia of reinforced concrete section (in.4) (5.6.5)
K = effective lateral bridge stiffness (kip/ft or kip/in.); effective length factor of a member (C5.4.2) (7.4.1)
KDED = stiffness of the ductile end diaphragm (kip/in.) (7.4.6)
Keff = abutment equivalent linear secant stiffness (kip/ft) (5.2.3.3)
Keff1 = abutment initial effective stiffness (kip/ft) (5.2.3.3)
Keff2 = abutment softened effective stiffness (kip/ft) (5.2.3.3)
Ki = initial abutment backwall stiffness (kip/ft) (5.2.3.3)
KL/r = slenderness ratio (7.4.1)
KSUB = stiffness of the substructure (kip/in.) (7.4.6)
K0 = soil lateral stress factor (C6.4.3)
k = total number of cohesive soil layers in the upper 100 ft of the site profile below the bridge foundation; plate
buckling coefficient for uniform normal stress (3.4.2.2) (7.4.2)
kie = smaller effective bent or column stiffness (kip/in.) (4.1.1)
e
k j
= larger effective bent or column stiffness (kip/in.) (4.1.1)
L = length of column from point of maximum moment to the point of moment contraflexure (in.); length of the bridge
deck to the adjacent expansion joint, or to the end of the bridge deck (ft); for hinges within a span, L shall be the
sum of the distances to either side of the hinge (ft); for single-span bridges, L equals the length of the bridge deck
(ft); total length of bridge (ft or in.); length of footing measured in the direction of loading (ft); unsupported length
of a member (in.) (C4.9) (4.11.6) (8.8.6) (4.12.1) (C5.4.2) (6.3.2) (6.3.4) (C6.3.6) (7.4.1)
Lc = column clear height used to determine shear demand (in.) (4.11.2)
Lf = footing length (ft) (A.1)
Lftg = cantilever overhang length measured from the face of wall or column to the outside edge of the pile cap or footing
(ft) (6.4.2)
Lg = unsupported edge length of the gusset plate (in.) (7.7.5)
Lp = equivalent analytical plastic hinge length (in.) (C4.9) (4.11.6) (4.11.7) (8.14.1)
Lpr = plastic hinge region that defines the portion of the column, pier, or shaft that requires enhanced lateral
confinement (in.) (4.11.7)
Lu = unsupported length (in.) (C7.4.1)
ac = length of column reinforcement embedded into the bent cap or footing (in.) (8.8.4) (8.13.2) (8.13.3) (8.13.4.2.2g)
d = bar development length (in.) (8.8.10)
Mr = restoring moment for rocking system (kip-ft) (A.1)
Mg = moment acting on the gusset plate (kip-in.) (7.7.10)
Mn = nominal moment capacity (kip-in or kip-ft) (4.11.2) (4.11.5) (6.3.6)
Mne = nominal moment capacity of a reinforced concrete member based on expected materials properties and a concrete
strain c = 0.003 (kip-ft) (8.5) (8.7.1) (8.9)
Mng = nominal moment strength of a gusset plate (kip-in.) (7.7.8)
Mns = nominal flexural moment strength of a member (kip-in.) (7.4.1)
Mnx = probable flexural resistance of column (kip-ft) (7.5.2)
Mp = idealized plastic moment capacity of reinforced concrete member based on expected material properties (kip-in. or
kip-ft) (4.11.2) (4.11.5) (8.5)
M pcol( x ) = the component of the column plastic hinging moment capacity about the x axis (kip-ft) (6.4.2)
col
M p( y)
= the component of the column plastic hinging moment capacity about the y axis (kip-ft) (6.4.2)
Mpo = overstrength plastic moment capacity of the column (kip-in. or kip-ft) (4.11.2) (6.3.4) (8.5) (8.9) (8.10) (8.13.1)
(8.13.2) (8.15)
Mpg = nominal plastic moment strength of a gusset plate (kip-in.) (7.7.8)
Mpx = plastic moment capacity of the member based on expected material properties (kip-ft) (7.5.2)
Mrc = factored nominal moment capacity of member (kip-ft) (7.6.1)
Mrg = factored nominal yield moment capacity of the gusset plate (kip-in.) (7.7.10)
Mrpg = factored nominal plastic moment capacity of the gusset plate (kip-in.) (7.7.10)
Mu = factored ultimate moment demand (kip-ft or kip-in.); factored moment demand acting on the member including
the elastic seismic demand divided by the appropriate force-reduction factor, R (kip-ft) (6.3.6) (7.4.1) (7.6.1)
My = moment capacity of section at first yield of the reinforcing steel (kip-in.) (5.6.2)
m = total number of cohesionless soil layers in the upper 100 ft of the site profile below the bridge foundation (3.4.2.2)
mi = tributary mass of column or bent i (kip) (4.1.1)
mj = tributary mass of column or bent j (kip) (4.1.1)
N = minimum support length measured normal to the centerline of bearing (in.); extended minimum support length
measured normal to the centerline of bearing (in.) (4.12) (4.12.1) (4.12.2) (4.12.3) (C4.13.1)
N = average standard penetration resistance for the top 100 ft (blows/ft) (3.4.2)
N ch = average standard penetration resistance of cohesionless soil layers for the top 100 ft (blows/ft) (3.4.2)
Ni = standard penetration resistance as measured directly in the field, uncorrected blow count, of ith soil layer not to
exceed 100 ft (blows/ft) (3.4.2.2)
Np = total number of piles in the pile group (pile) (6.4.2)
(N1)60 = corrected standard penetration test (SPT) blow count (blows per foot) (6.8)
n = total number of distinctive soil layers in the upper 100 ft of the site profile below the bridge foundation; number of
equally spaced longitudinal compression flange stiffeners; modular ratio; number of individual interlocking spiral
or hoop core sections (3.4.2.2) (7.4.2) (C7.6) (8.6.3)
nx = number of piles in a single row parallel to the y axis (pile) (6.4.2)
ny = number of piles in a single row parallel to the x axis (pile) (6.4.2)
Pb = beam axial force at the center of the joint including prestressing (kip) (8.13.2)
Pbs = tensile strength of a gusset plate based on block shear (kip) (7.7.6)
Tc = column tensile force associated with the column overstrength plastic hinging moment, Mpo (kip); net tensile force
in column reinforcement associated with the column overstrength plastic hinging moment, Mpo (kips) (6.4.5)
(8.13.2)
TF = bridge fundamental period (sec) (3.4.3)
Ti = natural period of the less flexible frame (sec) (4.1.2)
pile
T (i )
= tension force in ith pile (kip) (6.4.2)
Tj = natural period of the more flexible frame (sec) (4.1.2)
Tjv = net tension force in moment resisting footing joints (kip) (6.4.5)
Tm = period of the mth mode of vibration (sec) (C5.4.2)
To = period at beginning of constant design spectral acceleration plateau (sec) (3.4.1)
Ts = period at the end of constant design spectral acceleration plateau (sec) (3.4.1) (4.3.3)
T* = characteristic ground motion period (sec) (4.3.3)
t = thickness of unstiffened or stiffened element (in.); pipe wall thickness (in.); thickness of gusset plate (in.);
thickness of the top or bottom slab (in.) (7.4.2) (7.6.2) (7.7.5) (8.11)
tw = thickness of web plate (in.) (7.4.2)
Vc = nominal shear resistance of the concrete (kip) (8.6.1) (8.6.2)
Vg = shear force acting on the gusset plate (kip) (7.7.10)
Vn = nominal interface shear capacity of shear key as defined in Article 5.8.4 of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications using the nominal material properties and interface surface conditions (kip); nominal shear capacity
(kip) (4.14) (6.3.7) (8.6.1) (8.6.9)
Vng = nominal shear strength of a gusset plate (kip) (7.7.9)
Vok = overstrength capacity of shear key (4.14) (8.12)
Vpo = overstrength shear associated with the overstrength moment Mpo (kip) (4.11.2) (6.3.4) (6.3.5) (8.6.1)
Vrg = factored nominal yield shear capacity of the gusset plate (kip) (7.7.10)
Vs = nominal shear resistance provided by the transverse steel (kip) (8.6.1) (8.6.3) (8.6.4)
Vs 1 = normalized shear wave velocity (6.8)
Vs(x) = static displacement calculated from the uniform load method (ft or in.) (C5.4.2)
Vu = factored ultimate shear demand in footing at the face of the column or wall (kip); shear demand of a column or
wall (kip) (6.3.7) (8.6.1) (8.6.9)
vc = concrete shear stress capacity (ksi) (8.6.2)
vjv = nominal vertical shear stress in a moment resisting joint (ksi) (6.4.5) (8.13.2)
vs = average shear wave velocity in the top 100 ft (ft/sec) (3.4.2)
vsi = shear wave velocity of ith soil layer (ft/sec) (3.4.2.2)
Vs,max = maximum lateral displacement due to uniform loading po (ft or in.) (C5.4.2)
W = total weight of bridge (kip) (C5.4.2)
Wcover = weight of soil covering the footing in a rocking bent (kip) (A.1)
Wfooting = weight of footing in a rocking bent (kip) (A.1)
Ws = weight of superstructure tributary to rocking bent (kip) (A.1)
WT = total weight at base of footing for rocking bent (kip) (A.1)
Ww = width of backwall (ft) (5.2.3.3)
w = moisture content (percent) (3.4.2.1)
w(x) = nominal unfactored dead load of the bridge superstructure and tributary substructure (kip-in. or kip-ft) (C5.4.2)
Z = plastic section modulus of steel pipe (in.3) (7.6.2)
Zg = plastic section modulus of gusset plate about the strong axis (in.3) (7.7.8)
a = concrete shear stress adjustment factor (8.6.2)
= central angle formed between neutral axis chord line and the center point of the pipe found by the recursive
equation (rad) (7.6.2)
EQ = load factor for live load (C4.6)
b = displacement demand due to flexibility of essentially elastic components such as bent caps (in.) (4.3) (4.8)
col = displacement contributed by deformation of the columns (in.) (4.8)
ycol = yield displacement of the column (in.)(4.8)
CL = displacement capacity taken along the local principal axis corresponding to LD of the ductile member as
determined in accordance with Article 4.8.1 for SDCs B and C and in accordance with Article 4.8.2 for SDC D
(in.) (C3.3) (4.8) (4.8.1)
D = global seismic displacement demand (in.) (4.3.1) (4.11.5)
LD = displacement demand taken along the local principal axis of the ductile member as determined in accordance with
Article 4.4 (in.) (C3.3) (4.8)
eq = seismic displacement demand of the long-period frame on one side of the expansion joint (in.) (4.12.2)
F = pile cap displacement (in.) (4.11.5)
f = displacement demand attributed to foundation flexibility; pile cap displacements (in.) (4.3) (4.8)
fo = displacement contributed by flexural effects in column (ft or in.) (A.1)
pd = displacement demand attributed to inelastic response of ductile members; plastic displacement demand (in.) (4.3) (4.9)
(C4.9)
p = displacement contributed by inelastic response (in.) (4.8)
r = relative lateral offset between the point of contraflexure and the farthest end of the plastic hinge (in.) (4.11.5)
ro = displacement contributed by rocking (ft or in.) (A.1)
S = pile shaft displacement at the point of maximum moment developed in ground (in.) (4.11.5)
Y1 = displacement at which the first element yields (in.) (4.8)
Y2 = displacement at which the second element yields (in.) (4.8)
Y3 = displacement at which the third element yields (in.) (4.8)
Y4 = displacement at which the fourth element yields (in.) (4.8)
y = idealized yield displacement; displacement demand attributed to elastic response of ductile members (in.) (C3.3)
(4.3) (4.8)
yi = idealized yield displacement (in.) (C3.3) (4.9) (C4.9)
v = effective soil pressure (psf or ksf) (C6.4.3)
cc = compressive strain at maximum compressive stress of confined concrete (8.4.4)
co = unconfined concrete compressive strain at the maximum compressive stress (8.4.4)
cu = ultimate compressive strain for confined concrete (8.4.4)
sp = ultimate unconfined compression (spalling) strain (8.4.4)
ps = strain in prestressing steel (in./in.) (8.4.3)
ps,EE = essentially elastic prestress steel strain (8.4.3)
ps,u = ultimate prestress steel strain (8.4.3)
Rps ,u = reduced ultimate prestress steel strain (8.4.3)
sh = tensile strain at the onset of strain hardening (8.4.2)
su = ultimate tensile strain (8.4.2)
su
R
= reduced ultimate tensile strain (8.4.2)
ye = expected yield strain (8.4.2)
displacement ductility capacity of the end diaphragm (7.4.6)
C = ductility capacity (4.7.1)
D = maximum local member displacement ductility demand (4.3.3) (4.7.1) (4.9) (C4.9) (8.6.2)
T(ipile
) = summation of the hold-down force in the tension piles (kip) (6.4.5)
P = total unfactored axial load due to dead load, earthquake load, footing weight, soil overburden, and all other
vertical demands acting on the pile group (kip) (6.4.2)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3 3
3-i
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
SECTION 3:
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
These Guide Specifications shall be taken to apply to For the purpose of these provisions, conventional bridges
the design and construction of conventional bridges to resist have slab, beam, box girder, and truss superstructures; have
the effects of earthquake motions. For non-conventional pier-type or pile-bent substructures; and are founded on
bridges, the Owner shall specify appropriate provisions, shallow- or piled-footings or shafts. Non-conventional bridges
approve them, or both. include bridges with cable-stayed or cable-suspended
Critical/essential bridges are not specifically addressed superstructures, bridges with truss towers or hollow piers for
in these Guide Specifications. A bridge should be classified substructures, and arch bridges.
as critical/essential as follows:
3-1
© 2011 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.
3-2 AASHTO GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS FOR LRFD SEISMIC BRIDGE DESIGN
Bridges shall be designed for the life safety performance These Guide Specifications are intended to achieve
objective considering a seismic hazard corresponding to a minimal damage to bridges during moderate earthquake
seven percent probability of exceedance in 75 yr. Higher levels ground motions and to prevent collapse during rare
of performance, such as the operational objective, may be earthquakes that result in high levels of ground shaking at the
established and authorized by the Bridge Owner. Development bridge site. Bridge Owners may choose to mandate higher
of design earthquake ground motions for the seven percent levels of bridge performance for special bridges.
probability of exceedance in 75 yr shall be as specified in The seismic hazard used in these Guide Specifications
Article 3.4. corresponds to a seven percent probability of exceedence (PE)
Life safety for the design event shall be taken to imply in 75 yr. The precise definition used in the development of the
that the bridge has a low probability of collapse but may ground shaking hazards maps and the ground motion design
suffer significant damage and that significant disruption to tool is five percent in 50 yr. Thus, the return period used in
service is possible. Partial or complete replacement may be development of the hazard maps and in the design tool is
required. actually 975 yr compared to that of seven percent PE in 75 yr
Significant damage shall be taken to include permanent of 1,033 yr. While this distinction has little significance in an
offsets and damage consisting of: engineering sense, it is a consideration when conducting site-
specific hazard analyses.
Cracking, Allowable displacements are constrained by geometric,
structural, and geotechnical considerations. The most
Reinforcement yielding, restrictive of these constraints will govern displacement
Major spalling of concrete, capacity. These displacement constraints may apply to
either transient displacements as would occur during ground
Extensive yielding and local buckling of steel columns, shaking, permanent displacements as may occur due to
Global and local buckling of steel braces, and seismically induced ground failure or permanent structural
deformations or dislocations, or a combination. The extent
Cracking in the bridge deck slab at shear studs. of allowable displacements depends on the desired
performance level of the bridge design.
These conditions may require closure to repair the damage.
Geometric constraints generally relate to the usability of
Partial or complete replacement of columns may be required
the bridge by traffic passing on or under it. Therefore, this
in some cases.
constraint will usually apply to permanent displacements that
For sites with liquefaction, liquefaction-induced lateral
occur as a result of the earthquake. The ability to repair such
flow, or liquefaction-induced lateral spreading, inelastic
displacements or the desire not to be required to repair them
deformation may be permitted in piles and shafts. Partial or
should be considered when establishing displacement
complete replacement of the columns, piles, or shafts may
capacities. When uninterrupted or immediate service is
be necessary.
desired, the permanent displacements should be small or
If replacement of columns or other components is to be
nonexistent and should be at levels that are within an
avoided, the design strategy producing minimal or moderate
accepted tolerance for normally operational highways of the
damage such as seismic isolation or the control and
type being considered.
reparability design concept should be assessed. For locations
A bridge designed to a performance level of no collapse
where lateral flow is expected, the design strategy should
could be expected to be unusable after liquefaction, for
consider the use of ground improvement methods that limit
example, and geometric constraints would have no
the amount of lateral ground movement.
influence. However, because life safety is at the heart of the
Significant disruption to service shall be taken to
no collapse requirement, jurisdictions may consider
include limited access (reduced lanes, light emergency
establishing some geometric displacement limits for this
traffic) on the bridge. Shoring may be required.
performance level for important bridges or those with high
average daily traffic (ADT). This can be done by
considering the risk to highway users in the moments during
or immediately following an earthquake. For example, an
abrupt vertical dislocation of the highway of sufficient
height could present an insurmountable barrier and thus
result in a collision that could kill or injure. Usually these
types of geometric displacement constraints will be less
restrictive than those resulting from structural
considerations; for bridges on liquefiable sites, it may not be
economical to prevent significant displacements from
occurring.
For SDC C or D (see Article 3.5), all bridges and their Common examples from each of the three ERS and ERE
foundations shall have a clearly identifiable earthquake- categories are shown in Figures 3.3-1a and 3.3-1b,
resisting system (ERS) selected to achieve the life safety respectively. Selection of an appropriate ERS is fundamental
criteria defined in Article 3.2. For SDC B, identification of to achieving adequate seismic performance. To this end, the
an ERS should be considered. identification of the lateral-force-resisting concept and the
The ERS shall provide a reliable and uninterrupted load selection of the necessary elements to fulfill the concept
path for transmitting seismically induced forces into the should be accomplished in the conceptual design phase, or
surrounding soil and sufficient means of energy dissipation the type, size, and location phase, or the design alternative
and/or restraint to reliably control seismically induced phase of a project.
displacements. All structural and foundation elements of the For SDC B, it is suggested that the ERS be
bridge shall be capable of achieving anticipated identified. The displacement checks for SDC B are
displacements consistent with the requirements of the predicated on the existence of a complete lateral load
chosen design strategy of seismic resistance and other resisting system; thus, the Designer should ensure that an
structural requirements. ERS is present and that no unintentional weak links exist.
Design should be based on the following three Global Additionally, identifying the ERS helps the Designer
Seismic Design Strategies used in these Guide Specifications ensure that the model used to determine displacement
based on the expected behavior characteristics of the bridge demands is compatible with the drift limit calculation.
system: For example, pile-bent connections that transmit moments
significantly less than the piles can develop should not be
Type 1—Ductile Substructure with Essentially Elastic considered as fixed connections.
Superstructure: This category includes conventional Seismic performance is typically better in systems
plastic hinging in columns and walls and abutments that with regular configurations and evenly distributed
limits inertial forces by full mobilization of passive soil stiffness and strength. Typical geometric configuration
resistance. Also included are foundations that may limit constraints, such as skew, unequal pier heights, and sharp
inertial forces by in-ground hinging, such as pile bents curves, may conflict with seismic design goals. For this
and integral abutments on piles. reason, it is advisable to resolve potential conflicts
Type 2—Essentially Elastic Substructure with a Ductile between configuration and seismic performance early in
Superstructure: This category applies only to steel the design effort. For example, resolution may lead to
superstructures, and ductility is achieved by ductile decreased skew angles at the expense of longer end spans.
elements in the pier cross-frames. The resulting trade-off between performance and cost
should be evaluated in the type, size, and location phase,
Type 3—Elastic Superstructure and Substructure with a or design alternative phase, of a project, when design
Fusing Mechanism between the Two: This category alternatives are viable from a practical viewpoint.
includes seismically isolated structures and structures in The classification of ERS and EREs into permissible
which supplemental energy-dissipation devices, such as and not recommended categories is meant to trigger
dampers, are used to control inertial forces transferred consideration of seismic performance that leads to the
between the superstructure and substructure. most desirable outcome, that is, seismic performance
that ensures, wherever possible, post-earthquake
See also Article 7.2 for further discussion of performance
serviceability. To achieve such an objective, special care
criteria for steel structures.
in detailing the primary energy-dissipating elements is
For the purposes of encouraging the use of appropriate
necessary. Conventional reinforced concrete construction
systems and of ensuring due consideration of performance
with ductile plastic hinge zones can continue to be used,
for the Owner, the ERS and earthquake-resisting elements
but designers should be aware that such detailing,
(EREs) shall be categorized as follows:
although providing desirable seismic performance, will
Permissible, leave the structure in a damaged state following a large
earthquake. It may be difficult or impractical to repair
Permissible with Owner’s approval, and such damage.
Not recommended for new bridges. Under certain conditions, the use of EREs that require
the Owner’s approval will be necessary. In previous
These terms shall be taken to apply to both systems and AASHTO seismic specifications, some of the EREs in the
elements. For a system to be in the permissible category, its Owner’s approval category were simply not permitted for
primary EREs shall be in the permissible category. If any use (e.g., in-ground hinging of piles and shafts and
ERE is not permissible, then the entire system shall be foundation rocking). These elements are now permitted,
considered not permissible. provided their deformation performance is assessed.
Permissible systems and elements depicted in This approach is based on the expectation of significant
Figures 3.3-1a and 3.3-1b shall have the following inelastic deformation (damage) associated with ductility 4.
characteristics: The other key premise of the provisions is that
displacements resulting from the inelastic response of a
All significant inelastic action shall be ductile and bridge are approximately equal to the displacements
occur in locations with adequate access for inspection obtained from an analysis using the linear elastic response
and repair. Piles subjected to lateral movement from spectrum. As diagrammatically shown in Figure C3.3-1, this
lateral flow resulting from liquefaction are permitted to
assumes that CL is approximately equal to LD . Work by
hinge below the ground line provided the Owner is
informed and does not require any higher performance Miranda and Bertero (1994) and by Chang and Mander
criteria for a specific objective. If all structural elements (1994a and 1994b) indicates that this is a reasonable
of a bridge are designed elastically, then no inelastic assumption, except for short-period structures for which it is
deformation is anticipated and elastic elements are nonconservative. A correction factor to be applied to elastic
permissible, but minimum detailing is required displacements to address this issue is given in Article 4.3.3.
according to the bridge seismic design category.
Type 2—Essentially Elastic Substructure with a
Inelastic action of a structural member does not
Ductile Superstructure
jeopardize the gravity load support capability of the
structure (e.g., cap beam and superstructure hinging).
This category applies only to steel superstructures. The
Permissible elements depicted in Figure 3.3-2 that do ductility is achieved by constructing ductile elements as part
not meet either criterion above may be used only with of the cross-frames of a steel slab-on-girder bridge
approval by the Owner. superstructure. The deformation capacity of the cross-
Examples of elements that do not fall in either of the frames located at each pier permits lateral displacement of
two permissible categories depicted in Figure 3.3-3 shall be the deck relative to the substructure below. This is an
considered not recommended. However, if adequate emerging technology and has not been widely used as a
consideration is given to all potential modes of behavior and design strategy for new construction.
potential undesirable failure mechanisms are suppressed,
then such systems may be used with the Owner’s approval.
Type 3—Elastic Superstructure and Substructure
with a Fusing Mechanism between the Two
Longitudinal Response
Longitudinal Response
1
2
Plastic hinges in inspectable locations or
elastic design of columns Isolation bearings accommodate full
displacement
Abutment resistance not required as part
of ERS Abutment not required as part of ERS
3 4
Transverse or
Longitudinal Response
Longitudinal Response
Above ground/near
ground plastic hinges
Plastic hinges below cap beams
1
including pile bents 2
4 Tensile yielding and
inelastic compression
Seismic isolation bearings or bearings buckling of ductile
designed to accommodate expected concentrically braced
3 seismic displacements with no damage frames
12
5
More than the outer line of piles in
group systems allowed to plunge or
uplift under seismic loadings
Figure 3.3-3—Earthquake-Resisting Elements that Are Not Recommended for New Bridges
The seismic ground shaking hazard shall be In the general procedure, the spectral response parameters
characterized using an acceleration response spectrum. are determined using the USGS/AASHTO Seismic Hazard
The acceleration response spectrum shall be determined in Maps produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). These
accordance with the general procedure of Article 3.4.1 or ground motion hazard maps depict probabilistic ground motion
the site-specific procedure of Article 3.4.3. and spectral response for seven percent probability of
In the general procedure, the spectral response exceedance in 75 yr. Spectral parameters from the
parameters shall be determined using the USGS/AASHTO Seismic Hazard Maps are for a soft rock/stiff
USGS/AASHTO Seismic Hazard Maps, produced by the soil condition, defined as Site Class B (see Article 3.4.2), and
U.S. Geological Survey depicting the probabilistic should be adjusted for local site effects following the methods
ground motion and spectral response for seven percent given in Article 3.4.2. Either site coefficients in Article 3.4.2.3
probability of exceedance in 75 yr. or site-specific ground motion response analyses
The site-specific procedure shall consist of a site- (Article 3.4.3.2) can be used to account for local site effects.
specific hazard analysis, a site-specific ground motion Site-specific procedures consist of a site-specific hazard
response analysis, or both. A site-specific hazard analysis analysis, a site-specific ground motion response analysis, or both.
should be considered if any of the following apply:
Site-Specific Hazard Analysis: A site-specific hazard
The bridge is considered to be critical or essential analysis consists of either a deterministic seismic hazard
according to Article 4.2.2, for which a higher degree analysis (DSHA) or a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis
of confidence of meeting the seismic performance (PSHA). A DSHA involves evaluating the seismic hazard at
objectives of Article 3.2 is desired. a site for an earthquake of a specific magnitude occurring at
a specific location, considering the attenuation of the
Information about one or more active seismic sources ground motions with distance. The DSHA is usually
for the site has become available since the development conducted without regard for the likelihood of
of the 2002 USGS data that were used to develop the occurrence. The product of the DSHA is an estimate of
2006 USGS/AASHTO Seismic Hazard Maps, and the ground motion parameters at a site for each potential
new seismic source information will result in a source. The PSHA involves evaluation of the probability
significant change of the seismic hazard at the site. of seismic shaking considering all possible sources. The
A site-specific ground motion response analyses USGS conducted a PSHA in the development of the
should be performed if any of the following apply: USGS/AASHTO Seismic Hazard Maps. A PSHA
consists of completing numerous deterministic seismic
The site consists of Site Class F soils, as defined in hazard analyses for all feasible combinations of
Article 3.4.2.1. earthquake magnitude, source-to-site distance, and
The bridge is considered critical or essential seismic activity for each earthquake source zone located
according to Article 4.2.2, for which a higher degree in the vicinity of the site. The result of a PSHA is a
of confidence of meeting the seismic performance relationship of the mean annual rate of exceedance of the
objectives of Article 3.2 is desired. ground motion parameter of interest with each potential
seismic source considered. See Kramer (1996) for further
If the site is located within 6 mi of a known active discussions of the types and methods used to conduct
fault capable of producing a magnitude 5 earthquake and DSHAs and PSHAs.
near fault effects are not modeled in the development of
national ground motion maps, directivity and directionality Site-Specific Ground Motion Response Analysis: A site-
effects should be considered as described in Article 3.4.3.1 specific ground response analysis is used to determine the
and its commentary. influence of local ground conditions on the design ground
motions. The analysis is generally based on the
assumption of a vertically propagating shear wave though
more complex analyses can be conducted if warranted. A
site-specific ground motion response analysis is typically
used to evaluate the influence of “non-standard” soil
profiles on ground response to the seismic hazard level.
Site-specific ground motion response analyses may also
be used to assess the effects of pore-water pressure build-
up on ground response, vertical motions resulting from
compression wave propagation, laterally non-uniform soil
conditions, incoherence, and the spatial variation of
ground motions.
In these provisions, an active fault is defined as a near-
surface or shallow fault whose location is known or can
reasonably be inferred and which has exhibited evidence of
displacement in Holocene (or recent) time (in the past
11,000 yr, approximately). Active fault locations can be found
from maps showing active faults prepared by state geological
agencies or the U.S. Geological Survey. The manner in which
an active fault is used in a DSHA and a PSHA is different and
should be appropriately treated when conducting each type of
analysis.
Article C3.4.3 describes near-fault ground-motion effects
that are not included in national ground-motion mapping and
could potentially increase the response of some bridges.
Normally, site-specific evaluation of these effects would be
considered only for essential or very critical bridges.
If a site-specific hazard analysis is not conducted, National ground-motion maps are based on probabilistic
design response spectra shall be constructed using national ground motion mapping conducted by the U.S.
response spectral accelerations taken from national ground Geological Survey (USGS) having a seven percent chance of
motion maps described in this Article and site factors exceedance in 75 yr. Values for PGA, Ss and S1 can be obtained
described in Article 3.4.2. The construction of the from the maps in these Guide Specifications or from the USGS
response spectra shall follow the procedures described seismic parameters CD-ROM accompanying these Guide
below and illustrated in Figure 3.4.1-1. Specifications. The CD-ROM provides the coefficients by the
latitude and longitude of the bridge site, or by ZIP code for the
site. Use of the latitude and longitude is the preferred procedure
when using the CD-ROM.
An error has been identified in the Spectral Response
Accelerations SDS and SD1 results produced by the CD-ROM
software. Specifically, the As value is erroneously calculated
as As=Fa PGA. Although the corrected value for As is
presented in the tabulated Design Spectrum table, designers
Ss = 0.2-sec period spectral acceleration beyond the scope of these Guide Specifications, or they are
coefficient on Class B rock structures that would warrant a site-specific response
analysis. In the latter case, constant displacement attributes
Fv = site coefficient for 1.0-sec period spectral of the response spectrum should be considered during the
acceleration specified in Article 3.4.2.3 development of the site-specific ground motion hazard. The
long-period transition identified in IBC (2006) is for a
S1 = 1.0-sec period spectral acceleration design earthquake with a two percent probability of
coefficient on Class B rock exceedance in 50 yr (i.e., 2475-yr return period), and
therefore should not be used.
Linear interpolation shall be used to determine the The coefficient obtained for the USGS/AASHTO Seismic
ground motion parameters PGA, Ss, and S1 for sites located Hazard Maps are based on a uniform seismic hazard. The
between contour lines or between a contour line and a probability that a coefficient will not be exceeded at a given
local maximum or minimum. location during a 75-yr period is estimated to be about
The design response spectrum curve shall be 93 percent, i.e., seven percent probability of exceedance. The
developed as follows and as indicated in Figure 3.4.1-1: use of a 75-yr interval matches the design life prescribed by
the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.
For periods less than or equal to To, the design It can be shown that an event with a seven percent
response spectral acceleration coefficient, Sa, shall be probability of exceedance in 75 yr has a return period of about
defined as follows: 1,000 yr. This earthquake is called the design earthquake.
The value of the spectral acceleration parameters (As, SDS,
Sa S DS As T As (3.4.1-4) and SD1) need not use more than two decimal places.
To
in which:
To 0.2TS (3.4.1-5)
S D1
TS (3.4.1-6)
S DS
where:
As = acceleration coefficient
Figure 3.4.1-2a—Horizontal Peak Ground Acceleration Coefficiant for the Conterminous United States (PGA) with Seven
Percent Probability of Exceedance in 75 yr (Approx. 1000-yr Return Period)
Figure 3.4.1-2b—Horizontal Peak Ground Acceleration Coefficient for the Conterminous United States (PGA) with
Seven Percent Probability of Exceedance in 75 yr (Approx. 1000-yr Return Period)
Figure 3.4.1-3a—Horizontal Response Spectral Acceleration Coefficient for the Conterminous United States at Period of
0.2- sec (Ss) with Seven Percent Probability of Exceedance in 75 yr (Approx. 1000-yr Return Period) and Five Percent
Critical Damping
Figure 3.4.1-3b—Horizontal Response Spectral Acceleration Coefficient for the Conterminous United States at Period of
0.2-sec (Ss) with Seven Percent Probability of Exceedance in 75 yr (Approx. 1000-yr Return Period) and Five Percent
Critical Damping
Figure 3.4.1-4a—Horizontal Response Spectral Acceleration Coefficient for the Conterminous United States at Period of
1.0-sec (S1) with Seven Percent Probability of Exceedance in 75 yr (Approx. 1000-yr Return Period) and Five Percent
Critical Damping
Figure 3.4.1-4b—Horizontal Response Spectral Acceleration Coefficient for the Conterminous United States at Period of
1.0-sec (S1) with Seven Percent Probability of Exceedance in 75 yr (Approx. 1000-yr Return Period) and Five Percent Critical
Damping
Figure 3.4.1-5a— Horizontal Peak Ground Acceleration Coefficient for Region 1 (PGA) with Seven Percent Probability of Exceedance in 75 yr (Approx. 1000-yr Return Period)
Figure 3.4.1- 5b— Horizontal Peak Ground Acceleration Coefficient for Region 1 (PGA) with Seven Percent Probability of Exceedance in 75 yr (Approx. 1000-yr Return Period)
Figure 3.4.1-6a—Horizontal Response Spectral Acceleration Coefficient for Region 1 at Period of 0.2-sec (Ss) with Seven Percent Probability of Exceedance in 75 yr (Approx. 1000-
yr Return Period) and Five Percent Critical Damping
Language: French
UN TURC A PARIS
1806–1811
RELATION
DE VOYAGE ET DE MISSION
DE
MOUHIB EFFENDI
AMBASSADEUR EXTRAORDINAIRE
DU SULTAN SELIM III
(D'après un manuscrit autographe.)
ÉDITIONS BOSSARD
43, RUE MADAME, 43 PARIS
1920
DU MÊME AUTEUR
«Sire,
«S. M. l'empereur de toutes les Turquies, maître des deux
continents et des deux mers, serviteur fidèle des deux villes
saintes, Sultan Selim han, dont le règne soit éternel, m'envoie à
S. M. impériale et royale, Napoléon, le plus grand parmi les
souverains de la croyance du Christ, l'astre éclatant de la gloire
des nations occidentales, celui qui tient d'une main ferme l'épée
de la valeur et le sceptre de la justice, pour lui remettre la
présente lettre qui contient les félicitations sur l'avènement au
trône impérial et royal et l'assurance d'un attachement pur et
parfait.
«La S. Porte n'a cessé de faire des vœux pour la prospérité
de la France et pour la gloire que son sublime et immortel
empereur vient d'acquérir et elle a voulu manifester hautement
la joie qu'elle en ressentait. C'est dans cette vue, Sire, que mon
souverain, toujours magnanime, m'a ordonné de me rendre près
du trône de V. M. impériale et royale pour la féliciter de votre
avènement au trône et pour lui dire que les communications
ordinaires ne suffisant pas dans une pareille circonstance, il a
voulu envoyer un ambassadeur spécial pour signaler d'une
manière éclatante les sentiments de confiance, d'attachement et
d'admiration dont il est pénétré pour un prince qu'il regarde
comme le plus ancien, le plus fidèle et le plus nécessaire ami de
son empire.»
«Monsieur l'Ambassadeur,
É
faire de ce pays un État indépendant comme la Moldo-Valachie. Il
proteste contre ce point de vue:
«Nous pourrions à la rigueur admettre ce régime pour ces
provinces, car elles nous ont été arrachées par les armes, mais nous
ne saurions le tolérer en Serbie. La forteresse de Belgrade a passé
alternativement aux mains des Turcs et des Autrichiens dont les
Serbes ont été tour à tour les rayas. Est-il raisonnable qu'une
province si grande et si peuplée soit érigée en principauté
indépendante avec un Voévoda à sa tête? Voilà ce que je ne peux
concevoir et ce que l'État sublime ne saurait admettre. Le Divan—
comprenez-vous—a cru prudent de faire semblant de ne pas rejeter
leur requête afin de ne pas les indisposer, mais croyez bien qu'il n'en
fera qu'à sa tête.»
Talleyrand encourage ces dispositions et lui fait remarquer que
«la Russie ne vise qu'à faire de la Serbie une autre Valachie où elle
nommerait Ipsilantis qui est un homme à sa dévotion».
A cela Mouhib effendi répond que cette politique n'est qu'une
conséquence de celle adoptée par la France; mais, détournant la
conversation, il me dit: «Consentiriez-vous à nous faire les mêmes
concessions politiques et commerciales que la S. Porte a faites à la
Russie?» Je lui ai répondu que je n'avais pas gardé dans la mémoire
les clauses du traité conclu par l'entremise de Galib effendi; mais
qu'il pouvait en prendre connaissance dans ses archives. «Mais ce
traité c'est moi qui l'ai fait, a répondu Talleyrand. Seulement, je
voudrais savoir si votre gouvernement serait disposé à nous favoriser
du même traitement.» Après lui avoir donné l'assurance qu'il
demandait, je lui ai fait observer qu'il n'était pas sans connaître les
raisons qui nous ont contraints à faire des concessions à la Russie.
«Et pensez-vous, lui ai-je dit, que nous les lui ayons faites de notre
plein gré?» Sur quoi Talleyrand a dit: «Je chercherai ce traité et s'il
contient des points qui méritent de retenir mon attention, nous en
causerons.»
Cependant, pour l'instant, la question serbe, encore que
lancinante, le préoccupe moins que l'affaire de Raguse. Mais il n'en
témoigne rien à Talleyrand et ce n'est qu'en usant de détours qu'il
cherche à pénétrer sa pensée. Encore une fois il frappe à la porte du
général Sebastiani, curieux de savoir la raison de l'ajournement de
son départ pour Constantinople. La question serbe lui sert d'entrée
en matière. Il lui explique qu'il tient de source certaine que le rebelle
Karageorgevitch a reçu des secours en munitions et en argent de
l'Autriche et qu'il s'en était plaint au président du Cabinet autrichien.
Celui-ci lui aurait avoué qu'en effet des approvisionnements avaient
été fournis aux rebelles, mais qu'il avait donné des ordres pour que
cela ne se renouvelât plus. «Pensez-vous, lui ai-je dit alors, que
l'amitié de la S. Porte à l'égard de l'Autriche soit de qualité inférieure
à celle du traître Karageorges? Au cours de la guerre où nous étions
engagés, la S. Porte ayant pu mettre la main sur le traître Kotcho,
celui-ci a dit à nos autorités que si elles les mettaient en liberté il
enrichirait notre trésor de je ne sais combien de milliers de bourses,
et qu'il ferait restituer à l'État Sublime la forteresse de Budine; mais
on lui a répondu que pour traiter avec ses ennemis la S. Porte n'avait
pas besoin d'un traître de son espèce, et on l'empala sur l'heure; les
gens de sa bande maudite subirent le même sort à Hirchovo et à
Téké-Bournou. Voilà ce que j'ai dit au ministre autrichien qui a
convenu de ces détails.»
Puis il explique au général que les hommes et les femmes serbes
sont loin de voir de bon œil les entreprises de Karageorges, car ils
savent qu'ils brûleront tous dans le même feu. Aussi, assure-t-il que
la révolte de ce traître ne peut avoir aucune chance de succès.
Sebastiani lui renouvelle la promesse qu'à son arrivée à
Constantinople il ne manquera pas d'envoyer une note de
protestation à l'internonce impérial. Mouhib effendi se confond en
remerciements et répond que son «Seigneur et maître sera sensible
à cette marque d'amitié».
Puis, tout à coup il lui dit: «J'apprends que Torcy vient d'être
nommé gouverneur de Raguse…—La mesure est indispensable,
explique le général et cette occupation sera maintenue aussi
longtemps que les Russes tiendront Corfou. Le jour où ils évacueront
cette place, les Français s'empresseront de restituer Raguse à l'État
Sublime. Sachez que vous avez dans la Russie une alliée déloyale et
qu'elle travaille à créer une Serbie indépendante. Son plan était de
s'emparer de Raguse comme elle s'est emparée de Corfou, car elle
vise la Morée qui est trop proche de ces positions pour qu'elle ne
soit pas tentée d'y mettre pied.»
«—Mais, riposte Mouhib effendi, la question serbe est
négligeable. Quant à celle qui vise Corfou ne va-t-elle pas être réglée
en même temps que toutes celles que vous allez liquider avec les
Russes? Je vous ferai observer que les Ragusains nous payent
depuis plusieurs années l'impôt des rayas et que leur territoire
séparait notre Turquie des possessions vénitiennes. Raguse jouissait
de la S. Porte qui avait accordé à cette ville un firman autorisant les
habitants à tirer leurs approvisionnements de la Bosnie. Outre que
Dieu est là pour nous garder des embûches de la Russie, le vali de
Bosnie n'est-il pas assez puissant pour parer à toute éventualité?
«Mais Sebastiani s'est contenté de réitérer les mêmes assurances
et n'a point voulu en dire davantage [12] .»
[12] Lettre du 26 Rebi-ul-Ewel.
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