SIARGAO ISLAND ECOTOURISM: INVESTIGATING THE PREFERENCES AND

EXPERIENCES OF LOCAL AND FOREIGN TOURISTS

A Special Problem
Presented to the
Faculty of the Department of Environmental
Science
College of Forestry and Environmental Sciences
Caraga State University – Main Campus
Ampayon, Butuan City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

ENS 199 (Thesis/Special Problem)
Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science

CABANEZ, ERIKA MAY R.

CAMORRO, FRANCIS IAM M.

DE CASTRO, JORDAN Q.

SAN DIEGO, CELINE JOY B.

MARCH 2025
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

​ Ecotourism as a source of income, community involvement, conservation and

services are successful factors in improving ecotourism performance and its management to
build quality tourism experiences and sustainable tourism (Setini, M., Wardana, I., et.al, 2021).
However, the relationship between tourism and sustainability is complex, with considerable
attention paid to ecotourism's potential to positively contribute to sustainability through what it
can offer to the opportunities get by the tourists who keep visiting. Considering the role of
valuation methods and frameworks as value-articulating institutions, future research can also
apply qualitative and non-monetary methods (Gross, Pearson, Arbieu et.al 2023). One way
forward could be through using tourist preferences and experiences to activate or change
sustainability relevant values, beliefs, attitudes and actions both at places visited and elsewhere
(Walker & Moscardo, 2014).

​ The tourist's travel motivations influence their selection to visit a particular tourist
attraction which tourists behave in a certain way based on their attitudes before, during, and
after their trips (Van Vuuren and Slabbert, 2012). On the other hand, tourists engaged towards
ecotourism for its recreation and opportunities which are voluntary participation in leisure
activities that are meaningful and enjoyable to the person involved (Cordes, 2013). In addition,
various researchers have demonstrated that these recreational and beneficial experiences can
promote people’s care and stewardship for nature and hence, its conservation (Soga and
Gaston 2016; Schild 2019), can also nurture social relationships, and promote one’s well-being
(Chan et al. 2016).

​ Siargao Island among the 7,641 islands of the Philippines has become one of the
most popular tourist destinations globally boasting as an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia
that were home to numerous beautiful tourist spots that gained attention as a most successful
tourist destination (Roy et al., 2022). The island offers various and unique benefits that the
tourists and recreationists consider its physical, social, and managerial attributes which may be
attributed to its natural beauty, conservation efforts, adventurous and relaxing activities, safe
and secured environment, accessibility, distinct culture, hospitable natives, and reasonably
priced accommodations (Pagtalunan, et al.,2022). Through this, the growing ecotourism
industry in Siargao has experienced a significant and multiplied increase in tourist arrivals
indicating a change in the island's tourism dynamics (Smith et al., 2021). Given these
circumstances there is a gap that needs to be addressed which is understanding how tourists’
preferences and experiences contribute to determine the ecotourism status of the island (Brown
& Garcia 2019).

​ Aside from monetary, the non-monetary input of the tourists will also be a
credible basis as to how preferences and experiences of the tourists directly influence the
overall performance of Siargao Island ecotourism. In the current period, most of the studies on
ecotourism recreation cover only monetary variables and are descriptive about the recreational
activities itself. Moreover, there are no existing studies in Siargao Islands on how the
preferences and experiences of tourists have been altered and affected due to its overall
management.

​ This study aims to determine the preferences and experiences of the local and
foreign tourists toward Siargao Island ecotourism. It will provide empirical evidence to support
ecosystem management practices, motivate policy interventions, and promote sustainable
ecotourism development in Siargao Island through surveys that investigate the preferences and
experiences of the local and foreign tourists. The results of this study will contribute to the
improvements on policy interventions and management efforts on ecosystem management,
environmental conservation and social efficacy as part of the overall performance of the island’s
ecotourism in general.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

​ As the ecotourism industry in Siargao Island continues to rise, attracting

significant numbers of tourists, it definitely has its environmental, social and management
downsides. When tourism increases on this island, greater challenges to its regulations and
demands are expected, especially if there is a lack of awareness and education of the local
community, stakeholders, and managers about the proper and effective protocols in dealing with
certain ecotourism. Tourism flourished almost effortlessly because of the island’s natural
affluence. Its tourist arrival growth rate has swelled by 18.27% in the last 5 years. In 2018, there
were 181,782 tourists, 42% more than the 257,900 who visited in 2019 (Serrona, Yu, and
Camarin, 2022).

​ While tourism has undoubtedly brought progress, the surge of tourists has
become a growing concern in maintaining the integrity of the island as a protected area.
Tourists, as one of the main components for the operation of tourism, can be a valuable subject
to seek basis for addressing tourism management issues. Stakeholders can tailor policies and
planning to meet specific needs and ideals of the visitors that will greatly affect the modification
and improvement towards sustainable tourism. The tourism management still needs to improve
in terms of their comprehensive understanding of how the quality of environmental, social, and
managerial settings can affect the overall performance of the island. There is a need for the
evaluation of the preferences and experiences sought by tourists visiting these sites as it could
be an effective indicator of the recreational value.

​ The study selected Siargao as the featured area because it is one of the
premiere tourist destination sites in the Philippines, with a steady growth rate of 20% in tourist
arrivals in recent years (Serrona, Yu, and Camarin, 2022). The findings of this study will provide
valuable insights for tourism stakeholders to make informed decisions, implement management
strategies and strengthen policy-making that promote sustainable tourism development and
enhance visitor experiences in the Siargao Islands. This is essential in resolving priority issues
in environmental conservation, social safety and security, and tourism management.

OBJECTIVES

​ The general objective of the study is to investigate the preferences and

experiences of the local and foreign tourists in Siargao Island ecotourism. Specifically, the study
aims:

1. To determine the socio-demographic profile of the local and foreign tourists.

2. To identify the tourists sites visited, activities done, travel time, hours spent and their
level of satisfaction.

3. To assess and rank the importance of physical, social, and managerial setting
attributes in influencing visitor decisions, and to evaluate tourist experiences based on
the quality of each setting attribute.

4. To assess the factors affecting the preferences and experiences of the tourists in
terms of their socio-demographic profile.​
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

In this framework, the independent variables are the socio-demographic profile, the
preferences and experiences of the local and foreign tourists, and the social, environmental and
managerial attributes which are considered to be as measures to the dependent variables which
is the status of Siargao Island ecotourism. Simultaneously, these policy interventions and
ecotourism management efforts is where the Siargao Island ecotourism depends. Investigating
the tourists’ socio-demographic profile, preferences and experiences will help in maintaining
ecotourism. Siargao Island in Surigao Del Norte is considered as the ecotourism site that offers
diverse recreation, and therefore, always associated with tourist arrival and visit. Each of the
local and foreign tourists are the main agent of the entire framework as it performs the driving
force which are their socio-demographic profile, their experiences from the tourist site (in terms
of travel time, hours spent, sites visited and activities done), and lastly are their preferences and
experiences to the social, managerial and environmental setting attributes. By scrutinizing
these variables, the study aims to gain valuable insights that will enable us to pinpoint if the
current policies and strategies are effective or needs improvement in policy interventions and
ecotourism strategies. The entire study considers the interdependence and interconnectedness
of these variables because each variable has its influence and relationship to one another. This
will, in turn, promote sustainable tourism and foster socio-economic development on Siargao
Island. This is all about saving the entire associated ecosystem and the environment from the
environmental, social and management downsides caused by the growing ecotourism industry.
Through this, the study determines these preferences and experiences and how it will contribute
to the sustainable development of the island in the area of environmental protection, economic
development and social efficacy.
Figure 1. Conceptual framework showing the variables that influences and to be influenced by
Siargao Island ecotourism

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of the study will provide a great benefit and a significant contribution to the
following individuals and groups:

Ecotourism. The study will contribute to reinforcing the conservation of the terrestrial
and coastal ecosystems, and the recreational and tourism management of Siargao Islands.

Local Residents. The entire Siargao community and its local residents will obtain
knowledge of how ecotourism works. The results can be the basis for taking action on the
conflicts, job generation, and involvement in maintaining a good environment for the tourists.

Government Agencies. The study is in partnership with the Department of Environment

and Natural Resources, and the Department of Agriculture’s Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
Resources. The findings of the study will contribute to the management of the country’s
protected areas and its ecosystem services.
 Local Government Units. This study will help in providing a basis for making improved
local government policies, rules, and regulations. In addition to supporting governmental
economic goals, such as preserving culture and nature, implementing cleanliness programs,
and minimizing internal conflict that will ensure safety and facilitate the development of their
ecotourism.

Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs). The data obtained from the study can help
the non-governmental organizations present in Siargao to create effective programs to empower
and educate the local community through impactful and sustainable projects that promote their
local culture, tourism, and naturalness.

​ Future Researchers. The results of the study will provide a valuable source of
information and data for future researchers to grasp upon the other relevant problems in
ecotourism that require further studies. With that being said, future researchers can utilize the
study as a reference and advance knowledge in the field.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ​

The study focused on evaluating the local and foreign tourists’ experiences and
preferences of the ecotourism present in Siargao Islands, Philippines. A total of 384 tourists will
be interviewed using survey questionnaires to gather data on various aspects such as tourist
site preferences, recreational activities, demographic and respondents’ socio-economic profiles,
main criteria of choice, and the influence of social, managerial, and environmental attributes.
Each of the respondents will be given the same questionnaire to answer. Samples are limited
only to the tourists who have already visited the ecotourism sites where sampling will be done at
some selected tourist areas including Cloud 9 and Magpupungko rock pool. The study will not
cover the perspectives of the local residents and other stakeholders who are not considered
tourists. The main purpose of the study is only to utilize the tourists’ preferences, experiences,
and travel history in investigating as a basis for environmental and social management,
policy-making, and regulation.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

​ Ecotourism has been one of the most promising means of recreational activities
globally, wherein tourists are the main contributors of the direct indicator towards its function.
Upon maintaining sustainable tourism and socio-economic development, it is important that
stakeholders should dwell on doing estimates to recreational use value by considering the
influence of tourists’ experiences and motivation before, during and after their visit.

​ There are several ways to recognize this recreational worth that has been
affected with its environmental conservation, managerial efforts and social orderliness There are
either direct or indirect factors that can be used as an indicator to conclude recreational value. It
is more often determined the economic value of nature-based tourism by estimating the travel
costs, tourists’ willingness to pay to protect species, or to watch wildlife. However, considering
the role of valuation methods and frameworks as value-articulating institutions, future research
can also apply qualitative and non-monetary methods, elicits diverse values, and conducts
plural valuation (Gross, Pearson, Arbieu et.al 2023).

​ As the ecotourism industry continues to rise attracting significant numbers of

tourists, it definitely has its environmental, social and management downsides. When tourism
increases in these remote islands, it emphasizes greater challenges on its regulations and
demands, especially if there is a lack of awareness and education of the local community,
stakeholders, and management about the proper and effective protocols in dealing with certain
ecotourism.

2.1. The Concept of Ecotourism and its Recreation

​ The Philippines, being an archipelago, is blessed with seven thousand six

hundred forty-one islands (7,641), which are rich in natural resources like white sand beaches
and magnificent coral reefs (Traveloka, 2018). Determining the recreational value of tourist
destinations is important because natural resources provide services that possess non-market
values. They are considered as public goods, whereby society tends to overexploit and
overconsume. With today’s rapid development of tourist destinations, the issue of sustainable
tourism becomes more vital. Tourism has been proven to be one of the keys to the growth and
development of rural areas (Phewmau, 2013). This is one of the reasons why there is a need to
estimate the recreational value of the tourist destinations in Siargao. Ecotourism according to
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN); It is defined as “environmentally
sensitive travel and visits to relatively undisturbed natural areas in order to appreciate and enjoy
nature, creating a low level of negative visitor impact that benefits the local community, providing
active socio-economic participation, and improving conservation” (UNWTO, 2021).

​ ​ Ecotourism activities have increased gradually in the last 20 years and it is seen
that this increase will continue in the future. Ecotourism can be described as the most suitable
type of tourism to be developed in natural and cultural areas that take into account the
development of the local people, including the elements of rural and cultural tourism (Aydın,
2010; Türksoy, 2018). In this study we develop a transparent and repeatable method that is able
to attribute the contribution of natural capital (here defined as ecosystems) to the output of
multiple tourism and outdoor leisure activities (Fitch A, Kuyer J, Kharadi N, Gower J, Roberts C,
Dewey N, et al., 2022). Recreation or tourism holds significant significance in terms of fostering
prosperity and stimulating economic progress for the local populace (Nurkhalifah et al., 2022;
Shaputra et al., 2022). Tourism recreation refers to the leisure, entertainment, and cultural
services provided by the ecosystem based on natural landscapes, which have economic, social,
and ecological benefits. Recreation is characterized by non-exclusive and non-competitive
quasi-public goods, and its value is essentially a manifestation of the economization of tourism
resources (Zhao, N.; Wang, H.; Zhong,J.; Sun, D, et al, 2022).

2.2. Tourist Destination Decision-Making: Influencing Factors and the Role of the Water
and Land Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (WALROS)

​ Tourist preferences in choosing a site to visit are influenced by various factors.

The Water and Land Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (WALROS) Users’ Handbook provides
valuable insights into the factors that influence tourists' preferences when choosing a
destination and the opportunities available to them during their visit. The handbook emphasizes
that tourists and recreationists consider the physical, social, and managerial attributes of a
destination, which contribute to the realization of a particular type of experience and subsequent
benefits. These attributes include the availability of diverse recreation activities, safety, and the
mix of activities ranging from relaxation to physical exertion. The quality of the recreation
experience and the benefits it provides are significant factors in tourists' decision-making
process.
 ​ Additionally, the WALROS Users’ Handbook highlights that the components of a
recreation opportunity include recreation activity, setting, experience, and benefits. Managers
provide opportunities for visitors to participate in a certain type of recreation activity within a
specific setting, and they have the ability to change the activities and settings to enhance the
visitor's experience and maximize public benefits. The setting's characteristics, such as the
availability of diverse recreation activities, safety, and the mix of activities ranging from
relaxation to physical exertion, play a crucial role in tourists' preferences for a tourist destination.

​ Other factors that affect tourist preferences in choosing a site to visit include the
destination's reputation, accessibility, cost, available activities, and the type of experience they
seek. For instance, tourists may choose a destination based on its cultural and historical
significance, natural beauty, or adventure opportunities. They may also consider the
destination's safety and security, transportation options, accommodation availability, and the
cost of travel and activities. Overall, the factors that influence tourist preferences in choosing a
site to visit are diverse and depend on individual preferences and interests.

2.3. Siargao Island Ecotourism and Its Natural Essence

​ ​ Given its abundance of adventure activities and stunning natural surroundings,

Siargao Island in the Philippines has become a popular tourist destination (Adriel Ong, 2021).
Activities like surfing, island hopping, diving, snorkeling, and discovering Magpupungko Rock
Pools, as well as motorbiking and island exploration, are what attract tourists to the island. The
island is a great option for environment lovers and adventure seekers because of its beautiful
beaches, abundant marine species, and general natural appeal.

​ Travelers to Siargao Island enjoy the island's unique culture, friendly locals, and
reasonably priced accommodations in addition to its natural charms. The job opportunities that
the island's tourism industry offers to the local inhabitants are crucial to the local economy as a
whole. A national tourism strategy has been established by the Department of Tourism. It
highlights the need for more investment to solve shortcomings in lodging and infrastructure and
places special emphasis on tailoring the strategy to the unique requirements of local
government units (Ong, 2021).

​ Researchers have studied the variables influencing traveler choices and trips to
Siargao Island. Using information from the 2005 Household Survey on Domestic Visitors, Adriel
Ong's research, "Developing a Provincial Destination Choice Model of the Philippines,"
proposes a multinomial logit model of provincial destination choice. In general, Siargao Island's
allure as a travel destination in the Philippines may be attributed to its natural beauty,
adventurous activities, distinct culture, hospitable natives, and reasonably priced
accommodations. In addition to helping the regional economy, the island's tourism sector
creates jobs for the local community. Scholarly investigations have illuminated the variables
impacting travelers' inclinations and trips to the island, providing crucial perspectives for
policymakers and local government organizations in molding tourism policies and strategies.

2.4. Tourist Attraction Dynamics in Siargao Island: Influential Factors and Local
Economic Impacts

​ Siargao Island, as highlighted by a content analysis conducted by Pagtalunan et

al. (2022), is considered an excellent travel destination by YouTube travel vloggers due to its
convenience, cost-effectiveness, and ability to satisfy tourists, leading to a desire to return. The
study also found that YouTube travel vloggers significantly contribute to increasing prospective
visitors' awareness of the location and provide essential information concerning acceptability,
affordability, accessibility, and awareness, benefiting the promotion of the destination.

​ The island is renowned as the surfing capital of the Philippines, attracting both
local and international surfers to its shores. Verified travel vloggers such as Will Dasovich and
Bisayang Hilaw have shared their experiences on the island, highlighting its natural beauty,
affordability, accessibility, and hospitality. Dasovich's vlog emphasized the island's unique
appeal and the warmth of the local community, while also mentioning the convenience and
accessibility of the island's various attractions. Additionally, the vloggers highlighted the
affordability of food, accommodations, and transportation on the island, making it an attractive
destination for budget travelers.

​ In conclusion, Siargao Island offers various benefits to tourists, including its

natural beauty, affordability, accessibility, and hospitality. These benefits have been highlighted
by several studies and verified travel vloggers, making it an attractive destination for budget
travelers and surfers.
2.5. Environmental, Social and Managerial Challenges faced by Siargao Island

​ Siargao Island faces several environmental, managerial, and social challenges that
threaten its natural beauty and the sustainability of its tourism industry. One of the most
significant environmental challenges is waste management, with the island producing
approximately 125 tons of garbage in 2020 due to increased waste generated by tourists. The
impact of tourism activities on the island's natural resources, such as its soaring limestone hills,
white sand beaches with tiny shells, intriguing caverns, and pure waters, is another significant
challenge, especially concerning the carrying capacity of the island's tourism industry. The lack
of compliance with environmental laws and regulations is also a challenge. Establishments
should undergo routine inspections to determine how well they abide by environmental laws,
and LGUs should prioritize high-risk or environmentally sensitive establishments in their
inspection schedule. Additionally, the LGU should establish regulations and guidelines to
minimize the impact of tourism activities (Gubalane, 2023).

​ The availability and competence of the LGU in managing and mitigating the
environmental impacts related to tourism is a significant managerial challenge. The LGU needs
to monitor and evaluate how well-run establishments are in terms of environmental compliance,
conduct public awareness campaigns to educate the resort/establishment owners, the local
communities, and tourists on the island about the importance of environmental compliance, and
establish penalties and consequences for non-compliance. The strengthening of the role of
pollution control officers and empowering the LGU to enforce adherence to environmental
legislation are also crucial managerial challenges (Gubalane, 2023). Public participation is
essential for sustainable development, and there is a need to foster greater public awareness
and involvement in environmental compliance towards sustainable tourism on the island. The
sharing of information between major actors such as government, private sector, and citizen
groups will be beneficial to everyone. Therefore, public participation in environmental
compliance towards sustainable tourism is a cornerstone of responsible tourism practices
(Gubalane, 2023).

​ In conclusion, Siargao Island faces a complex array of environmental,

managerial, and social challenges, including waste management, the impact of tourism activities
on natural resources, compliance with environmental laws, public participation, and the role and
competence of the LGU. Addressing these challenges will require a concerted effort from
various stakeholders, including the government, tourism operators, NGOs, and the local
community, to ensure the long-term sustainability of the island's tourism industry and the
preservation of its natural environment. The study conducted by Gubalane (2023) provides
valuable insights and recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders to strengthen and
harmonize the rules and regulations governing the island's environmental compliance, thereby
promoting sustainable tourism while reducing its adverse environmental effects.

2.6. Measures to Maintain Siargao Island Ecotourism with the Influence of Social,
Management, and Environmental Attributes

​ As the ecotourism industry in Siargao Island continues to rise, attracting

significant numbers of tourists, it definitely has its environmental, social and management
implications. Recreation and tourism are now parts of the modern lifestyle. As the population
grows, the demand for recreation and tourism has become a challenge to recreation and
tourism management, as recreation and tourism resources are consistently challenged by
visitors’ depreciative behaviors (Ojedokun, O., et al 2022). Tourism on this little island is
expected to rise to a new level while still preserving its natural beauty.

​ It was, in fact, a paradise that had yet to have been seen by the entire globe. Impacts
resulting from heavy visitation have caused undesirable changes and such environmental
degradation to vegetation and plant diversity, erosion of the soil, diminished water quality
caused by pollution, improper waste disposal, and disturbance to wildlife (Marasinghe, S.;
Perera, P.; Simpson, G.D., et al 2021). Simultaneously, recreation can also negatively impact
visitors’ recreational enjoyment as well as their loyalty and intention to revisit a place (DaRugna,
O.A., et al 2022). In tourism management, peace and order, good health facilities and services,
roads, and infrastructures are just a few of the local investments that could cultivate good
tourism to attract tourists from engaging recreation. Ecotourism can promote sustainable
development through managing biological diversity and society of people and functions by
ensuring quality tourism experiences and absorbing or adapting to the pressures of tourists.
Thus, local authorities must improve the facilities and physical infrastructures for tourists to be
convinced and to visit their destination of interest (Catudan, 2015). To address the increasing
impacts of recreation activities, carrying capacity was introduced in recreation resource
management in the early 1960s. Some earlier contributors have paved the way for many
carrying capacity studies in recreation and tourism resources today.
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

3.1. Study Site

A series of surveys were done from the month June to August 2024 conducted within the
two selected tourist destinations located in the two municipalities of Siargao Island, Surigao Del
Norte Philippines at 9°52′N 126°03′E / 9.867°N 126.05°E (Fig. 2); the Magpupungko White
Beach in Pilar (S1) and Cloud 9 in General Luna (S2). These two sampling stations were
selected to be the study areas where most of the tourists were concentrated and spent most of
their time in these tourist destinations on the island. Siargao Island Protected Landscape and
Seascape (SIPLAS) is an ecotourism area with its rich biodiversity and unique land and water
features which was proclaimed as a protected area under the RA No. 7586 or the National
Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act under the Presidential Proclamation 902 dated last 10
October 1996 (Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR-CARAGA, 2015).

Figure 2. Map showing the sampling sites within the municipalities in Siargao Island
3.2. Ethical Note

This study was a collaboration with the Sustainable Interventions for Biodiversity, Ocean
and Landscapes (SIBOL) Project last 2023, with the goals to improve the management of
natural resources and reduce environmental impact in the Philippines. The project was
launched by the U.S Agency for International Development (USAID), in which the researchers
were recruited as student assistants to conduct the survey. The study underpinned a
commitment to ethical standards in engagement of both the authorities and participants of the
study. All the letters, other documents, and formal consultations and meetings with the Local
Government Unit (LGU) of Siargao, to the Tourism Office and to the DENR- SIPLAS Protected
Area Management Board (PAMB) were handled by the SIBOL Associates. The research
proposal and conceptualization, questionnaire presentation, and securing the approval to
conduct were all coordinated together with these respective authorities prior to the data
collection processes. The researchers provided informed consent to the respondents under the
Data Privacy Act of 2012 to ensure and uphold the utmost confidentiality of data collected, prior
to the survey proper, thorough explanations of the study's objectives, significance,
methodologies, and potential implications were provided.

3.3. Study Design and Instrument

Prior to the actual data collection processes, the questionnaire validation, pilot study and
the reliability test were all performed by the SIBOL associates. This study carried out a mixed
method (in quantitative and qualitative approach), in which both survey and semi-structured
interviews were done at the same time. The information obtained from the interview
supplemented the discussion of the results of quantitative data. Printed paper questionnaires
were used in which the closed-ended and open-ended questions were adapted from the project
for the preferences and experiences of the tourists in the social, managerial and environmental
setting of Siargao Island, and the components in socio-demographic profile. The questionnaire
was divided into five main parts. The first part covered the informed consent of the respondents.
The second part covered questions about the purpose of travel for those who have visited
Siargao as a tourist. The third section was questions on what sites visited during the trip
including the activities done, number of hours spent, travel time from accommodation to the site
and the level of satisfaction on each site (using the five-point Likert scale) The fourth section
was questions about ranking the physical, social, managerial, and general quality of each
setting attributes based on their preferences (using rank analysis method) and experiences
(using 10-point Likert Scale) before and after visiting the recreation and ecotourism in Siargao
Island. The fifth section asked the socio-demographic profile pertaining to their age, civil status,
sex, educational attainment, monthly income and occupation of the respondent.

3.4. Sample and Sampling Technique

The sample of this study was taken from the whole population of the local and foreign
tourists visited in Siargao Island with Cochran’s formula in determining the total number of
samples per local tourists (38) and foreign tourists (346) as survey respondents. Also, quota
sampling was done in the data collection process, a non-probability sampling technique in which
the researchers established quotas for both local and foreign tourists based on their proportion
within the target population, a criterion that only the local and foreign tourists who already
experienced and roamed around the tourist sites in Siargao Islands can participate with the
predetermined number of tourists. ​

3.5. Data Analysis

After the data collection, the data obtained were tabulated and organized in
spreadsheets using Google Sheets. The consultation and data analysis was undergone through
the aid expertise of the statistician from the Mathematical and Statistical Computing and
Research Center (MSCRC) - Caraga State University - Main Campus. The Jeffreys's Amazing
Statistics Program (JASP) v. 0.19.3.0 as statistical software was utilized in the descriptive
analysis for the independent and dependent variables (including the frequency, mean, percent,
maximum and minimum, and standard deviation). Jamovi, another statistical software, was used
for multinomial logistic regression to predict a nominal dependent variable given one or more
independent variables. To analyze the level of satisfaction among tourists at each site, a
five-point Likert scale was utilized ranging from very dissatisfied to very satisfied. The numerical
values and their corresponding values were at the range: 1-1.49=Very Dissatisfied;
1.50-2.49=Dissatisfied; 2.50-3.49=Neutral; 3.50-4.49=Satisfied; 4.50-5=Very Satisfied. For the
preferences, rank analysis was done (1st; being the highest priority, 4th being the lowest
priority) and for the experiences, rate of importance in a scale of -10 (with 10 being the highest).
With the study, it assessed the factors affecting the preferences and experiences of the tourists
in terms of socio-demographic profile, to predict a nominal dependent variable given one or
more independent variables.
 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

RESULTS

Socio-demographic Profile of the Local Tourists

​ The majority of the local tourists’ respondents (n=346) within Siargao Island came from
the home regions of Region VII (Central Visayas) (35.55%), followed by the National Capital
Region (NCR) with 19.36% and Northern Mindanao (Region X) with 9.83%. A significant
proportion of respondents were also from CALABARZON (8.38%) and Davao Region (5.78%)
(Table 1). Other regions contributed smaller percentages, with SOCCSKSARGEN and some
parts of Luzon and Visayas having the lowest representation. Most of the local tourists were
comprised of young adults, aged between 20-29 years old (55.20%, n=191). Adults aged 30-39
(28.03%, n= 97), make up the next largest segment, while middle-aged adults (40-49) make up
6.94% (n=24) were less represented. Tourists aged 50 and above (2.31%, n= 8) and the
teenagers (≤19) (2.02%, n= 7) constituted a smaller proportion of overall visitors. More than half
of the tourists were female (54.91%, n= 190) which slightly outnumbered the male tourists
(40.46%). A small portion, 4.62%, choose not to disclose their gender. A good number of
tourists (83.24%, n= 288) graduated with college (tertiary) education with an additional of
holding postgraduate degrees (4.91%, n= 17) which formed more than a quarter of the total.
Only few were undergraduates (5.20%, n=18) and high school graduates (4.34%, n=15). A
small percentage (1.73%) preferred not to disclose their educational background. The tourists
engaged in a diverse range of professions and jobs that the largest segment at comprised
individuals involved in business and entrepreneurship (22.25%, n=77), followed by those
working in the corporate and private sector (13.87%, n=48), the freelancers and online workers
(8.96%, n=31). Other represented sectors include healthcare and social work (7.51%, n=26),
education (6.07%, n=21) and government employment (6.94%, n=24). There was a range of
monthly income levels among the tourists in which the largest group earns between PHP 20,000
and PHP 40,000 per month (28.61%, n=99), while 19.36% (n=67) earn between PHP 40,000
and PHP 60,000. Interestingly, a substantial portion reported monthly earnings exceeding PHP
150,000 (18.79%, n=65). Majority of the respondents’ civil status were single (60.98%, n=211),
while some of them were married (37.28%, n= 129), and a small percentage of 1.74%
(n=6)reported being separated or divorced.
Table 1. Socio-demographic Profile of the Local (Filipino) Tourists in Siargao Islands (n=346)

Category Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

Home Regions

National Capital 68 19.65

Region (NCR)

Region I (Ilocos 10 2.89

Region)

Region III (Central 8 2.3

Luzon)

Region IV-A 29 8.3

(CALABARZON)

Region IV-A 3 0.87

(CALABARZON)

Region IV-B 13 3.76

(MIMAROPA)

Region VI - 4 1.16
(Western Visayas)

Region VII (Central 123 35.55

Visayas)

Region VIII - 14 4.05

(Eastern Visayas)

Region IX 2 0.58
(Zamboanga
Peninsula)

Region X (Northern 34 9.83

Mindanao)

Region XI (Davao 20 5.78

Region)

Region XII 1 0.29

(SOCCSKSARGEN)
Region XIII (Caraga 17 4.91
Region)

Age (groups)

Teenagers (≤19) 7 2.02

Young Adults 191 55.20

(20-29)

Adults (30-39) 97 28.03

Middle-aged Adults 24 6.94

(40-49)

Older Adults (50-59) 19 5.49

Seniors (≥60) 8 2.31

Sex

Male 140 40.46

Female 190 54.91

Prefer not to say 16 4.62

Highest
Educational
Attainment

Elementary 2 0.58
Graduate

Highschool 15 4.34
Graduate

Undergraduate 18 5.20

College Graduate 288 83.24

Post-Graduate 17 4.91
Degree Holder
Prefer not to say 6 1.73

Occupation

Students 26 7.51

Healthcare 26 7.51

& Social Worker

Education Sector 21 6.07

Business & 77 22.25

Entrepreneurship

Engineering & 23 6.65

Architecture

Government 24 6.94
Employees

Corporate & Private 48 13.87

Sector

Sales & Marketing 21 6.07

Freelancers & 31 8.96

Online Work

Service & Support 21 6.07

Industry

Information 12 3.47
Technology & Digital

Miscellaneous 7 2.02

Prefer not to say 9 2.60

Monthly Salary

< 10,000 23 6.65

10,000 - 20,000 49 14.16

20,000-40,000 99 28.61
 40,000-60,000 67 19.36

60,000-80,000 26 7.51

80,000-100,000 10 2.89

100,000-140,000 5 1.45

> 150,000 65 18.79

Prefer not to say 2 0.58

Civil Status

Single 211 60.98

Married 129 37.28

Separated 4 1.16

Divorced 2 0.58

Socio-demographic Profile of the Local Tourists

​ The home countries of foreign tourists visiting Siargao has a diverse international
presence which the United States accounted the largest proportion of visitors (21.05%, n=8),
followed by Germany and France, each representing 15.79% (n= 6) of the total. Visitors from
England, Spain, Australia, and Malta made up that 7.89% (n= 3) of the respondents, while other
European nations, including Italy and Sweden, contribute smaller percentages. More than half
of the foreign tourists were comprised of young adults, aged between 20-29 years old (55.26%,
n= 21) The next largest group, adults aged 30-39, represented 28.95% (n= 11) of the total. Most
of the foreign tourists were female constituted 60.53% of the total (n= 23), while male visitors
accounted for 36.84% (n= 14). A small percentage, 2.63%, chose not to disclose their gender.
Majority of foreign tourists attained their college level education (83.24%, n= 23) while 4.91%
(n=11) have attained a postgraduate degree. Only a few were high school graduates (4.34%, n=
4). The occupations of foreign tourists revealed a diverse professional background in which the
most common sector, healthcare and social work (21.05%, n= 8), followed by business and
entrepreneurship at 18.42% (n= 7). Students and those working in marketing and sales each
accounted for 10.53% (n= 4) of the total, while legal professionals made up 7.89% (n= 3). A
majority of 55.26% (n= 21) of foreign tourists earn less than $5,000 per month, while 15.79%
(n= 6) have incomes exceeding $20,000. In the middle range, 28.94% (n= 11) of the foreign
tourists earns with these monthly income. The civil status of foreign tourists showed that 89.47%
(n= 34) of the respondents were single, while only 10.53% were married. No respondents
reported being widowed, separated, or divorced.

Table 2. Socio-demographic Profile of the Foreign Tourists in Siargao Islands (n=38)

Category Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

Home Countries

USA 8 21.05

Germany 6 15.79

England 3 7.89

France 6 15.79

Australia 3 7.89

Netherlands 2 5.26

Spain 3 7.89

Malta 3 7.89

Italy 1 2.63

United Kingdom 1 2.63

Sweden 1 2.63

Austria 1 2.63

Age (groups)

Teenagers (≤19) 2 5.26

Young Adults (20-29) 21 55.26

Adults (30-39) 11 28.95

Middle-aged Adults 1 2.63
(40-49)

Older Adults (50-59) 2 5.26

Seniors (≥60) 1 2.63

Sex

Male 14 36.84

Female 23 60.53

Prefer not to say 1 2.63

Highest Educational
Attainment

Highschool Graduate 4 4.34

College Graduate 23 83.24

Post-Graduate Degree 11 4.91

Holder

Occupation

Student 4 10.53

Healthcare & Social 8 21.05

Work

Education Sector 3 7.89

Business & 7 18.42

Entrepreneurship

Engineering & 2 5.26

Architecture

Finance & Auditing 2 5.26

Legal Professions 3 7.89

Marketing & Sales 4 10.53

 Hospitality & Customer 3 7.89
Support

Creative & Freelance 2 5.26

Work

Monthly Salary

<$5,000 21 55.26

$5,000-$8,000 5 13.16

$8,000-$11,000 2 5.26

$11,000-$14,000 1 2.63

$14,000-$17,000 3 7.89

> $20,000 6 15.79

Civil Status

Single 34 89.47%

Married 4 10.53%

Tourist Sites Visited

The most visited tourist site was Cloud 9, which attracted a significant number of 87.50%
(n= 336) of the local and foreign tourists. This high visitation rate is likely attributed to Cloud 9's
renowned status as a premier surfing destination. Other popular locations included Daku Island
(57.81%, n= 222), Naked Island (55.47%, n= 213), and Guyam Island (55.21%, n= 212), all
known for their white sand beaches and island-hopping opportunities. Other well-known and
visited tourist spots were included such as the Maasin River (46.88%, n= 180) and
Magpupungko Rock Pool (41.93%, n= 161), both known for their naturalness and unique
experiences for kayaking, cliff jumping, and other adventurous activities. Some destinations
have moderate numbers of visitors, such as Coconut View (30.73%, n= 118), Sugba Lagoon
(29.95%, n= 115), and Mamon Island (12.50%, n= 48). These places remain significant
attractions but are slightly less frequent than the leading destinations. On the other hand, sites
like Sohoton Cove (9.90%, n= 38), Pacifico Beach (9.11%, n= 35), and Alegria Beach (3.91%,
15) receive fewer visitors, suggesting that they are either less known or harder to access. In
contrast, Bucas Grande Island (1.82%, n=7), Poncas Hidden Island (0.52%, n= 2), and Taktak
Falls (2.34%, n=9) were the least visited locations, possibly due to accessibility issues or less
promotional exposures.

Figure 3. Number of tourist respondents who visited on each tourist sites in Siargao Island

Activities Done in the Tourist Sites

​ Results showed that the most frequent activities done by the tourists across the different
sites were swimming (50.49%), and followed by the sight-seeing (29.84%) which were
particularly done at locations in the most visited destinations for water-related activities like the
Cloud 9, Guyam Island, Daku Island, Naked Island and Maasin River. It also revealed that
surfing for which the sport that Siargao is internationally known, accounted for 11.2% of the
responses. While not the dominant activities done by the tourists, it remains significant,
reinforcing Siargao’s reputation as a surfing hub, particularly at Cloud 9. Picture-taking, a key
aspect of modern tourism, represented 2.8% of the responses mentioned that these tourists
prioritized capturing memories of their experiences. Other activities such as cliff diving/jumping
(1.0%, 21 occurrences), kayaking (1.6%, 34 occurrences), snorkeling (0.9%, 20 occurrences),
caving (0.7%, 15 occurrences), food trips (0.5%, 11 occurrences), and relaxing/unwinding
(0.6%, 14 occurrences) are less frequently done by tourists. For those seeking more
adrenaline-pumping experiences, cliff diving and jumping were frequently observed at Maasin
River and Magpupungko Pool. Kayaking and snorkeling were also popular choices, especially at
Sugba Lagoon and Naked Island. Foreign tourists participated in similar activities, but at a
slightly lower rate compared to locals, indicating a possible preference for passive rather than
high-adventure activities.

Figure 4. Percentage of the activities done by the tourists in the sites visited

Travel Time to the Sites from the Accommodation

Sugba Lagoon in Del Carmen required the longest travel time, with an average travel
time of 130 minutes and a maximum of 180 minutes, likely due to its relatively remote location.
Sohoton Cove in Bucas Grande Islands, followed closely at an average of 90 minutes travel
time, with an average travel time of 90 minutes, a minimum of 60 minutes, and a maximum of
120 minutes. which may contribute to its lower popularity among visitors. Cloud 9 in General
Luna, with the shorter travel time, has a mean travel time of just 11 minutes, with a maximum of
30 minutes and a minimum of 2 minutes, making it one of the most easily accessible locations.
Similarly, Secret Beach has the same average travel time of 11 minutes, indicating that these
locations are well-situated near accommodations. Moderate travel times are recorded for sites
that require boat transfers like Guyam Island (43 minutes), Naked Island (29 minutes) Daku
Island (33 minutes), and Mamon Island (40 minutes), all of which require boat transfers. Tourist
sites located in Pilar such as the Magpupungko Pool in Pilar has an average travel time of 56
minutes, with a range between 25 and 60 minutes, Maasin River took an average of 45 minutes
to reach and Coconut View, a scenic lookout point, takes about 25 minutes (1.67%) on average,
with a range between 4 and 40 minutes. Several destinations have a fixed travel time of 60
minutes, such as Alegria Beach, Taktak Falls, and Corregidor Island, suggesting a standardized
route or distance from common accommodations. Pacifico Beach in Burgos has a mean travel
time of 66 minutes, with a range between 40 and 90 minutes.

Table 3. Travel time to the tourist site from the accommodation (one-way) (in minutes)

Sites Visited Travel Time (minutes)

Max Min Mean

Cloud 9 30 2 11

Sugba Lagoon 180 30 130

Guyam 60 5 43

Daku Island 60 5 33

Mamon Island 60 30 40

Magpupungko Pool 60 25 56

Maasin River 60 4 45

Naked Island 60 5 29

Secret Beach 30 2 11

Sohoton Cove 120 60 90

Alegria Beach 60 60 60

Taktak Falls 60 60 60

Coconut View 40 4 25

Pacifico Beach 90 40 66
 Corregidor Island 60 60 60

Hours Spent on Each Site

Most of the respondents spent the longest amount of time in Cloud 9, General Luna
(136.09 minutes) with a stay range of 20 minutes to 6 hours, followed closely by Sohoton Cove,
Bucas Grande Islands with an average stay of 129.23 minutes, ranging from 25 minutes to 6
hours. Pacifico Beach, another surfing spot, has a mean duration of 118 minutes. Magpupungko
Pool, known for its tide pools and rock formations, recorded an average stay of 99 minutes.
Other tourist sites where tourists spent a significant amount of time include Alegria Beach
(87.33 minutes) and Corregidor Island (87.5 minutes), both offering white sand beaches. Sugba
Lagoon, Del Carmen also recorded an average stay of 78.13 minutes, likely due to the lagoon’s
kayaking, paddleboarding, and swimming activities. Secret Beach followed closely with a mean
duration of 77.58 minutes which visitors spend time relaxing and exploring the private area.
Daku Island also reported a mean visit of 67.06 minutes, indicating that tourists stay longer to
enjoy its expansive beach and local dining options. Poneas Hidden Island has a fixed stay
duration of 60 minutes, indicating a structured itinerary for those visiting this remote destination.
Guyam Island (56.89 minutes, Maasin River (52.28 minutes), and Naked Island (51.67 minutes)
have gained similar visit durations. Mamon Island (52.19 minutes) was in the same range,
indicating a relatively quick visit. Taktak Falls, the only waterfall on the island, recorded a
43.33-minute visit by the tourists. Also, the tourists spent a shorter time in Coconut View with an
average stay of 31.48 minutes. The shortest recorded mean stay was at Bucas Grande, with
just 20 minutes. It was found that 34.23% of the sites hold tourists for over 1 hour and 40
minutes for those locations with extensive activities such as surfing, caving, and beach
relaxation. Meanwhile, 32.14% of the sites have mean durations under 60 minutes (1 hour) as
quick sightseeing visits.

Table 4. Number of hours spent on each site

Sites Time (minutes)

Min Max Mean

Cloud 9 20 600 136.09

Sugba Lagoon 10 180 78.13

 Guyam 10 180 56.89

Daku Island 3 300 67.06

Mamon Island 15 180 52.19

Magpupungko Pool 15 300 99

Maasin River 10 180 52.28

Naked Island 10 300 51.67

Secret Beach 15 300 77.58

Poneas Hidden Island 60 60 60

Bucas Grande 10 30 20

Sohoton Cove 25 360 129.23

Alegria Beach 10 300 87.33

Taktak Falls 15 120 43.33

Coconut View 10 300 31.48

Pacifico Beach 20 420 118

Corregidor Island 25 120 87.5

Level of Satisfaction of the Tourists

​ Most of the respondents were very satisfied with over 60% of the tourist sites in Siargao
Islands. Among the highest-rated destinations, Poneas Hidden Island obtained the maximum
possible rating of 5.00, Bucas Grande (4.57), Sohoton Cove (4.65), Magpupungko Pool (4.50),
Mamon Island (4.71), Secret Beach (4.70), Pacifico Beach (4.73), and Corregidor Island (4.50)
also received a "Very Satisfied" rating. Meanwhile, several other sites received a "Satisfied"
rating, including Cloud 9 (4.31), Sugba Lagoon (4.23), Guyam Island (3.85), Daku Island (4.35),
Maasin River (3.73), Naked Island (4.29), Alegria Beach (3.87), Taktak Falls (4.25), and
Coconut View (3.95). These destinations still garnered positive feedback, though with slightly
lower mean scores compared to the highest-rated sites. Among the locations that received
lower satisfaction scores, Maasin River (3.73) had the lowest rating but still fell within the
"Satisfied" range. Most of the respondents mentioned that while they enjoyed their experience,
there may have been minor concerns affecting their overall impression. The diversity of
landscapes, from beaches and lagoons to caves and waterfalls, contributed to positive visitors’
experiences. However, locations with slightly lower ratings may benefit from improvements in
facilities, accessibility, or additional services to enhance satisfaction further.

Table 5. Level of satisfaction in the Tourist Sites Visited

Sites Frequency Mean Remark

1 2 3 4 5

Cloud 9 0 0 54 124 157 4.31 Satisfied

Sugba Lagoon 0 0 21 46 48 4.23 Satisfied

Guyam 0 0 74 94 43 3.85 Satisfied

Daku Island 0 0 22 100 100 4.35 Satisfied

Mamon Island 0 0 2 10 36 4.71 Very Satisfied

Magpupungko Pool 0 7 14 58 137 4.50 Very Satisfied

Maasin River 0 4 75 68 34 3.73 Satisfied

Naked Island 0 7 24 83 99 4.29 Satisfied

Secret Beach 0 2 1 31 95 4.70 Very Satisfied

Poneas Hidden Island 0 0 0 0 2 5.00 Very Satisfied

Bucas Grande 0 0 0 3 4 4.57 Very Satisfied

Sohoton Cove 0 0 3 7 27 4.65 Very Satisfied

Alegria Beach 2 0 1 7 5 3.87 Satisfied

Taktak Falls 0 0 0 6 2 4.25 Satisfied

Coconut View 0 6 29 50 35 3.95 Satisfied

Pacifico Beach 0 0 0 10 27 4.73 Very Satisfied

 Corregidor Island 0 0 0 9 9 4.50 Very Satisfied
Note: 1-1.49=Very Dissatisfied; 1.50-2.49=Dissatisfied; 2.50-3.49=Neutral; 3.50-4.49=Satisfied;
4.50-5=Very Satisfied

Table 6. Respondent’s Ranking on importance of Physical setting attribute

Main Criteria for choice of places that you visited Frequency Mean
(Physical Setting Attributes) 1 2 3 4 Rank
1 Presence / quantity of natural attractions (ex. caves, 340 32 9 3 1st
falls, beaches, rock formations, etc)
2 Access / travel time 33 64 119 168 4th
3 Naturalness 93 149 109 33 2nd
4 Water Quality 29 67 136 152 3rd

​ The study reveals that the presence and variety of natural attractions is the most
influential factor, with an overwhelming majority of 340 respondents ranking it as their top
priority. Naturalness follows in importance, with 149 responses, suggesting that visitors highly
value pristine and undisturbed environments. Water quality ranks third, receiving 136
responses, which implies that while clean water is important, it is less critical than the overall
natural appeal of the site. Access and travel time received the lowest ranking, with 168
responses, indicating that visitors are willing to travel longer distances as long as the ecotourism
site features natural attraction.

Table 7. Respondent’s Ranking on importance of Social setting attribute

Social Setting Attribute Frequency Mean Rank

1 2 3

1. User density: limited 95 169 120 2nd

space to enjoy nature by
yourself / privacy from
other tourist

2.Safety of tourists: 174 136 74 1st

danger level of activities
done in tourist site

3. Behavior of locals: 115 80 189 3rd

friendliness of locals

​ Most respondents indicated that the safety of tourists is the most crucial factor in
ecotourism, with 174 participants highlighting its importance over other social aspects. The
second most important factor was user density, receiving 169 responses, which refers to the
ability to enjoy nature with privacy and minimal crowds. This finding underscores the value of a
less congested environment for enhancing the tourism experience. Meanwhile, the behavior of
locals, including their friendliness and hospitality, ranked last with 189 responses. This suggests
that while positive interactions with local residents can enrich the experience, they are not the
primary concern for tourists when selecting a destination.

Table 8. Respondent’s Ranking on Importance of Managerial Setting Attribute

Managerial Setting Frequency Mean Rank

Attribute
1 2 3

1. Cleanliness and 177 120 87 1st

maintenance (proper solid
waste disposal)

2. Presence of tourism 121 146 117 2nd

facilities (CR, restaurant)

3. Preservation and 86 117 180 3rd

conservation efforts
(presence of regulation
signages, IEC materials.

​ Study found that cleanliness and maintenance, especially proper waste disposal, were
the top concerns for respondents, with 177 individuals ranking it as the most important aspect of
management. This highlights the importance of keeping a clean and hygienic environment to
improve visitor satisfaction. The availability of tourism facilities, such as restrooms and
restaurants, came in second with 146 responses, showing that while tourists’ value basic
amenities, they are not as critical as cleanliness. Preservation and conservation efforts, which
included signs and informational materials, received the lowest ranking with 180 responses,
indicating that while sustainability measures are important, they do not significantly influence a
visitor’s choice of destination.
Table 9. Respondents’ Mean Rating on the Importance of Physical, Social and Managerial
Attributes

H. Main Criteria for choice of places Mean Rating

that you visited (Settings)

H.1 Physical Setting 8.93

H.2 Social Setting 8.37

H.3 Managerial Setting 7.8

Note: The respondents were asked to rate the importance on a scale of 0-10 with 10 being the Highest and
repeating the score is not allowed.​

​ The average ratings given by respondents regarding the importance of physical, social,
and managerial attributes show that the physical setting received the highest score (8.93). This
emphasizes that tourists mainly focus on natural attractions and the quality of the environment
when making their choices. The social setting was rated next (8.37), which suggests that safety
and the overall visitor experience are also important. The managerial setting received the lowest
rating (7.8), indicating that although cleanliness and available tourism facilities matter, they are
not as influential as the natural beauty and social aspects of a location. Overall, this trend
illustrates that while all three aspects contribute to visitor satisfaction, the physical attributes of a
site are the most important factors in attracting tourists.

Table 10. Respondents Evaluation on their Experiences Based on the Quality of Each Setting
Attribute

QUALITY OF SETTING ATTRIBUTES Mean Rating

1. Number and quality of natural 8.03

attractions (e.g. caves, falls, beaches,
rocks formations, etc) Justification:
2. Ease of access and travel time length to 9.01
tourist sites Justification:
3. Naturalness/pristine condition of the 8.26
environment Justification:
4. Water quality (cleanliness, smell, color) 8.76
5. User density; amount of space to enjoy 8.81
6. Safety tourists: danger level of activities 9.01
done in tourist site, safety level of
equipment
7. Behavior of locals: friendliness of locals 8.31
9. Presence and quality of tourism facilities 7.90
(CR, Restaurant, etc)
 10. Level of preservation and conservation 8.39
efforts in the PA (presence of regulation
signages, IEC materials, etc)
Note: The respondents were asked to rate the importance on a scale of 0-10 with 10 being the Highest
and score repetition is allowed.

​ The study shows that among the factors evaluated, the ease of getting to tourist sites
and the safety of visitors received the highest average ratings of 9.01. This indicates that
tourists were very satisfied with how convenient it was to reach these destinations and the
safety measures in place. The amount of space available for visitors to enjoy was also rated
highly, with an average score of 8.81. This suggests that tourists valued the chance to explore
and appreciate nature without feeling overcrowded. Water quality, concerning cleanliness, smell,
and color, also received a strong rating of 8.76, reflecting visitors’ satisfaction with the
environmental conditions at the sites. The natural condition of the environment scored 8.26,
highlighting the importance of preserving the ecological integrity of these areas. The friendliness
of locals was rated at 8.31, indicating that positive interactions with the local community
enhanced the visitors' overall experience. Regarding conservation efforts, the effectiveness of
preservation measures such as regulation signs and informational materials received a mean
rating of 8.39. This suggests that while tourists appreciate sustainability efforts, there is still
room for improvement in enhancing these initiatives. Meanwhile, the availability and quality of
tourism facilities, like restrooms and restaurants, received the lowest mean rating of 7.90. This
implies that although these amenities exist, there may be issues with their quality or accessibility
that need to be improved.

Table 11. Model Fit Measures for Multinomial Logistic Regression

Model Deviance AIC McFadden’s R

1 580 720 0.198

The model fit indicators reveal a Deviance value of 580 and an AIC of 720. Additionally,
the McFadden’s R² value of 0.198 suggests a moderate explanatory power, implying that the
independent variables play a significant role in explaining variations in preference types.

Table 12. Multinomial Logistic Regression Estimates for Physical vs. Managerial Preferences

Predictor Estimate SE Z p-value Odds Ratio

Intercept -43.658 1.079 -40.4451 <.001 1.10E-19

Type of -0.869 1.171 -0.7423 0.458 0.4194

Tourist (Local
vs. Foreign)

Age Group 40.8673 0.495 82.5756 <.001 5.60E+17

 (Adults vs.
Teenagers)

Age Group 43.198 0.476 90.8472 <.001 5.76E+18

(Young
Adults vs.
Teenagers)

Sex (M vs. F) 1.0998 0.361 3.0473 0.002 3.0037

Monthly -51.6645 1.37e−14 -3.77e−15 <.001 3.65e−23

Income
(5000-8000
vs.
10000-20000
)

Civil Status 1.9604 0.499 3.9299 <.001 7.1019

(Married vs.
Single)

The study presents the multinomial logistic regression estimates comparing respondents'
preferences for physical versus managerial roles. The intercept is highly significant (p < .001)
with an extremely low odds ratio (1.10E-19), suggesting that, in the absence of predictor
variables, the baseline probability of selecting a physical role over a managerial one is nearly
zero. The results indicate that the type of tourist (local vs. foreign) does not significantly
influence role preference (p = 0.458), implying that nationality is not a strong determinant in
choosing between physical and managerial work. However, age group emerges as a crucial
factor, as adults (OR = 40.8673, p < .001) and young adults (OR = 43.198, p < .001) are
significantly more likely than teenagers to prefer physical roles, with odds ratios in the range of
10¹⁷ to 10¹⁸. This suggests that older individuals have a considerably higher tendency to favor
physical tasks over managerial responsibilities.

Sex is also found to be a significant predictor (p = 0.002), with males being three times
more likely (OR = 3.0037) than females to prefer physical work. Furthermore, income level plays
a critical role—respondents earning between 5,000 and 8,000 PHP are significantly less likely to
choose physical roles over managerial ones compared to those earning between 10,000 and
20,000 PHP, as indicated by an odds ratio of 3.65E-23 (p < .001), suggesting an almost
negligible probability. Additionally, civil status is an influential factor, with married individuals
being more than seven times (OR = 7.1019, p < .001) as likely as single individuals to prefer
physical roles. These findings emphasize that age, sex, income, and civil status significantly
shape role preferences, with older and married individuals exhibiting a stronger inclination
toward physical labor, whereas lower-income groups demonstrate a greater preference for
managerial roles.

Table 13. Multinomial Logistic Regression Estimates for Social vs. Managerial Preferences

Predictor Estimate SE Z p-value Odds Ratio

Intercept -1.4153 1.717 -0.8244 0.41 0.2428

Age Group -64.0801 1.00e−15 -6.39e−16 <.001 1.48e−28

(Senior vs.
Teenagers)

Sex (M vs. F) 0.5604 0.322 1.7422 0.081 1.7514

Monthly 1.2992 0.621 2.0904 0.037 3.6663

Income
(60000-8000
0 vs.
10000-20000
)

Highest 2.3307 0.852 2.7354 0.006 10.2856

Education
(High School
vs. College
Graduate)

Civil Status 0.5426 0.441 1.2317 0.218 1.7205

(Married vs.
Single)

The table presents the multinomial logistic regression estimates comparing respondents'
preferences for social versus managerial roles. The intercept is not statistically significant (p =
0.41), indicating that, in the absence of predictor variables, there is no inherent difference in the
likelihood of selecting a social role over a managerial one. However, age group emerges as a
critical factor, with seniors being significantly less likely than teenagers to prefer social over
managerial roles (Estimate = -64.0801, p < .001). The extremely small odds ratio (1.48E-28)
suggests that the probability of seniors choosing social roles is nearly negligible.

Sex does not appear to be a strong predictor, as males are only marginally more likely
than females to favor social over managerial roles (OR = 1.7514, p = 0.081). Income level, on
the other hand, plays a significant role, with respondents earning between 60,000 and 80,000
PHP being more likely (OR = 3.6663, p = 0.037) to prefer social roles compared to those
earning between 10,000 and 20,000 PHP. Additionally, education level is a crucial determinant,
as high school graduates are more than ten times (OR = 10.2856, p = 0.006) more likely than
college graduates to prefer social over managerial roles. This suggests that individuals with
lower educational attainment have a stronger inclination toward social roles rather than
managerial responsibilities.

Meanwhile, civil status does not exhibit a significant effect (p = 0.218), indicating that
being married or single does not strongly influence role preference. Overall, the findings
highlight that age and education level are the most significant predictors of social versus
managerial role preferences, with younger and less-educated individuals showing a greater
tendency to favor social roles over managerial positions.

Table 14. Multinomial Logistic Regression Estimates for Physical vs. Social Preferences

Predictor Estimate SE Z p-value Odds Ratio

Intercept -1.4153 1.717 -0.8244 0.41 0.2428

Age Group -64.0801 1.00e−15 -6.39e−16 <.001 1.48e−28

(Senior vs.
Teenagers)

Sex (M vs. F) 0.5604 0.322 1.7422 0.081 1.7514

Monthly 1.2992 0.621 2.0904 0.037 3.6663

Income
(60000-8000
0 vs.
10000-20000
)

Highest 2.3307 0.852 2.7354 0.006 10.2856

Education
(High School
vs. College
Graduate)

Civil Status 82.3539 4.32e−35 1.91E+36 <.001 5.83E+35

(Divorced vs.
Single)
 Comparing the preferences between physical and social roles is consistent with previous
models, the intercept is not statistically significant (p = 0.41), indicating the absence of a strong
baseline preference for physical over social roles in the absence of predictor variables. Age
emerges as a significant determinant, as seniors are considerably less likely than teenagers to
favor physical over social roles (Estimate = -64.0801, p < .001, OR = 1.48E-28). The
exceedingly small odds ratio suggests that the likelihood of seniors engaging in physical work
rather than social roles is virtually negligible.

Sex exhibits only a marginal effect, with males being slightly more inclined than females
to prefer physical over social roles (OR = 1.7514, p = 0.081); however, this effect is not
statistically robust. Income level plays a crucial role in shaping occupational preferences, as
individuals earning between 60,000 and 80,000 PHP are significantly more likely (OR = 3.6663,
p = 0.037) to choose physical work over social roles compared to those earning between 10,000
and 20,000 PHP. This finding suggests that higher-income individuals demonstrate a stronger
inclination toward physical work.

Education level is another critical predictor, with high school graduates exhibiting a more
than tenfold likelihood (OR = 10.2856, p = 0.006) of preferring physical roles over social ones
compared to college graduates. This suggests that individuals with lower educational attainment
are more inclined toward physically demanding occupations rather than social
engagement-based roles. Moreover, civil status—particularly divorce—has a profound influence,
as divorced individuals demonstrate an astronomically high likelihood (OR = 5.83E+35, p <
.001) of favoring physical work over social roles. This finding underscores the potential impact of
marital history on occupational preferences, suggesting that life circumstances such as divorce
may significantly shape an individual’s propensity to engage in physically demanding work.

Overall, the results highlight the significant influence of demographic and

socio-economic factors in shaping role preferences. Age remains a dominant predictor, with
older individuals consistently exhibiting a lower likelihood of preferring physical or social roles
over managerial ones. Educational attainment plays a pivotal role, as individuals with lower
education levels are more likely to favor physical and social roles over managerial positions.
Income level is also a key determinant, with higher-income groups displaying a greater
propensity for physical work over managerial or social roles. Gender differences, while present,
exhibit relatively weaker effects in certain cases, with males generally more inclined toward
physical labor. Finally, civil status, particularly divorce, is a uniquely influential factor, with
divorced individuals showing an exceptionally high preference for physical roles over social
ones. These insights provide valuable implications for workforce development, career guidance,
and policymaking, particularly in tailoring job opportunities to demographic profiles.

DISCUSSION

​ Siargao Island has seen a consistent increase in the number of tourists in the past years.
This can be attributed to the natural beauty of the island, adventurous activities, distinct culture,
hospitable natives, and reasonably priced accommodations. However, the increasing number of
tourists has also led to environmental, social, and managerial challenges. To address these
challenges, this study shows the importance of determining the socio-demographic background
of the tourists, and their preferences and experiences to the destination. This study aims to
support effective long-term conservation, management practices, motivate policy-making
interventions and enforcement, and promote sustainable ecotourism development in Siargao
Island.

Socio-demographic Background of the Tourists

​ This study shows that most of the tourists from both local (Central Luzon and Visayas)
and foreign (Western countries) origins come from distant places from Siargao, an urban
environment with high economic activities and accessibility to air and sea travel. It is known that
tourists’ consideration to visit a destination is driven by efficient accessibility of transportation,
ease of travel time, and leisure to escape from city life (Yen et al., 2021). The predominance of
young adults (20-29 years old) suggests that tourism activities in Siargao, such as surfing,
island-hopping, and eco-tourism, are appealing to these younger travelers. This aligns with
global trends where Millennials and Gen Z travelers seek tourism based on social interactions,
adventure, and sustainability (UNWTO, 2020). Younger travelers are more likely to participate in
ecotourism activities, making Siargao’s nature-based attractions a strong pull factor (Cabrini,
2021). Most of the tourists are single travelers, making the island a preferred destination for solo
travel. This is consistent with global tourism trends, where solo travel has increased due to
shifting travel preferences, greater digital connectivity, and the rise of social travel networks
(Bianchi, 2022). The island’s reputation as a safe and friendly destination further supports this
trend, which is essential as female solo travelers have been found to prioritize destinations
perceived as secure (Wilson & Little, 2018). Slightly more than half of the tourists are female,
outnumbering male tourists. This aligns with global travel trends where female travelers are
increasingly dominating the tourism market, particularly in adventure and leisure travel. Women
are projected to control 75% of discretionary spending by 2028 and currently make 82% of
travel decisions (Skift, 2024). Notably, females now constitute 71% of solo travelers (Forbes,
2024). This trend is further evidenced by the growing number of women participating in
adventure travel events, such as the "Hostel Hoolie" in the Scottish Highlands, which cater
specifically to female adventurers (The Guardian, 2025). A small portion of respondents opted
not to disclose their gender, highlighting the importance of inclusivity in tourism studies.

The high representation of professionals, entrepreneurs, and freelancers, especially

among local tourists, makes Siargao a potential hub for digital nomads. Most of the destinations
offering co-working spaces, reliable internet, and a good quality of life are becoming preferred
locations for remote workers and business travelers (Reichenberger, 2021). In response to the
rise of work-from-anywhere policies, Siargao could benefit from expanding digital infrastructure
to attract long-term visitors. The income distribution among tourists includes both
budget-conscious and high-income travelers. While high-income travelers may demand luxury
accommodations and exclusive experiences, middle-income and backpacker travelers require
budget-friendly options such as hostels and shared accommodations (Dolnicar, 2020). This
dual-market demand means tourism stakeholders must balance affordability with quality to
maintain Siargao’s inclusive tourism. Moreover, a portion of local tourists have high purchasing
power, which can influence the tourism economy in Siargao, particularly in terms of
accommodation, dining, and recreational activities. Cultural diversity among foreign tourists
reflects the island’s growing international recognition. Visitors from the United States, Germany,
and France indicate Siargao's strong appeal to Western travelers. The importance of cultural
adaptation in tourism services should be emphasized, including multilingual staff and diverse
cuisine options, to cater to international guests (Hofstede, 2021).

Travel Destinations and its Tourist Engagement in Siargao Island

The study identified Cloud 9 as the most visited tourist site in Siargao Island primarily
due to its international reputation as a premier surfing destination, not only the professional and
amateur surfers but also spectators who would like to explore the adventure of this water sports
tourism through the ideal coastal waves in the area. The island is recognized as the “Surfing
Capital of the Philippines” and a priority for tourism development (Department of Tourism,
2022). The other highly visited sites include the Daku Island, Naked Island and Guyam Island
known as the Tri-Island which are all known for their white sand beaches, clear waters, and
island-hopping experiences which made the transportation accessible. Maasin River and
Magpupungko Rock Pool also attract a significant number of visitors which offer unique
experiences, such as cliff jumping, kayaking and rock pool swimming, catering to
adventure-seekers who prefer a mix of thrill and nature immersion. While it is moderately visited
sites including the Coconut View, Sugba Lagoon, Sohoton Cove, Pacifico Beach, Alegria Beach
and Mamon Island, these sites remain important tourist destinations but receive fewer visitors,
due to its limited accessibility and some of these locations require additional travel
arrangements such as boat transfers, which may not be as convenient for tourists. The least
visited sites such as Bucas Grande Island, Poneas Hidden Island and Taktak Falls are likely
affected by factors such as accessibility issues, limited tourism infrastructure and transportation
options, and lower awareness may contribute to their minimal tourist turnout. Improving
infrastructure, transportation and promotional efforts for these areas could enhance their appeal
and increase visitor numbers over time. Swimming and sightseeing emerged as the most
common activities done by the tourists, which identified water-related activities as primary
attractions in tropical tourism destinations (UNWTO, 2021). Surfing remains a significant
contributor to tourism that strengthens its branding as a top global surfing destination leading to
the increase of tourist arrivals in Siargao (Lopez, 2020). Other activities such as cliff diving,
kayaking, and snorkeling suggest that adventure tourism, while present, is not yet the dominant
focus. Enhancing promotional efforts and infrastructure for these activities could boost their
popularity, similar to successful models observed in Bali (International Labour Organization,
2024).

Tourist sites with shorter travel times, such as Cloud 9 had higher visitation rates. One of
the key factors that tourists consider is accessibility in tourist destination choice (Gursoy &
Kendall, 2006). Remote locations like Sugba Lagoon and Sohoton Cove recorded fewer visitors,
showing the importance of transport infrastructure in tourism development (ILO, 2024). The
study also found that tourists spent the longest time in Cloud 9 and Sohoton Cove , which aligns
with the principle that tourists tend to stay longer in destinations offering extensive activities and
unique experiences (Crouch, 2011). Bucas Grande Island, with an average visit of only 20
minutes, suggests that sites with limited attractions or accessibility barriers result in shorter
stays.

A majority of the respondents express high satisfaction with Siargao’s attractions,

particularly Poneas Hidden Island , Mamon Island, and Pacifico Beach. The role of natural
beauty and well-preserved environments is important in visitor satisfaction (Kozak &
Rimmington, 2000). However, Maasin River received the lowest rating, suggesting potential
areas for improvement in facilities or accessibility. Improving infrastructure and services in
lower-rated destinations can significantly enhance overall tourist satisfaction (Alegre & Garau,
2010).

Physical Setting Attributes

​ The survey results show that presence and quantity of natural attractions are the most
important factor in choosing a travel destination, followed by the area's pristine condition and the
quality of its water. Research has consistently demonstrated that tourists are drawn to places
with special natural features, like waterfalls, caves, and rock formations (Buckley, 2018). The
idea of "naturalness" corresponds with what visitors look for in clean and untouched
environments (Eagles et al., 2002), highlighting that less human interference can enhance the
appeal of ecotourism. Furthermore, water quality is essential for visitor satisfaction, as poor
water conditions can spoil the overall experience in tourist areas (Deng et al., 2019). Although
accessibility ranked lowest, studies indicate that travelers are often willing to travel longer
distances if a destination offers remarkable environmental attractions (Larsen et al., 2013).

Social Setting Attributes

​ The results indicate that tourist safety is the most significant concern, with user density
and behavior of locals following closely behind. Safety in tourism has always been a critical
issue (Tarlow, 2014), as security risks can greatly influence tourists' choices. This is consistent
with findings that ecotourists place a high priority on personal safety compared to other social
factors. Privacy and low visitor density are also appreciated, supporting previous research that
shows overcrowding can negatively affect nature-based tourism experiences (Manning, 2011).
While the friendliness of locals was rated as the least important, studies suggest it still plays a
role in tourist satisfaction and the success of community-based tourism (Goodwin & Santilli,
2009). However, in the context of ecotourism, direct interaction with nature tends to hold greater
importance than social interactions (Reimer & Walter, 2013).

Managerial Setting Attributes

​ The findings show that cleanliness and proper maintenance are the most important
factors in management, followed by the availability of tourism facilities, while conservation
efforts were rated the least important. Cleanliness and effective waste disposal have a
significant impact on visitor satisfaction in protected areas, when visitors encounter clean
environments with proper waste management, they are more likely to have positive
experiences, which can influence their likelihood of returning and recommending the area to
others. Cleanliness not only supports health and safety but also reflects the commitment of
management to preserving the environment, enhancing the visitor's connection to nature
(Ceballos-Lascuráin, 1996). The significance of tourism facilities is in line with research
suggesting that basic services like restrooms and food services enhance the visitor experience,
even though they are not the main draw of ecotourism (Sharpley & Pearce, 2007). The lower
rating for conservation efforts may be because tourists often expect these to be handled by
authorities without needing direct involvement in their decision-making (Balmford et al., 2009).

Importance of Physical, Social, and Managerial Attributes

​ The average ratings show that the physical setting is the most important aspect of
ecotourism, followed by social and management factors. These results supported the study that
found natural features have a greater impact on choosing a destination than social or
management aspects (Newsome et al. 2012). While social factors like safety play a role in the
overall experience, tourists primarily focus on the quality of the natural environment (Kuenzi &
McNeely, 2008). Likewise, while managerial aspects such as the availability of facilities are
valued, they do not play a major role in decision-making (Buckley, 2011).

Evaluation of Experiences Based on Quality of Setting Attributes

​ The study reveals that easy access, travel time, and safety are the most important
factors for visitors. This is consistent with previous research showing that accessibility greatly
affects satisfaction, particularly in remote ecotourism locations (Leung et al., 2018). Safety is
also a crucial factor in tourism, especially for adventure and nature experiences (Pizam &
Mansfeld, 2006). Other key points, such as water quality and space availability, support findings
that clean environments and a feeling of exclusivity enhance nature tourism (Orams, 1995). The
attributes rated the lowest, like tourism facilities and conservation efforts, further emphasize that
tourists often value natural beauty more than man-made structures (Higham & Carr, 2002).

Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis

A. Physical vs. Managerial Preferences

Age significantly influences tourists' preferences for physical and managerial attributes in
ecotourism. Findings indicate that adults and young adults are more likely than teenagers to
prioritize natural attractions, beach visits, water activities, and adventure tourism. This supports
research showing that older tourists favor immersive, nature-based experiences, while younger
travelers prefer structured environments with well-maintained facilities and clear regulations
(Carvache-Franco et al., 2019). Additionally, travel motivations shift with age, as older travelers
prioritize scenic landscapes and ecological authenticity over administrative concerns (H et al.,
2018). These findings suggest that Siargao’s tourism management should implement targeted
programs that balance natural preservation with effective site management (Carvache-Franco et
al., 2021).

Gender-based differences were also evident, with male tourists significantly more likely
to prioritize physical attributes, reinforcing prior research on men’s preference for outdoor and
adventure tourism (Lian & Fiffy Hanisdah, 2021). Siargao’s key attractions, such as surfing,
island-hopping, and trekking, are largely male-dominated, explaining this inclination. In contrast,
female tourists exhibited a stronger preference for managerial attributes, such as cleanliness,
structured regulations, and available tourism services. Studies indicate that women prioritize
safety, accessibility, and service quality, favoring structured environments (Carvache-Franco et
al., 2022). These findings highlight the need for gender-sensitive tourism strategies that balance
adventure offerings with well-managed and secure environments.

Income level also plays a significant role, as lower-income tourists prioritize managerial
attributes, such as structured site maintenance and service-oriented infrastructure, over physical
aspects (Beaumont, 2011). Conversely, wealthier travelers value the intrinsic appeal of natural
landscapes and adventure experiences (Carrascosa-López et al., 2021). As Siargao attracts an
increasing number of high-spending travelers, tourism planners must balance ecological
preservation with efficient managerial frameworks to maintain accessibility while enhancing
visitor experiences.

Civil status further influences preferences, with married individuals significantly more
likely to prioritize physical over managerial attributes. This suggests that married tourists,
especially those traveling with families, seek destinations that offer nature-based recreation,
cultural experiences, and environmental immersion rather than structured tourism policies
(Machnik, 2021). Research confirms that family travelers favor nature-driven experiences that
promote interaction and shared enjoyment (Carvache-Franco et al., 2021). In contrast, single
tourists prefer structured site management, possibly due to their emphasis on safety and
convenience. These differences highlight the need for tailored tourism campaigns and travel
packages catering to diverse demographics.

Interestingly, nationality did not significantly impact tourists’ preferences, suggesting that
both local and international visitors share similar inclinations toward physical and managerial
attributes. This challenges assumptions that cultural background strongly influences ecotourism
motivations and aligns with findings indicating that globalization and increased travel
accessibility have homogenized tourist expectations (UNWTO, 2021). Siargao’s global
reputation as a premier ecotourism destination may contribute to this trend, with tourists
primarily drawn to its natural beauty and adventure tourism offerings.

B. Social vs. Managerial Preferences

Age emerged as a significant predictor of tourist preferences, with older tourists

significantly less likely than teenagers to favor social attributes (p < 0.001, OR = 1.48E-28). This
finding aligns with research suggesting that younger ecotourists prioritize interactive
experiences, such as engaging with local communities and participating in cultural activities,
whereas older tourists prefer structured tourism frameworks focused on environmental
conservation and regulatory policies (Siregar & Selwendri, 2024). Additionally, studies indicate
that younger tourists often value social engagement and cultural authenticity, making them more
inclined toward tourism experiences that facilitate direct interaction with local populations
(Pineda et al., 2023).

Gender differences in preferences were observed but were not statistically significant (p
= 0.081, OR = 1.7514). While male tourists showed a slightly higher likelihood of prioritizing
social over managerial aspects, the effect was not strong enough to be conclusive. Research
suggests that men are more inclined toward adventurous and socially engaging tourism
experiences, while women are more likely to value structured tourism management and safety
considerations (Cheung & Jim, 2013). Although gender may not play a decisive role in
preference formation, these findings imply that tourism managers in Siargao should still
incorporate gender-sensitive strategies that balance opportunities for social engagement with
structured regulatory frameworks.

Income level significantly influenced tourist preferences, with those earning between
PHP 60,000 and 80,000 per month being more likely (p = 0.037, OR = 3.6663) to prioritize
social over managerial attributes. This suggests that higher-income tourists are more inclined to
engage with local communities and cultural experiences rather than relying on structured
management frameworks. Previous studies indicate that wealthier travelers favor immersive,
community-based tourism, as it allows them to experience cultural authenticity while contributing
to local economies (Zong et al., 2017). Similarly, research highlights that high-income tourists
perceive social interactions as a crucial component of an enriching ecotourism experience,
making them more likely to participate in activities that foster local engagement (Kaffashi et al.,
2015).

Education level also played a significant role in shaping preferences, with high school
graduates being more than ten times (p = 0.006, OR = 10.2856) more likely than college
graduates to prioritize social over managerial attributes. This suggests that individuals with
lower educational attainment may derive greater satisfaction from hands-on social and cultural
experiences rather than from well-structured tourism governance. Supporting this, previous
studies report that lower-educated tourists often seek more immersive cultural engagements,
whereas those with higher education levels tend to be more concerned with conservation
management and regulatory frameworks (Kaffashi et al., 2015). These findings underscore the
importance of tailoring marketing strategies based on tourists' educational backgrounds to
ensure that both social and managerial elements are adequately addressed.

Interestingly, civil status did not significantly influence tourist preferences (p = 0.218, OR
= 1.7205), suggesting that marital status does not play a major role in shaping preferences for
social versus managerial tourism attributes. This contrasts with prior research indicating that
married tourists, particularly those traveling with families, may favor structured tourism
environments with clear regulations and safety measures (Torres-Sovero et al., 2011). The lack
of statistical significance in this study suggests that other demographic factors, such as age,
income, and education, may exert a stronger influence on tourist preferences in Siargao’s
ecotourism landscape.

C. Physical vs. Social Preferences

Tourist preferences in ecotourism are influenced by various socio-demographic factors,

shaping the way individuals engage with destinations. One of the most significant factors
affecting these preferences is age, as younger tourists tend to prioritize physically immersive
activities, while older visitors often prefer socially engaging experiences. The findings indicate
that older tourists were significantly less likely than teenagers to prioritize physical attributes (p <
0.001). This aligns with research showing that younger tourists are more inclined toward
adventure-driven activities such as trekking, wildlife viewing, and water-based experiences,
while older tourists favor cultural immersion and interactions with local communities (Siregar &
Selwendri, 2024). Similarly, previous studies suggest that younger ecotourists are more likely to
engage in high-intensity outdoor recreation, whereas older tourists place greater value on
environmental education and structured tourism experiences (Jaafar et al., 2014). These
findings suggest that ecotourism managers in Siargao should design programs catering to both
adventure-seeking younger tourists and older visitors seeking meaningful social connections.

Although gender differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.081), there was a
slight tendency for male tourists to prefer physical attributes over social ones. Research
indicates that men are more likely to engage in physically demanding activities such as hiking,
diving, and extreme sports, whereas women demonstrate a stronger inclination toward socially
driven tourism, including community-based experiences and cultural learning (Ching et al.,
2019). While gender may not be a primary determinant of tourist preferences, these findings
suggest that tourism planners in Siargao should consider offering diverse activity options that
appeal to both adventure-seeking tourists and those looking for cultural enrichment.

Income level emerged as another crucial determinant of tourist preferences. The study
found that tourists earning between PHP 60,000 and 80,000 per month were significantly more
likely to prefer physical attributes over social ones (p = 0.037, OR = 3.6663). This supports
findings indicating that high-income travelers tend to seek premium nature-based experiences,
such as private guided expeditions, exclusive eco-lodges, and high-adrenaline adventure
activities (Hearne & Santos, 2005). Conversely, lower-income tourists often prioritize
cost-effective social interactions, such as cultural exchanges and locally guided experiences,
which provide a sense of authenticity and deeper community engagement (Cheung & Jim,
2013). These findings highlight the importance of offering a range of ecotourism experiences
that cater to different economic segments, ensuring accessibility for budget-conscious travelers
while maintaining high-end experiences for affluent tourists.

Education level was also found to significantly influence preferences, with high school
graduates being over ten times (p = 0.006, OR = 10.2856) more likely than college graduates to
prefer physical over social attributes. This aligns with research suggesting that individuals with
lower educational attainment tend to favor physically engaging tourism experiences, such as
outdoor recreation and nature-based adventure, whereas those with higher education levels are
more likely to appreciate cultural and intellectual tourism (Cini et al., 2010). This pattern
indicates the need for ecotourism planners in Siargao to develop targeted marketing and
communication strategies that align with different educational backgrounds. Adventure-oriented
marketing strategies may appeal more to less-educated tourists, while messaging that
emphasizes cultural and historical significance may be more effective for highly educated
travelers.

An interesting and notable finding in this study was the effect of civil status on tourist
preferences. Divorced individuals were significantly more likely to prioritize physical settings
over social ones (p < 0.001, OR = 5.83E+35). This suggests that divorced travelers may be
drawn to solitary, nature-immersive experiences, possibly as a form of personal renewal and
self-discovery. Previous research has observed similar patterns in solo travel motivations, where
divorced and single tourists often seek opportunities for self-reflection and personal adventure
through outdoor activities rather than structured social interactions (Mafi et al., 2019). This
highlights the potential for Siargao to market its ecotourism offerings to solo travelers, promoting
experiences that provide both solitude and adventure, such as remote island tours, surfing, and
wilderness exploration.
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSION

​ Siargao Island ecotourism attracts a wide variety of tourists, mainly young adults, solo
female travelers, and digital workers, reflecting global tourism trends favoring adventure, social
interactions and flexible travel through remote work opportunities. The reputation of the island
as a premier surfing destination, particularly in Cloud 9 and the rising popularity of Pacifico
Beach in Burgos, remains a major draw, complemented by island-hopping experiences and
ecotourism attractions. Accessibility plays an important role in the consideration of the tourists to
visit the site, by which highly accessible sites receive greater tourist engagement, while remote
locations face challenges due to infrastructure limitations. Despite overall high visitor
satisfaction, certain areas such the Maasin River require improvements to enhance the tourist
experience. The study emphasized the need for strategic tourism development, including
infrastructure enhancement, digital connectivity expansion, and promotional efforts for
lesser-known attractions, to ensure inclusivity and achieve sustainable tourism growth in the
island.

In a physical setting, presence and quantity of natural attractions are the primary
attributes in destination choice, underscoring the need for conservation and sustainable
management. Tourists favor minimally disturbed areas, aligning with ecotourism principles that
promote the preservation of landscapes, seascape and water quality to enhance satisfaction. In
terms of social setting, tourist safety is the main concern, followed by user density and behavior
of locals, consistent with research showing the significance of safety and privacy in tourism
areas. While interactions with locals are deemed less important, they still play a crucial role in
the context of ecotourism, suggesting that a welcoming environment enhances the overall
experience. From a managerial setting, cleanliness and maintenance are the top priorities, with
facility availability also important. Tourists value well-maintained sites that reflect effective
management, though there is less expectation for visitors to engage directly in conservation
efforts. Physical setting received the highest score followed by social and managerial aspects.
This emphasizes the need to balance conservation with visitor expectations, ensuring that
natural attractions are protected while offering necessary infrastructure and safety. Future
strategies should maintain ecological integrity while improving the visitor experience through
sustainable practices.
 Furthermore, socio-demographic of the tourists is one of the contributing factors in
shaping tourist preferences in Siargao’s ecotourism sector. Specifically, age, income, education
level, and civil status significantly influence whether tourists prioritize physical, social, or
managerial attributes, thereby highlighting the need for targeted tourism strategies. Younger
tourists and high-income travelers exhibit a strong preference for adventure-based and
exclusive nature experiences, whereas older, lower-income, and highly educated tourists favor
structured, socially immersive, and conservation-oriented tourism. Hence, the growing niche of
solo and divorced travelers presents an opportunity to develop personalized ecotourism
offerings tailored to their unique travel motivations. Given these findings, it is essential to adopt
a balanced approach to tourism development—one that seamlessly integrates adventure,
cultural heritage, environmental sustainability, and inclusive tourism policies. By doing so,
Siargao can enhance visitor satisfaction while simultaneously preserving its ecological and
socio-cultural integrity, ensuring its long-term viability as a premier ecotourism destination.

RECOMMENDATIONS

​ This survey may be considered as a baseline study on the recent condition of the
ecotourism of Siargao Island which is based on the tourist preferences and experiences. The
findings will guide decision-makers in identifying the recent issues that need to be addressed,
the opportunities that need to be improved and to the potential gaps that need to be filled. It is
essential to conduct continuous assessment and monitoring of the physical attributes of each
tourist attraction. This can be done through regular evaluation of the natural environment,
including water quality, landscape conditions, and ecological health, which will help preserve the
island’s natural beauty and maintain its appeal to visitors. Conservation efforts should prioritize
the protection of minimally disturbed areas while balancing tourism development to enhance
visitor satisfaction. Also, performing valuation studies such as the travel cost method can help
determine the recreational value of each site in monetary terms. Understanding the economic
benefits derived from tourism will assist stakeholders in making informed decisions on resource
allocation, pricing strategies, and investment in infrastructure. With the increasing tourist arrivals
and tourism activities, assessing the carrying capacity of tourist destinations is equally important
to prevent overcrowding and environmental degradation. Evaluating existing management
practices and their effectiveness will help identify potential gaps in policies and operational
strategies. Through this approach, tourism stakeholders can develop well-informed policies and
action plans that enhance the quality of attractions, improve visitor satisfaction, and promote
responsible tourism.
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