Scribd
Upload
12 views15 pages

Meridians and Bearing

The document discusses meridians and bearings, explaining their definitions, types, and the instruments used in compass surveying. It covers the differences between whole circle bearing and reduced bearing, as well as the concept of magnetic declination. The conclusion emphasizes the independence of bearing measurements and the potential inaccuracies in compass surveys.

Uploaded by

PRAMILA SHRESTHA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views15 pages

Meridians and Bearing

The document discusses meridians and bearings, explaining their definitions, types, and the instruments used in compass surveying. It covers the differences between whole circle bearing and reduced bearing, as well as the concept of magnetic declination. The conclusion emphasizes the independence of bearing measurements and the potential inaccuracies in compass surveys.

Uploaded by

PRAMILA SHRESTHA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

MERIDIANS AND

BEARING

Presented by: Muna Pandey


Pramila Shrestha
Table of contents Meridian and line of
reference 01
Designation of bearing
02
Types of bearing
03
Instruments
04
Conclusion
05
Meridians
● A north to south, fixed reference line in geographical
poles of the earth

● “Meridian" derived from latin word “Meridies”,


meaning "midday“
● In compass, surveying directions of survey lines
determined with a compass & length of the lines
measured with a tape/chain
● Angle measured by compass is compass traversing.

● The Relative directions of lines connecting survey


points may be obtained in a variety of ways.
● Left figure-lines intersecting at a point.
● The direction of any line w.r.t an adjacent line- horizontal angle between the 2 lines
& the direction of rotation.
● Right figure- same system of lines but with all the angles measured from a line of
reference (O-M).
● The direction of any line w.r.t line of reference- angle between the lines & its
direction of rotation.
Bearing

● Gives the direction of a line w.r.t the reference


meridian.
● Horizontal angle made by a line with magnetic
N or S
● Gives direction of a line w.r.t reference meridian
● For example, if a line has a bearing of S 47° E,
the bearing angle 47° is measured from the
south meridian eastward.
Line of reference used in meridian

1. Astronomical or true meridians

● Line passing through geographic N & S pole &


observer’s position
● Position is fixed
● Established by astronomical observations
● Amount of convergence between meridians
depends on the distance from the equator & the
longitude between the meridian
● Used for land boundary
● Tangle between true meridian & a line- true
bearing of the line(azimuth)

● Angle on the horizontal plane


between magnetic N & true N is declination
● angle varies depending on position on the Earth's
surface and changes over time. These changes are:
a. Secular change
b. Annual change
c. Diurnal change
d. Irregular change

● Also known as magnetic deviation

Example: if the boat is aligned to magnetic north and


the compass' north mark points 3° more east, deviation
is +3°
2. Magnetic meridian
● Line passing through the direction shown by freely
suspended magnetic needle.
● Position varies with time
● Affected by magnetic substances
● Do not make good lines of reference
● Angle between the magnetic meridian and a line is
magnetic bearing.

● General equation relating magnetic


bearing,true,bearings & declination

Magnetic bearing ± declination= true bearing (‘+’ if


declination is E & ‘ -’ if declination is W)
3. Grid meridian

● Convenient to perform in coordinate


system in plane survey, where one central
meridian coincides with true meridian.
● All remaining meridians are parallel to
this central true meridian.
● All measurements are projected to a
horizontal plane & that all meridians are
parallel straight line are grid meridians.
● Horizontal angle made by line with grid
meridian is grid bearing

The Oregon Coordinate System is a grid system.


4. Arbitrary or assumed meridian
● Line passing through the direction towards
some permanent point of reference
● Used for survey of limited extent
● Meridians can’t be re-established if points
lost
● Angle between arbitrary meridian & a line is
arbitrary bearing of the line.

Instruments for compass surveying

● Prismatic compass
● Surveyor compass

Prismatic compass Surveyor compass


DESIGNATION DIFFERENCES
WHOLE CIRCLE BEARING REDUCED BEARING
Horizontal angle made by survey line with Horizontal angle made by survey line with
magnetic north magnetic north & south

Known as azimuthal system Known as quadrantal system

Value ranges from 0° to 360° Value ranges from 0° to 90°

FB-BB=180° FB=-BB

Magnetic N as a reference line Magnetic N & S as a reference line

Examples: 30°, 45°,180°,240° Examples: N35°E,S45°E, N90°W


Relation between Bearing
N.E. Quadrant:Bearing = Azimuth

S.E. Quadrant: 180° - Azimuth = Bearing

180° - Bearing = Azimuth


& Azimuth
S.W. Quadrant: Bearing + 180°= Azimuth

Azimuth - 180° = Bearing

N.W. Quadrant: 360° - Azimuth = Bearing

360° - Bearing = Azimuth

WCB between QB rule Quadrant

I. 0-90° WCB NE
°
Ii. 90-180 180°-WCB SE

III. 180-270 WCB- 180° SW


° 360°-WCB
IV. 270-360 NW
Conclusion

● Each bearing is determined independently of the other & therefore, errors


do not accurate but tend to compensate
● Bearing of a line can be observed from any point on it
● Reading can be very inaccurate therefore compass survey are used where
less precision required.
● Compass is read at each point & BB is equally taken to serve as a check
which continues until the traverse closes.
RESOURCES

● https://www.slideshare.net/ankit5597/types-of-bearing
● https://readcivil.com/bearing-in-surveying-definition-types-and-designation-of-bearing/
● https://www.flatironsinc.com/services/learn/bearings.php
● https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(angle)
● http://www.ce.memphis.edu/1112/notes/project_3/traverse/Surveying_angles.pdf
● https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_declination
● http://www.expertsmind.com/topic/definitions-and-important-terms/true-bearing-and-reduced-beari
ng-915876.aspx
● https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=tsGIMln59Wc
● https://learncst.com/meridian-definitions/
THANK YOU!!!

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy