Science, Technology, and Society (STS) is an exciting interdisciplinary field of study rooted in the

history, philosophy, anthropology, and sociology of science and technology (and medicine). It examines
deep cultural roots of our techno-scientific society and addresses pressing public policy issues.

STS is...
•Interdisciplinary study of the interaction of science and technology with society and culture.
•The realization that discoveries and inventions are shaped by historical forces and in turn influence
values, aspirations, events, and institutions, thus shaping the course of history.
•S and T in social and cultural context.
•Both academic and activist.

On a personal level, STS is...

•Interdisciplinary education for life.
•Relevant to every field of study.
•A way to improve your writing and communications skills, problem-solving abilities, and ability to adapt to
changes in science and technology.

LESSON 1. INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS AND SOCIETY

This lesson provides an overview of the different intellectual revolutions and affects the life's perspective
of the people and its impact to the society. This lesson focuses mainly on three most influential intellectual
revolutions in history: Copernican, Darwinian and Freudian.

Copernican Revolution
•Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) is Polish Mathematician who proposed the theory for heliocentric
universe. Prior to this theory ancient civilization believed that the Earth was the center of the solar system
according to the geocentric model of the Ptolemy (Cusick, 2007).
•Aware of the imperfection in the Ptolemy' system, Copernicus proposed an astronomical model where
the sun is the center of the universe while the Earth orbited it. This model is known as the heliocentric
model. Copernicus finalized his model and published the De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the
Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres). (Luminet, 2017). Copernicus system of planetary organization was
accepted by others but received a huge resistance from the church. Heliocentric system was not fully
proven until Newton's theories were published in 1867.
•Copernicus' intellectual ideas revolutionize not only the field of astronomy but it also causes a wide-
ranging social impact in philosophy and religion. Copernicus book marked the beginning of Copernican
revolution which causes the start of new period of revolutionary science (Gillies, 2019).

Darwinian Revolution
•Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) was born in Shrewsbury, England. He is a well-known English
naturalist and biologist because of his contributions in science about evolution. At the young age Darwin
shows great interest in nature (Campbell et al., 2016). The book of Natural theology by Willian Pasley
influence Darwin to know how the organisms were created or change. He studied medicine but he
struggles in this field because he hated the sight of blood. He entered Cambridge to study beetles and
finished his Bachelor's Degree in 1831 Darwin's soon joined a five-year voyage to south America with the
HMS Beagle. The voyage gave Darwin the opportunity to collect and compare fossils and access to
hundreds of specimens from similar looking species that lived close to each other but in slightly different
environment. Darwin travel until he reached the Galapagos Island.
•Darwin's intellectual ideas about evolution was published in the book entitled On the Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection (commonly referred to as The Origin of Species) in 1859. This book contains
all of Darwin's observation, involving many different organisms. These observations together with other
collected samples and fossils, convinced him that present living organisms arose from the ancient species
but with modification. (Klug et al., 2019). Descent with modification by natural selection explains the
adaptations of organisms in the environment and the unity and diversity of life.
•The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species
known as fixity of organism. Darwin's book convinced many scientists during his time that the vast life
diversity in organisms is the product of evolution. He succeeded in proving his idea by presenting credible
scientific mechanism with perfect logic and many supporting evidences which previous evolutionist had
failed to do. (Campbell et al., 2016). The publication of Darwin's theory of evolution cause great revolution
in biology (Klug et al., 2019).

Freudian Revolution
•Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is known to his big contribution in modern psychology particularly in the field
of psychoanalysis. He pioneered different innovative techniques in understanding human behaviour which
resulted in theory of personality and psychotherapy ever established. (Patel, 2013) At the very young age
he had many interests but his career choice is very limited due to his Jewish heritage and limited f
hances. Despite of this, his parents put effort to foster his intellectual capacity. Freud entered the
University of Vienna and registered in the faculty of medicine. He attained his doctorate in medicine in
1881 and worked as research assistant which mainly focus in neurology. He practiced clinical technique
and started the formulation of his theory on the mind.
•Sigmund Freud is now known as the father of psychoanalysis. He continues improving of his theory that
focuses on the unconscious aspect of personality (psychoanalysis). Freud believe that human mind is like
an iceberg, the tip of the iceberg represents the conscious level of mind which could be seen and the
unconscious part of mind was mysterious and hidden. The unconscious also consists of part in
personality which a person is unaware.
•In 1923, Freud later developed the structural model of mind composed of the id, ego and superego. It is
considered as three essential parts of the human personality. It is located to the unconscious level base
on the pleasure principle. During infancy the ego develop from the id. The ego's main purpose is to satisfy
the demands of the id in a manner acceptable in the real world. The ego functions within the conscious,
preconscious, and unconscious. The superego develops during early childhood and is responsible for
ensuring moral standards and ideals are followed. It is our guide in making judgment (McLeod, 2019)
•Freud is a representative of scientific revolution because respond satisfactorily to the challenge that all of
the sciences facing. Freudianism, just like the Darwinism both can be considered revolutionary that just it
introduces new concepts but it also affects all of our thinking, causing a general re-evaluation of the
ideas. (Anderson, 2007).

SUMMARY
Intellectual revolution is the period of paradigm shifts occurred It is the period where a widely accepted
scientific belief where challenged or opposed with new intellectual ideas. This revolution can cause great
social changes. There are intellectuals who made an important contribution in the revolution in the field of
sciences. Nicholas Copernicus developed the heliocentric model where the sun is the center of the
universe and the planets orbiting around it. His model opposes the well accepted geocentric model of the
Ptolemy. His intellectual ideas not only revolutionize the field of astronomy but it also causes a wide-
ranging social impact in philosophy and religion. Charles Darwin discovery of natural selection, adaptation
and origin of organisms cause a great revolution in the field of biology. His theory of evolution is useful in
many fields until this present time. Sigmund Freud is known to his big contribution in modern psychology
particularly in the field of psychoanalysis He pioneered different innovative techniques in understanding
human behaviour which resulted in theory of personality and psychotherapy ever established (Patel,
2013).

CHAPTER 2:0
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS CHANGED THE COURSE OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ANCIENT TIMES
•In ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and navigation, communication, and record
keeping, mass production, security and protection, as well as health, aesthetics, and architecture.
•Transportation- it significant during the time because people were trying to go places and discover new
horizons.It also allowed them to return home after they discovered new places or completed an important
trade with another group of people.

ANCIENT WHEEL
•People from ancient civilizations used animals for transportation long before the invention of wheel. No
one knows who exactly invented the wheel and when. There is however a general agreement that the
ancient wheel grew out of a mechanical device called potter's wheel-a heavy f at disk made up of
hardened clay which was spun horizontally on an axis.
•Communication - was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places. In
communication record- keeping was also important since they needed to remember the places they had
been to and document the trades they made with each other.

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
•Known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and desire for great things.
•This desire pushed them to develop many things connected with science and technology
Cuneiform (2400 BC)- a system that utilizes word pictures and triangle symbols which are carved on clay
using wedge instruments and left to dry.
UrokCity- it is a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the world but also
for the way it was erected.
The Great Ziggurat of Ur- it also called the mountain of god, was built in the same manner that they
constructed the Uruk. It also served as a sacred place of their chief god, where only priests allowed to
enter.
The plow- another farm technology invented by the Mesopotamians is the plow. The plow was invented to
dig the earth in a faster pace. As the plow beaks the ground, the farmer would just drop the seeds and
farm work would already be done,
Roads- They made the roads with the same technology they used in making sunbaked bricks that they
laid down on the ground
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
•Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates river. The Babylonians were great
builders, engineers, and architect
•One of their major contributions is the hanging garden of Babylon one of the seven wonders of the
ancient world. Today, people can only marvel at the beauty of the famous Hanging Garden of Babylon
form the stories of historians and paintings that portray the place. It was said to be a structure made up of
layers upon layers of gardens that contained several species of plants, trees, and vines. However, no
physical evidence has been found to prove the existence of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Its exact
location unknown.

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
•Another early civilization famous for it legacy is the Egyptian civilization located in North Africa. Many
stories tell about the engineering feats of the Egyptian especially regarding infrastructures established by
the Pharaohs.
•Paper or Papyrus- aside from the Sumerians, Egyptians also developed a system of writing, they were
able to make writing easier for the world. Before, they are using tables made from clay tablets but they
find it fragile, heavy, and delicate to handle. They were able to process the plant in order to produce thin
sheets on which one could write down things
•Ink- as a result, the Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of
different colors.
•Paper - Roughly around 3000 B.C., the ancient Egyptians began writing on papyrus, a material similar to
thick paper. Papyrus is made from the pith of the papyrus plant cyperus papyrus. It is lightweight, strong,
durable, and portable. Before the Egyptians invented the papyrus, the writing was done on stone. With
the advent of papyrus, documentation and record-keeping become efficient, widespread and vast.
•Cosmetics and Wig- this invention according to the scientist resembles that of the Egyptians but this is
more complex but more accurate.
•Watermills - it commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which is necessary form of
food processing during that time. Modern-day watermills als help for converting mechanical energy into
electricity which also leads to invention of windmill and turbine.

ROMAN CIVILIZATION
•It was considered to be the cradle of, politics and governance during the period. Because the Roman
Empire was so large, other civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms of legislation and codified
law. That is why many other civilizations were conquered by the Roman Empire because of its existing
laws which make it more complex and more stable compared to the other civilizations or empire.
•The inventions and innovations of the Roman Empire are newspaper, bound books or codex, roman
architecture, and roman numerals. All of the above-mentioned inventions are still existing in this present-
day civilization and are used in the entire world. The most famous is the newspaper which is globally used
by different races

CHINESE CIVILIZATION
•The Chinese civilization is considered the oldest civilization in Asia, if not the world. It was very famous
among the other ancient civilization because of its silk tradition.
The following are contributions of Chinese civilization to the world Silk industry Tea production Worlds
Famous Great wall of China Gun powder

MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES
•The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations. Wars were prevalent
during thia time. As such, great technology was needed in the field of weaponry, navigation, mass food
and farm product and health. Most innovative minds came from this period to control the increase of trade
and commerce among nations.
•Printing Press- Johann Gutenberg was able to invent the printing press, a more reliable way of printing
using a cast type. The printing press was invented to address the need for publishing books that would
spread information to many people at a faster rate.
•Microscope- growing population is caused massive migration and urbanization during the period. More
and more people are transferred to polluted and populated urban areas which resulted in more people
getting sick and needing medical attention.
•Telephone- Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and it was one of the most important
inventions at that time. But before the connection is very limited, the commoners cannot afford to buy one,
and it is not that reliable in terms of stability and consistency. Nowadays, telephones are one of the
necessities in this fast-changing world. Millennials can no longer live without it according to time
magazine.
•Calculator- Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been developed, circumstances in
the modern times required a faster way to compute mire complicated equations. The creation of modern-
day calculator did not only pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in the
development of more complex processing machines like computer.
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
•Despite being considered a developing country, the Philippines also contributes to the global
advancement of science and technology. We have a group of inventors called the Filipino Inventors
Society which aims to remedy the needs of the consumers by inventing useful machines that could help
us in our everyday living. These inventors are supported by the DOST or the Department of Science and
Technology.
•Some of the world renounce Filipino inventions are the following: Videoke, Salamander, Amphibious
Tricycle, Salt Lamp, Medical Incubator, Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System, Ejeepney
•These inventions are being recognized and being used all over the world. According to the Filipino
Inventors Society Secretary Fortunato de la Pena, "we may lack of resources, but our minds are filled with
knowledge" which is true. As a Filipino, we know how to be patient and how to curl when the blanket is
short meaning, we find ways in every problem that we face.

Science, Technology,. and Nation-building

Evolution of Present. Philippine Science and Technology
•Science deals with the systematic understanding and explanation of natural laws. Research centers on
scientific activity, the end result of which is discovery or production of new information. This new
knowledge may or may not have any direct or immediate application. In comparison, technology has often
been understood as the 'systematic knowledge of the industrial arts. As this knowledge was implemented
by means of techniques, technology has become commonly taken to mean both the knowledge and the
means of its utilization, that is, "a body, of knowledge about techniques."
•Modern technology also involves systematic research but its outcome is more concrete than science, i.e.
the production of "a thing, a chemical, a process, something to be bought and sold." In the past, science
and technology developed separately, with the latter being largely a product of trial and error in response
to a particular human need. In modern times, however, the progress of science and technology have
become intimately linked together. Many scientific discoveries have been facilitated by the development
of new technology. New scientific knowledge in turn has often led to further refinement of existing
technology or the invention of entirely new ones.

Pre-colonial Science and Technology and the Society

•Scientific and technological development in the Philippines began in the pre-colonial period. Even before
the Spaniards came to the Philippine island, early Filipino settlers were already using certain plants and
herbs as medicine. Systems of farming and animal raising were also implemented. Moreover, early
Filipinos had also developed different modes of transportation, whether terrestial or maritime.
•A complicated engineering feat was achieved by the native of the Cordilleras when they built rice
terraces by hand. Through this terraces, the people were able to cultivate crops on the mountainsides in
cold temperature. They incorporated an irrigation system that uses water from the forest and mountain
tops to achieve an ellaborate farming system. The rice terraces of the cordilleras which are still functional,
show the innovative and ingenious way of the natives to survive in an otherwise unfriendly environment.

Science and Technology and the Society During Spanish Regime

•Spaniards came in 1565 to colonize the Philippines, many dispersed, independent village groups (called
barangays) were located all over the archipelago. Essentially, they were subsistence economies that
produced what they needed most. These communities exhibited uneven technological development.
Settlements along the coastal areas which had been exposed to foreign trade and cultural contacts such
as Manila, Mindoro, Cebu Southern Mindanao and Sulu, seem to have attained a more sophisticated
technology.

Developments in Science and Technology During the Spanish Regime

•In the Philippines the beginnings of modern science and technology can be traced back to the Spanish
regime. The Spaniards established schools, hospitals and started scientific research, which had
significant consequences for the rise of professions in the country. But the direction and pace of
development of science and technology were greatly shaped by the role of the religious orders in the
conquest and colonization of the archipelago and by economic and trade adopted by the colonial
govemment.

Science and Technology During First republic

•By a decree of 19 October 1898, the government took steps to establish a secular education system,
creating the Universidad Literaria de Filipinas as a secular, state-sponsored institution of higher learning.
By a decree of 19 October 1898, the government took steps to establish a secular education system,
creating the Universidad Lieraria de Filipinas as a secular, state-sponsored institution of higher learning. It
offered courses in law, medicine, surgery, pharmacy and notary public. During its short life, the University
was able to hold graduation exercises in Tarlac on 29 September 1899 when degrees in medicine and
law were awarded.

Developments in Science and Technology During the American Regime

•It has been made possible by the ongoing government encouragement and funding for a large public
education system; the awarding of science and engineering higher education scholarships; the creation of
science research agencies and the development of technology- based public services. The Americans
introduced a system of secularized public-school education as soon as civil government was set up in the
islands.
•On 21 January 1901, the Philippine Commission, which acted as the executive and legislative body for
the Philippines until 1907, promulgated Act No. 74 creating a Department of Public Instruction in the
Philippines. It provided for the establishment of schools that would give free primary education, with
English as the medium of instruction.

Occupation of the Philippines by the Japanese

•The Pacific War began in 1941, and Japanese forces invaded the Philippines. The Japanese invasion of
the Philippines during the war put virtually a stop to educational and scientific efforts as competent
civilians joined the resistance movement. Worse still, much of the country was reduced to ruins during the
battles fought for the liberation in 1944-45. Manila, which was the center of all educational and scientific
activities, was razed to the ground, destroying everything that had been built up before. It was in this
condition that the Philippines became an independent state. The government had to contend with
economic reconstruction, normalization of operations as well as the task of planning the direction of
economic development.

Science and Technology Since Independence

•Since independence in 1946, the fundamental pattern of education and training of scientists, engineers,
and physicists developed during the American period, as well as the direction of government funding for
scientific research and development, has remained basically unchanged. State support for education
continues to be concentrated at the elementary school level; private colleges and universities provide
education for the majority of the collegiate population. The number of state universities and colleges has
been increasing since 1946.

Instrumentalities/Agencies of the Philippines for Science and Technology Development

• The Philippine government delegated the task of spearheading the development of Science and
Technology in the country to several national instrumentalities/agencies to ensure that technologies
generated are responsive to the needs of the society and at par with the developments in the international
scientific community.
•The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) is the premiere science and technology body in the
country charged with the twin mandate of providing central direction, leadership and coordination of all
scientific and technological activities, and of formulating policies, programs and projects to support
national development. It has three sectoral councils mandated to perform those specific

SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Concept of Science Education
•Science education focuses on teaching, learning, and understanding science
•Developing ways on how to effectively teach science means exploring pedagogical, andragogical
theories and models to help teach scientific concepts and processes effectively.
•Learning science includes both pedagogy, andragogy, helping students understand and to love science.
•Understanding using developing and applying science-process skills and science literacy in
understanding the natural world and activities in daily life.

PEDAGOGY/ANDRAGOGY
Context (who)
Evaluation (how well)
Experience (what)
Action (what next)
Reflection (why/how)

JOHN DEWEY
•A prominent American thinker in the 20th century, and his ideas have been influential in education and
social reform. He stressed the importance of using nature to teach students in science.
"Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself"

•Karl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist,
journalist and socialist revolutionary. He believes that science will be an important subject in schools in
the future.

Purpose of Science Education

•To know the essentials of diverse problems
• To recognize meaningful patterns
•To retrieve and apply relevant knowledge
The Importance of Science Education in the Philippines
•Nowadays, technological and scientific things are increasing, and people, especially children, should
have scientific knowledge or education. In order to think wisely and be knowledgeable.

Science Education in Basic and Tertiary Education

Tertiary Education - Science education will develop a strong foundation forstudying science and for
considering science-related careers in the future. This is an investment for the country to develop a
scientifically cultured and literate citizenry
•Deals with developing students' understanding and appreciation of science ideas and works. This is
done through the offering of basic science courses in the General Education Curriculum. It also focuses
on the preparation of science teachers, scientists, engineers and other professionals in various science
related fields such as engineering, agriculture, medicine and health sciences.

Science Schools in the Philippines

•The establishment of science schools in various regions of the country is one excellent program for
science education supported by the govemment. Also, there are a number of government programs run
by the Department of Education, as well as a few private institutions offering science education.

• Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS)

• Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES)
• Quezon City Regional Science High School
• Manila Science High School
• Central vVsayan Institute Foundation

PHILIPPINE SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL SYSTEM (PSHSS)

•A national government program for outstanding students.
•Providing free scholarships under DOST for the secondary course that focus on science disciplines in
particular
•In order to prepare students for a career in science (RA No. 3663)
•Gives students a place to stay.
•To nurture Filipino science scholars with analytical minds and a drive for excellence.

SPECIAL SCIENCE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL (SSES)

•In accordance with Dep Ed Order Nos. 73 (20028) and 51 s. 2010
•Began with 57 identified primary schools in 2007 for science instruction across the nation.
•The goal of the SSES initiative is to provide Filipino Youngsters with scientific and technological
expertise, competencies, and values.

QUEZON CITY REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

•Commenced services on September 17, 1967
•It was once known as Quezon City Science High School
•In 1999 became a National Capital Region Regional Science High School
•Offers further scientific and technology courses that students might want to take.
•A place that offers the most opportunity for the development of an interested and innovative spirit.

MANILA SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

•It was founded on October 1, 1963, as the Manila Science High School (MSHS), the country's first high
school for science.
•The structure and curriculum places a greater emphasis on science and math.
•The program includes choices in humanities and other fields.
•Seeks to create scientific minds with souls.
•Motivated to engage in a variety of extracurricular activities.

CENTRAL VISAYAN INSTITUTE FOUNDATION

The Dynamic Learning Program (DLP), a well known school-based innovation. It is a combination of
traditional and contemporary educational approaches that have been modif ed to promote the best
degree of learning, creativity, and productivity. The university is proud of its 1992-founded Research
Center for Theoretical Physics

WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITY CROSS

WHAT IS A ROBOT?
1. A robot is actuated mechanism programmable in two or more axes with a degree of autonomy, moving
within its environment, to perform intended tasks. Autonomy in this context means the ability to perform
intended tasks based on the current state and sensing human intervention.
2. A service robot is a robot that performs useful tasks for humans or equipment excluding industrial
automation application.
3. A personal robot or a service robot for personal use is a service robot used to noncommercial task,
usually by laypersons. Examples are domestic servant robot, automated wheelchair, personal mobility
assist robot and pet exercising robot

THREE LAWS OF ROBOTICS (ISAAC ASIMOV)

1. A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, aloow a human being to come to harm
2. A robot must obey the orders by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the first
law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the first and
second law.

ETHICAL DILEMMAS OF ROBOTICS

•According to Dylan Evans, a scientist and a writer, scientist at present are already beginning to think
seriously about the new ethical problems posed by current developments in robotics. At the top of their list
of concerns is SAFETY. The following are the ethical dilemmas they are pondering with:
•Robot vacuum cleaners and lawn mowers are already in many homes, and robotic toys are increasingly
popular with children.
•As these robots become more intelligent, it will become harder to decide who is responsible if they injure
someone. Is the maker/inventor, the user or the robot itself?
•Software robots basicaly, just complicated computer programs already make important financial
decisions.

"TECHNOLOGY IS A USEFUL SERVANT BUT A DANGEROUS MASTER”

LESSON 2. WHY THE FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US

CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND
This lesson tackles the danger posed by science and technology unchecked by moral and ethical
standards. It primarily draws insights from William Nelson Joy's (2000) article, Why the future doesn't
need us? in evaluating contemporary human experience in the midst of rapid developments in science
and technology. Such experience will be discussed to see whether in strengthens and enlightens the
human person functioning in society or not.

Can you imagine a future without the human race? Do you think that robots. and machines can replace
humans? Do you believe that there will come a time when human existence will be at the mercy of robots
and machines? Is it also possible that medical breakthroughs in the future may go terribly wrong what a
strain of drug resistant viruses could wipe out the entire human race?

For some, imagining a future without humans is nearly synonymous to the end of the world. Many choose
not to speculate about a future where humans cease to exist while the world remains. However, a
dystopian, society void of human presence is the subject of many works in literature and film. The
possibility of such society is also a constant topic of debates.

In April 2000, William Nelson Joy, an American computer scientist and chief scientist of Sun
Microsystems, wrote an article for Wired magazine entitled Why the future doesn't need us? In his article,
Joy warned against the rapid rise of new technologies. He explained that 21st-century technologies-
genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics (GNR)-are becoming very powerful that they can potentially bring
about new classes of accidents, threats, and abuses. He further warned that these dangers are even
more pressing because they do not require large facilities or even rare raw materials-knowledge alone will
make them potentially harmful to humans.

Joy argued that robotics, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology pose much greater threats than
technological developments that have come before. He particularly cited the ability of nanobats to self-
replicate, which could quickly get out of control, in the article, he cautioned humans against
overdependence on machines. He also stated that if machines are given the capacity to decide on their
own, it will be impossible to predict how they might behave in the future. In this case, the fate of the
human race would be at the mercy of machines.

Joy also voiced out his apprehension about the rapid increase of computer power. He was also
concerned that computers will eventually become more intelligent than humans, thus ushering societies
into dystopian visions, such as robot rebellions. To illuminate his concern, Joy drew from Theodore
Kaczynski's book, Unabomber Manifesto, where Kaczynski described that the unintended consequences
of the design and the use of technology are clearly related to Murphy's Law: "Anything that can go wrong,
will go wrong." Kaczynski argued further that overreliance on antibiotics led to the great paradox of
emerging antibiotic-resistant strains of dangerous bacteria. The introduction of
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) to combat malarial mosquitoes, for instance, only gave rise to
malarial parasites with multi-drug-resistant genes.
Since the publication of the article, Joy's arguments against 21st-century technologies have received both
criticisms and expression of shared concern. Critics dismissed Joy's article for deliberately presenting
information in an imprecise manner that obscures the larger picture or state of things. For one, John
Seely Brown and Paul Duguid (2001), in their article A Response to Bill Joy and the Doom-and-Gloom
Technofuturists, criticized Joy's failure to consider social factors and only deliberately focused on one part
of the larger picture. Others go as far as accusing Joy of being a neo-Luddite, someone who rejects new
technologies and shows technophobic leanings.

As a material, Joy's article tackles the unpleasant and uncomfortable. Possibilities that a senseless
approach to scientific and technological advancements may bring. Whether Joy's propositions are a real
possibility or an absolute moonshot, it is unavoidable to think of a future that will no longer need the
human race. It makes thinking about the roles and obligations of every stakeholder a necessary
component of scientific and technological advancement. In this case, it is preeminently necessary that the
scientific community, governments, and businesses engage in a discussion to determine the safeguards
of humans against the potential dangers of science and technology.