POLICY IMPLEMENTATION OF REGULATORY

ORDINANCES IN BATANGAS CITY

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of
College of Accountancy, Business, Economics, and
International Hospitality Management of
Batangas State University
Pablo Borbon Campus

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Public Administration

By:
Elvin Mark Johann Cuevillas
Phauline Rose S. De Castro
Jomar V. De Roxas

November 2024
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis, POLICY IMPLEMENTATION OF REGULATORY ORDINANCES IN

BATANGAS CITY prepared and submitted by Elvin Mark Johan Cuevillas, Phauline
Rose S. De Castro, and Jomar V. De Roxas in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the degree Bachelor of Public Administration, has been examined and is recommended
for acceptance for oral examination.

MARIA THERESA A.HERNANDEZ, MPA

Adviser

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ______

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

LORENA F. MENDOZA, DPA

Chairperson

CAMILO C. ALULOD, Ph.D. NORJEHANNE N. JAMAEL

Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor
of Public Administration

_________________ BENDALYN M. LANDICHO, Ph.D., AFBE

Date Dean, CABEIHM

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers sincerely acknowledge the following people with gratitude who

unselfishly extend their untiring support, help, and guidance for the realization of this

work: First to the Almighty God, the author of knowledge and wisdom, for his

countless love. Who bestowed the researchers the gift of perseverance, knowledge, and

skills, and the people who also serve as his instruments for these accomplishments

To Maria Theresa A. Hernandez, for providing invaluable guidance throughout this

research. Her dynamism, vision, sincerity, and motivation have deeply inspired the

researchers.

To Lorena F. Mendoza, the chairperson of the Panel of Examines, for the constant

reminders and motivation to keep the researchers on the right track until the completion

of this study.

To Dr. Camilo C. Alulod and Norjehanne N. Jamael, the panel members, for sharing

their field of expertise with the researcher to improve this research. \

The respondents, the LGUs’ employees in Batangas City Hall for their willingness to

spend their time with us to answer our interview questions.

To their family and loved ones, for showing their love, patience, support, and

understanding and for making them more inspired and eager to achieve this success.

Thank you very much!

3
 DEDICATION

This study is wholeheartedly dedicated to our ALMIGHTY GOD, who gave us

the wisdom, knowledge, and strength we need in conducting this study. To our beloved

parents and family, who serve as our inspiration and continuously become our

motivation through hard times. And lastly, to all our friends and classmates, who gave

us support and extended their knowledge with us; without their love and support, this

research would have not been possible.

Thank you very much!

E.M.J.C

P.R.S.D.C

J.V.D.R

4
 ABSTRACT

This study examines the implementation of regulatory ordinances in Batangas

City, focusing on the perspectives of Local Government Unit (LGU) employees

responsible for policy enforcement. Using a descriptive research design, the study

explores respondents' profiles (age, sex, civil status, length of service, office, and

position) and assesses policy implementation in terms of communication, resources,

tendencies and behaviors, and bureaucratic structures. A researcher-developed survey

questionnaire, distributed to 212 respondents selected through stratified random

sampling, served as the primary data collection tool.

The findings reveal that the majority of respondents are married females aged 31–

35, with 3–4 years of service, primarily employed in the City Health Office. Respondents

rated communication as the most effective aspect of policy implementation, followed by

resources, bureaucratic structures, and tendencies and behaviors. Statistical analysis

indicates that while demographic factors like age and sex do not significantly influence

perceptions of policy implementation, organizational variables such as length of service

and position play a notable role. Effective ordinances include those promoting gender

equality, protecting women's rights, and ensuring opportunities for marginalized

populations. To enhance public awareness and engagement, the study recommends the

development of interactive communication strategies and formal tools that foster active

participation and compliance, ensuring sustainable implementation of regulatory

ordinances in Batangas City.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii

DEDICATION iv

ABSTRACT v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF FIGURES xi

I. THE PROBLEM

Introduction 1

Statement of the Problem 3

Hypothesis of the Study 3

Scope, Delimitation and Limitation of the Study 4

Significance of the Study 4

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Conceptual Literature 6

Research Literature 11

Theoretical Framework 17

Conceptual Framework 19

Definition of Terms 20
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Environment 23

Research Design 23

Respondents of the Study 24

Data Gathering Instrument 24

Data Gathering Procedure 26

Statistical Treatment of Data 27

Ethical Considerations 28

IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Distribution of Respondents by Age

29

Distribution of Respondents by Sex

30

Distribution of Respondents by Civil Status

32

Distribution of Respondents by Length of Service

33

Distribution of the Respondents by Office

35

Distribution of the Respondents by Position

36
Assessment on Policy Implementation in terms Communication

38

Assessment on the Policy Implementation in terms of Resources

42

Assessment on Policy Implementation in terms of Tendencies and

Behaviors

48

Assessment on Policy Implementation in terms of Bureaucratic

Structures

53

Differences on the Assessment of the Policy Implementation when grouped

according to Sex

58

Differences on the Assessment of the Policy Implementation when grouped

according to Age

60

Differences on the Assessment of Policy Implementation when grouped

according to Civil Status

63

Differences on the Assessment of Policy Implementation when grouped

according to Length of Service

65

Differences on the Assessment of Policy Implementation when grouped

 according to Office

67

Differences on the Assessment of Policy Implementation when grouped

according to Position

70

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary 81

Conclusions 82

Recommendations 83

REFERENCES 85

APPENDICES

BIOGRAPHIC SKETCH

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page

1 Reliability 26

2 Scoring and Interpretation 26

3 Distribution of Respondents by Age

29

4 Distribution of Respondents by Sex

30
5 Distribution of Respondents by Civil Status

32

6 Distribution of Respondents by Length of Service

33

7 Distribution of the Respondents by Office

35

8 Distribution of the Respondents by Position

36

9 Assessment on Policy Implementation in terms Communication

38

10 Assessment on the Policy Implementation in terms of Resources

43

11 Assessment on Policy Implementation in terms of Tendencies and

Behaviors

49

12 Assessment on Policy Implementation in terms of Bureaucratic

Structures

54

13 Differences on the Assessment of the Policy Implementation when

grouped according to Sex

59

14 Differences on the Assessment of the Policy Implementation when

grouped according to Age

 61

15 Differences on the Assessment of Policy Implementation when

grouped according to Civil Status

63

16 Differences on the Assessment of Policy Implementation when

grouped according to Length of Service

65

17 Differences on the Assessment of Policy Implementation when

grouped according to Office

67

18 Differences on the Assessment of Policy Implementation when

grouped according to Position

70

19 Regulatory Ordinances, Rules and Regulations and Penalties

73

20 Information Dissemination about Policy Implementation of

Regulatory Ordinances in Batangas City

78
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page

1 Edward III Policy Implementation Model

2 Conceptual Paradigm for Policy Implementation of

Regulatory Ordinances in Batangas City

 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

The successful execution of regulatory laws is critical to attaining policy goals and

maintaining societal well-being. However, translating policy purpose into practical consequences

is a difficult process that frequently disrupts the fulfillment of planned societal advantages.

Through this study, the researchers investigated the multidimensional character of regulating

ordinance implementation, examining the interplay of elements that lead to both successful and

failed outcomes. The researchers at the crucial function of policy design, taking into account the

clarity, feasibility, and enforceability of ordinances. Furthermore, they analyzed implementing

agencies' capacity by examining their resources, knowledge, and institutional structures. The

analysis also took into account the impact of public involvement and stakeholder buy-in,

emphasizing the importance of collaboration and communication in ensuring compliance and

widespread adoption.

Policy implementation is crucial for creating ordinances, influenced by community

engagement, authorities' execution, resource utilization, public communication, and observed

behaviors. It depends on effectiveness, communication with the public, and observed behaviors.

Known for its growing businesses, dynamic tourism sector, and rich cultural legacy, Batangas

City is a bustling metropolitan hub situated in the province of Batangas. The necessity for well-

executed regulatory regulations grows as the city's growth and development continue to pick up

speed. Land use, zoning, waste management, transportation, and public health are just a few of

the concerns that these rules seek to solve.

 For instance, as referenced by Del Rosario et al. (2017), one of the ordinances aimed at

promoting the well-being of all is the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management ordinance. This

ordinance is enforced in municipalities to ensure clean and organized communities. Its goal is to

create an eco-friendly environment and cultivate positive behaviors among the residents

regarding cleanliness and waste segregation. A similar international ordinance resembling the

Comprehensive Solid Waste Management can be

seen in Singapore. The Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) Facility was established to

efficiently reduce, collect, recycle, and dispose of waste in the country.

As stated in Republic Act No. 4136, the Philippines has a comprehensive collection of traffic

laws, which include the Land Transportation and Traffic Code, Metro Manila Traffic Code,

Highway Code, Local Traffic Codes, and Traffic Code for Special Areas. These laws include

speed limits, road signage, parking requirements, and driver obligations. Other major traffic

regulations include Anti-Distracted Driving Act, Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act, Seat Belt

Use Act, Children's Safety on Motorcycles Act, and Motorcycle Helmet Act. Compliance with

these laws is critical for a safe driving environment.

Lastly, according to the RA 9211, also known as The Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003

defines "public place" is defined as enclosed areas of hospitals, medical clinics, schools, public

transportation terminals, offices, and other buildings. It applies an absolute smoking ban to

certain public places, including youth activity centers, elevators, fire hazards, public

conveyances, and public facilities, except for separate smoking areas. The ban applies to public

conveyances and facilities, including airport and ship terminals, train and bus stations,

restaurants, and conference halls. Smoking in prohibited areas can result in penalties ranging
from Php 500 to Php 10,000, with the possibility of a franchise or business permit

cancellation/revocation.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to know how policy implementation of regulatory ordinances in

Batangas City works. Specifically, this sought answers for the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. Age;

1.2. Sex;

1.3. Civil Status;

1.4. Length of service;

1.5. Office; and

1.6. Position?

2. What is the assessment of policy implementation in terms of:

2.1. Communication

2.2. Resources

2.3. Tendencies and Behaviors

2.4. Bureaucratic structures

3. Is there a significant difference in the assessment of the respondents on policy

implementation?

4. What communication materials can be developed in disseminating information on policy

implementation of regulatory ordinances in Batangas City?

Hypothesis of the Study

The study tested the following hypothesis:

Ho1: There is no significant difference in the assessment of policy implementation.

Scope, Delimitation and Limitation of the Study

The study discussed and analyzed the policy implementation of regulatory ordinances in

Batangas City addressing various issues such as land use, zoning, waste management,

transportation and public health. It aimed to know the implementation of ordinances. The

respondents of the study involved implementers of the ordinances and conducted in Batangas

City. The conclusions drawn from this study may not apply universally to other settings or

circumstances, owing to variations in regulations, socioeconomic variables, or urban planning.

This study was explicitly limited to 212 local government employees from different

offices, including offices of the Sangguniang Panlungsod, City Health Office (CHO), Business

Permit and Licensing Office (BPLO), Transportation Development and Regulatory Office

(TDRO), City Environment and Natural Resources (CENRO) in the Batangas City Hall. It

focused on this group to gain insights into the implementation of regulatory ordinances in

Batangas City. The timeframe for data collection and analysis was limited to recent years leading

up to the present to ensure the relevance and accuracy of the findings.

This research relied on the perspective of the 212 respondents from Batangas City Hall

and may not be generalized to other populations. The data collection method involved a survey

questionnaire. Limitations may arise from the self-reported nature of responses.

Significance of the Study

 This study aimed to provide insights about policy implementation of the regulatory

ordinances. It was deemed beneficial to the Local Government Units (LGUs) employees who are

implementing ordinances because it will help them understand how the City's regulatory

ordinances and policies are implemented.

This study will be beneficial to the residents of Batangas City for this research aims to

inform the residents about the implementation and importance of this study, to educate them

more about this to avoid violations in present ordinances that are being implemented.

Additionally, it can assist them in identifying different aspects of the study that may have an

influence on their day-to-day existence as inhabitants of the study location.

This study will be beneficial to future researchers for the outcome of this study will

provide them with information about the study of policy implementation of regulatory

ordinances in Batangas City. They can also apply this study to their research in order to make a

thorough study in the future. They can also use this study as a related study for a similar study

they’d conduct in the future or any of the information in the study to use as a guide for similar

studies in the future.

This study helped the present researches to go deep in the implementation process and

understand the dynamics of policy implementation, development of frameworks, and in

identifying practices and gaps in knowledge.

This study will benefit the policy-makers through information that this study provides

such evidence-informed decision making, improving policy design and implementation, and in

ensuring accountability and transparency.

 Chapter II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Conceptual Literature

The researcher made every effort to locate additional relevant sources for their work from

international sources to broaden the researcher's perspective. The investigators found the

following few related ideas on the ongoing research throughout their careful browsing.

Considering how few in number they are, their importance cannot be underappreciated due to

their significant contribution to guiding researchers. As a result of the problem analysis, they are

verified and made accessible here.

Policy Implementation Assessment/Evaluation

The process of public policy-making holds a pivotal role in the global community,

affecting individuals worldwide. Fundamentally, governments formulate policies through

legislative bodies, subsequently executed by public servants. These policies wield influence over

various aspects of citizens' lives, encompassing voting procedures, parking regulations, and the

definition of legal offenses. Public policy emerges as a response by government entities to real-

world challenges, exhibiting variations influenced by political ideologies or the nature of the

issue at hand. Typically, policies are crafted in reaction to existing problems, outlining

governmental actions aimed at resolution, often taking the form of new laws, municipal
ordinances, or regulatory measures. The primary objective of policy formulation is to enhance

the quality of life for the populace, steering them towards predetermined societal objectives.

While policy ideas may originate externally, the responsibility of policy creation ultimately rests

with public officials (Bautista, 2023).

Policy evaluation entails a systematic examination of various policies, encompassing

their content, implementation, outcomes, and effects. This process plays a crucial role in

enhancing policy development by fostering continuous learning and ensuring accountability

(Development Academy of the Philippines, 2024).

Meanwhile, cited by Ranche in 2023 from Philippine Statistics Authority, the Philippine

Statistics Committee's 2022 analysis of local ordinances in the Central Luzon region revealed

patterns and trends, revealing themes like environmental sustainability, urban development,

public health, and socioeconomic advancement. This data-driven analysis improved

policymaking and governance.

In addition to that, Evert Vedung's 2017 book, Public Policy and Program Evaluation,

provides a comprehensive examination of evaluation as a strategy in public governance. Written

from a political science perspective, the book explores the possibilities and limitations of public

sector evaluation, focusing on models of evaluation, impact assessment, and evaluation methods.

Vedung discusses topics such as the role of evaluation in rational decision-making, the

distinction between internal and external evaluation, and the use of social experimentation in

impact assessment. The book serves as a valuable resource for understanding how systematic

evaluation can inform policy decisions and improve governmental actions.

The article by Hudson et al., (2019), titled "Policy failure and the policy implementation

gap: Can policy support programs help?", explored the persistent challenges of translating policy
objectives into effective outcomes, known as the policy implementation gap. This gap emerged

when policies fail to achieve their intended results due to factors such as inadequate resources,

poor planning, lack of stakeholder engagement, and a mismatch between policy design and real-

world contexts. The authors examined the causes of policy failure and argue that policy support

programs, which provide resources, expertise, and frameworks, can help narrow this gap by

addressing challenges during the implementation phase. They emphasized the importance of

dynamic and flexible approaches to policy design, continuous learning, and collaboration

between policymakers and practitioners to improve policy outcomes. By proposing strategies to

bridge the implementation gap, the article offered valuable insights for policymakers and public

administrators seeking to enhance governance and the effectiveness of public policies.

Communication

According to the Global Government Forum, (2023), high quality communication is an

integral component of the policy development process. Internally, with Government Ministers

and Senior Officials, it will make for better decisions. The seminar underscored the importance

of clear communication both internally, among policymakers and senior officials, and externally,

with stakeholders, to enhance decision-making and maximize the impact of policies. The course

also addressed challenges such as misinformation and the importance of stakeholder engagement

in ensuring policy success. This reinforced the idea that strong communication strategies are

essential for navigating the complexities of public policy, ensuring that policies are understood,

accepted, and effectively implemented.

Additionally, communication serves as a focal point in policymaking, evident through the

endeavors of governmental and non-governmental entities to enlighten and educate diverse

audiences on societal issues. Efficient public policy communications play a pivotal role in
facilitating the realization of policy goals. It is essential that transparency and proactive

communication in public policy remain fundamental elements within the prevailing operational

framework of many developing nations' governments (Quy & Ha, 2018). It plays a vital role in

effectively implementing policies in the public sector. It promotes accountability and builds trust

between the government and its citizens. By offering clear and easily accessible information on

policy decisions, goals, and results, transparency encourages increased public involvement and

feedback. It also facilitates assessing policy efficiency and pinpointing areas that need

enhancement. In the end, embracing transparency in policy implementation within the public

sector strengthens governance and encourages a more inclusive and responsive government.

(Riyadh et al., 2023).

Resources

In accordance with Dawes and Helbig (2015), their book chapter offered insights for

public sector executives and analysts on the use of visualization techniques in policy work,

identifying challenges, and suggesting strategies as part of resources for expanding capabilities

in government and public service systems.

It highlighted how these tools can improve decision-making and communication in the

public sector but also identifies challenges such as lack of standardization and integration of

diverse data sources. The authors proposed a framework connecting visualization to broader

policy-making processes and recommended strategies for expanding visualization capabilities

across government systems. These include fostering collaboration, investing in technology and

training, and developing a network of distributed capabilities to improve policy outcomes.

Tendencies and Behaviors

 Behavioral public policy theory suggested changing public behavior is more effective

than altering policy formulations. It refers to an approach to policymaking that integrates insights

from behavioral economics and psychology to improve public policy design and outcomes. This

theory challenges the traditional view that people always act rationally and make decisions solely

based on economic incentives and information. Instead, it acknowledges that individuals'

decisions are often influenced by cognitive biases, emotions, social influences, and other

psychological factors.

However, in Thaler and Sunstein (2009) "nudge" tools, preserving individual freedom of

choice, influences behavior without economic stimulus or administrative means. This theory

suggests that subtle changes in the way choices are presented can significantly impact people's

decisions without restricting their freedom of choice or imposing economic incentives. This

approach leverages insights from behavioral economics and psychology to design environments

that encourage individuals to make decisions that are in their best interest, such as promoting

healthier eating habits or encouraging energy conservation.

Bureaucratic Structures

Bach (2021) further examined the interplay between policy formulation and

implementation within bureaucratic structures, arguing that bureaucrats’ discretion in defining

and framing policy issues influenced decisions and shaped policy concepts, highlighting the

complex relationship between bureaucratic autonomy and political oversight in the policy

process.

Bach emphasized that public policy often resulted from internal decision-making

processes characterized by conflict, bargaining, and compromise among government

organizations. A core assumption was that these organizations pursued distinct interests,

including preserving their unique spheres of authority ("turf") and advocating for specific views

on policy problems and solutions. This approach challenged the notion of governments as unitary

actors with consistent preferences, suggesting instead that decisions emerged from political

processes involving multiple organizations and units.

The bureaucratic politics perspective overlapped with literature on coordination within

and between government organizations, highlighting the significance of "organizational silos" as

impediments to successful coordination. Bach introduced classic contributions to this literature

and recent theorizing on the political nature of public organizations, including aspects like

reputation management and blame avoidance. He also elaborated on different types of decisions

—such as reforms, institutional choices, and regular policy-making—and the relevance of the

bureaucratic politics approach in analyzing these decisions.

In summary, Bach's work provided a comprehensive understanding of how bureaucratic

structures and the discretion exercised by bureaucrats played a pivotal role in shaping public

policy. It highlighted the necessity of considering internal organizational dynamics and the

interplay between autonomy and oversight to fully grasp the complexities of policy formulation

and implementation.

Research Literature

In the study of Chirwa and Boikanyo (2022), the authors investigated the role of effective

communication in the successful implementation of organizational strategies within Malawi's

service industry. They found a significant positive relationship between the credibility of

communication, the speed of feedback, and the flexibility of formal communication, all of which
contribute to successful strategy implementation. The study recommended prioritizing formal

communication strategies for improved implementation outcomes. Similarly, Albright et al.

(2021) utilized Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations Theory to emphasize the critical role of

communication in implementing new clinical practices, providing evidence-based

recommendations to enable healthcare providers to understand, accept, and adopt new practices.

In the context of policy implementation, clear and consistent communication is equally

essential for aligning stakeholders, minimizing resistance, and achieving policy goals. Just as

clinical practices rely on collaboration among healthcare professionals, administrators, and

patients, successful policy implementation depends on engaging policymakers, implementers,

and the public.

Rogers' theory further highlighted the importance of early adopters, opinion leaders, and

communication networks, which can also be applied to policy rollouts for greater acceptance and

impact. Both clinical and policy settings benefit from data-driven approaches that identify

barriers, tailor strategies, and ensure scalability and sustainability, aligning methodologies to

enhance outcomes across sectors.

Additionally, a study by Irawan et al. (2023) examined the impact of communication and

resources on policy implementation within the educational environment, focusing on the

moderating role of resources. Their findings revealed that communication positively influences

policy implementation, while resources, contrary to expectations, do not enhance this positive

impact. The study underscored the importance of effective communication strategies and

suggested further exploration into how resources can better support policy implementation.

Recommendations included improving communication strategies, involving stakeholders, and

enhancing resource management to strengthen the connection between communication and

policy outcomes.

Saloni and Dasgupta (2021), in their study on the role of bureaucracy in policy

formulation and implementation in developing countries, emphasized that an effective

government is built on sound policies, particularly in the modern world where automation

enhances functionality. They argued that discussing policymaking without acknowledging

bureaucracy's role would be incomplete, as bureaucracy, characterized by its hierarchical

structure, formal rules, and trained civil servants, plays a dual role in providing technical

expertise during policy formulation and translating decisions into actionable programs. Despite

facing challenges like political interference, resource limitations, and resistance to change,

bureaucracy's evolving role sees increased involvement in both policy formulation and

execution. To improve its effectiveness, the study suggested enhancing professional training,

reducing political interference, and fostering accountability.

In line with this, Williams (2020), in his study "Beyond State Capacity: Bureaucratic

Performance, Policy Implementation, and Reform," examined bureaucratic performance and its

impact on policy implementation, arguing for a shift from the abstract concept of state capacity

to a focus on specific mechanisms of bureaucratic action. Williams highlighted the importance of

contextual specificity, collective bureaucratic action, and real-world performance outcomes in

understanding and improving policy implementation.

Similarly, Suzuki and Hur (2019) explored the impact of bureaucratic structures on the

organizational commitment of senior public officials in Europe, noting that closed bureaucratic

structures often result in higher commitment levels driven by economic costs, limited
alternatives, and perceived obligations, while open bureaucracies exhibit lower levels of

commitment. This dynamic is crucial for policymakers seeking to enhance public administration

effectiveness.

In the article of Ryan (2015), it reviewed the literature on factors and conditions shaping

the development and implementation of climate policy at the city level, with a special focus in

developing countries. The author identified and analyzed three main sets of conditions that are

critical for explaining the implementation of urban climate policy: the capacity of municipal

governments, the way climate policies are linked (or not) to local issues, and the role of local

political actors and factors. The article outlined the tendency in the literature to fall into the

‘everything matters’ trap when analyzing policy implementation. Many reports usually conclude

by making long lists of factors that are relevant for the development of local climate policy. In

contrast, this review stressed the need for a more ‘configurational’ approach to the study of urban

climate policy, which allowed for identifying different and alternative configurations of

conditions under which climate policies can be successfully advanced and implemented at city

level.

According to Jensen (2017), it became increasingly common to use the project as a form

of organization when implementing public policies. Previous research has identified political,

administrative and organizational motives behind this trend towards more project-based

organizations within the public administration. The problem was that project-based organization

carried inherent problems and special challenges when these projects were supposed to be

implemented in permanent agencies and organizations. The purpose of this paper is to identify

problems and challenges those public administrations face when ‘the project organization’ is
used as a structural form of organization in implementing different kinds of public policies. The

article took its starting point in policy implementation research and especially in Matland’s

conflict-ambiguity model. This research tradition was complemented by a review of research on

temporary organizations, which drew attention to some inherent and significant characteristics of

project organizations, that is the concepts of entity, relationship and time. Analysis showed that

the use of project organization puts special demands on the players involved, and if these are not

taken into account, there could be a high risk that projects designed to bring about social change

will not produce the effects that policymakers and citizens expect.

In line with Camarillo and Bellotindos (2021), municipal solid waste (MSW)

management became one of the most pressing environmental concerns of the Philippines.

Several measures were implemented to circumvent this issue, including waste management

policies stipulated in the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2001. However, the

implementation of these policies, even at the barangay level, remained a challenge. Hence, this

study assessed the compliance of selected barangays in Cebu City, Philippines, specifically to the

integrated solid waste management plan based on the 3R’s (reduce, reuse, and recycle). A

descriptive quantitative method was utilized in this study. There were 1523 residents and 30

Barangay Environment Officials identified as respondents based on Slovin’s sampling method at

a 95% confidence level. The results revealed that there was less extent of compliance in almost

all of the SWM policies such as segregation, composting, recycling, incentives, and public

information. There was a moderate extent of compliance in terms of collection and transport of

solid waste and enforcement of penalties and fines. However, there was non-compliance in terms

of facilities for final disposal. Furthermore, the results suggested that effective measures for

recycling and composting should have been undertaken to encourage higher participation among
residents of the barangay. The presence of effective, functional, and marketable materials

resource facilities and convenient drop-off locations for recyclable materials ensured final

sorting according to its type for composting and recycling.

In a study by Redoble et al., (2018), the factors affecting the effective dissemination of

peace and order ordinances to punong barangays in the Municipality of Maria Aurora, Aurora

Province, Philippines were measured. The study used predesigned survey questionnaires and key

informants in the gathering of data. The questionnaire distribution was based on purposive

sampling. The participants included 34 punong barangays. The barangay was the smallest

political unit in the Philippines. The data gathered were treated with frequency distribution and

weighted mean. The factors of dissemination were: a) socio-demographic characteristics of

respondents, b) information sources, and c) strategies and channels of communication. In

general, participants’ level of interest towards new legislation was positive. However, a slight

divergence was noticed in the case of upland barangays as they manifested little awareness of the

existing peace and order ordinances. Thus, it was recommended that effective dissemination

strategies be adopted and information materials be developed to improve the dissemination of

new ordinances. The use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in information

dissemination was highly recommended.

As per Manalo (2017), sustainable tourism was considered by many local governments as

part of their initiatives for economic upliftment. It became one of the major sources of income

through the use of their tourist attractions without compromising the natural resources situated

within. The enactment and effective implementation of the local government’s policy achieved a

promising efficient outcome for sustainable tourism. The city of Puerto Princesa had a long
history considering its transformation from an environmentally degraded city into one of the

major ecotourism sites around the world. Thus, this paper presented the case of Puerto Princesa

and its practices as well as economic development by practicing sustainable tourism and

effective policy implementation. The City Ordinance No. 163-91 and 640 improved the lives of

the communities by practicing cleanliness and effective waste management in their surroundings

and tourist destinations. Economic development and benefits from sustainable tourism reflected

the city of Puerto Princesa as a role model for Local Government Units. The passing of City

Ordinances on cleanliness drives played an important role in the effective waste management of

the city. The key role of having strong political will in the local government strongly maintained

its best practices for two decades up to the present.

As reported by Pastorfide (2021), the environment was protected and maintained with the

initiative of the local government. Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines, an urban area in

the country, implemented a “No Plastic” Ordinance under the Solid Waste Management (SWM)

law to reduce the plastic waste collected, which was one of the wastes that lasted for a hundred

years before dissolving naturally. Thus, this study was conducted to identify the implementation

of the city regarding this ordinance. The study used a descriptive-quantitative research design,

and the researcher-made questionnaire was the main instrument to gather the responses of the

respondents. A total of 550 residents of barangays in Cabanatuan City were the respondents,

chosen using convenience sampling. The results showed that the local government unit of

Cabanatuan City was successful in the implementation of the “No Plastic” ordinance. Proper

information dissemination, training, and seminars were conducted to inform the residents of the
city. It was also notable that residents often segregated and recycled their waste before disposing

of it, thus reducing the collected waste.

In accordance with Marcial et al. (2016), this research entitled “Effectiveness of the

Implementation of Anti-Plastic Ordinance” aimed to assess the level of implementation of the

Anti-Plastic Ordinance. It specifically aimed to determine the profile of the respondents in terms

of category, age, gender, and civil status. It also aimed to evaluate the level of effectiveness of

the implementation of the ordinance, identify the problems encountered in its implementation,

verify if there were significant differences in the effectiveness of its implementation when

grouped according to the respondents' variables, and propose an improvement plan based on the

results of the study. The study used a descriptive type of research and utilized 120 respondents

composed of vendors, households, students, and implementers of the ordinance. The findings

revealed that the anti-plastic ordinance was effectively implemented. However, cooperation

amongst community members was identified as the major problem. Additionally, profile

variables, including age, civil status, and respondents’ categories, affected the effective

implementation of the ordinance. To address the issues involved in the implementation, the

researchers proposed an improvement plan.

In a study by Miranda (2021), Quezon City and the City of Baguio enacted anti-

discrimination ordinances to protect lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT+) persons.

The 2014 Quezon City Gender-Fair Ordinance (QCGFO) and the 2017 Anti-Discrimination

Ordinance of the City of Baguio (ADOCB) criminalized discrimination based on sexual

orientation, gender identity, and/or expression. With similar societal contexts, these two cities

legislated two different anti-discrimination ordinances. Using comparative discourse analysis,

this case study compared their formulation and framing. Data were gathered and evaluated

through library research, document analysis, and key informant interviews. With

contextualization and process-tracing, this article also described discursive policy frames that

were utilized in formulating these ordinances. The QCGFO protected the local LGBT+

community, while the ADOCB considered multiple social sectors. These policies provided

potential opportunities to integrate intersectionality in anti-discrimination policy-making.

According to the study of Garcia and Cabusa (2020), the Philippine Constitution

recognizes the important role of women in promoting gender equality and highlights their

significant contributions to nation-building. Similarly, Section 11 of the Magna Carta of Women

(MCW) emphasizes enhancing women's roles in society by ensuring they have equal

opportunities in decision-making and policy formulation, both in government and private sectors.

In today’s political landscape, women are increasingly visible in government positions,

showcasing their unique abilities and natural talents in leadership and policy-making. Over the

last twenty years, women's representation in global politics has dramatically increased, rising

from 11.8 percent in 1998 to 17.8 percent in 2008, and further to 23.5 percent in 2018. The

National Democratic Institute reports significant growth in women’s involvement in parliaments,

particularly in Africa (from 13.7% to 19.8%) and the Arab states (from 6.1% to 14.7%).

However, despite this remarkable rise, women have yet to achieve the "critical mass" necessary

for substantial representation in global politics. Nonetheless, many women today are motivated

and brave in taking on government roles, inspired by numerous success stories in the field. The

Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 further emphasize the importance of gender equality by
striving to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and ensuring equal access to

opportunities worldwide.

According to the study’s conclusion of Francis et al., (2022), the status of being married

or single was, alone, not enough to differentiate their personalities. However, married women

have varying moods and the capability for communicating and interacting with others more

effortlessly in comparison to single women. This paves way for the demystification of the notion

of marriage and provides avenues for deconstructing the position of marriage as a norm. Social

workers should be aware of gender inequalities and bias, including about the status of married

and single women.

Cited by Janardhanan and Raghavan (2018), employees with long tenures in

organizations often exhibit diminished performance, as their motivation tends to wane with age.

In contrast, younger or newer employees typically display greater dynamism, enthusiasm, and

excitement about their roles and the potential rewards associated with their increased efforts.

However, it is important to note that when employees experience psychological empowerment,

the length of their service has little to no impact on their performance.

Banzon (2023) stated that despite advancements in recent years, the health sector in the

Philippines faces ongoing challenges. Health disparities persist due to factors such as poverty,

high health costs, and limited access to care. These issues are exacerbated by insufficient health

services, lack of funding, and a weak health information system. As a result, many Filipinos

struggle with catastrophic healthcare expenses that drive them further into poverty.

According to studies gathered by Nyumba, et al. (2018), there are papers which indicate

that focus group discussions facilitated a platform for uncovering the "unexpected" by enabling

negotiation and evaluation of research problems and findings among various stakeholders,
including non-sedentary households. These discussions were instrumental in capturing

experiential differences among individuals with similar backgrounds, thereby generating new

perspectives. Furthermore, focus group discussions often highlighted topics of interest to

participants rather than solely reflecting the researchers' agendas.

Using social media platforms for greater governance and bidirectional communication

between government agencies and the public, commonly referred to as Government-to-Citizen

(G2C) communication, garnered significant attention. The utilization of social media platforms

facilitates increased interactions between citizens and governments. Through the connection

established via social media, citizens become integrated into an online society where they are not

only linked to the government but also to fellow citizens who may not actively engage with

governmental social media platforms (Alenzi and Miskon, 2024)

According to Yuniarta and Purnamawati (2020), the internet is the most effective and

efficient medium for reporting, offering significant benefits in terms of cost and time. This

allows local governments to receive valuable feedback. By enhancing the design and

optimization of official websites, local governments can better meet public demands for

transparency, improving their communication with the community and ensuring accountability.

Hirunsalee et al. (2019) emphasized that raising public awareness about feedback

mechanisms is a critical factor in promoting active participation between citizens and

government sectors. Educating the public about these mechanisms not only empowers

individuals by increasing their understanding of their rights but also fosters a sense of

accountability within government institutions. When citizens are well-informed about where and

how to voice concerns or petition for their rights, they are more likely to engage with

governmental processes and hold authorities accountable for fair and just treatment.
 Distor and Khaltar (2022) found that building the capacity of local governments and

fostering a cooperative relationship with the national government can improve public service

efficiency. This includes enhancing accountability and assisting local governments in effectively

responding to public concerns and suggestions.

. Cummings (2008) stated that whether providing new staff with the essential knowledge

and skill to effectively carry out their job responsibilities or ensuring on-going professional

development of incumbent staff whose knowledge and skill sets must remain current, training is

about performance. This is the reason why, year after year, the federal, state, and local

government continues to commit substantial resources to workforce development initiatives to

achieve measurable performance outcomes and a quantifiable return on investment.

According to Njue (2010), the successful implementation of public policies aimed at

economic development largely hinges on the efficient allocation of available resources. Effective

resource allocation is essential for achieving the desired economic growth and development of a

nation. The degree to which resource allocation contributes to economic performance is

influenced by the government's commitment to good governance and its capacity to direct scarce

resources toward priority areas for national economic growth.

According to Republic Act 7160 also known as Local Government Code of 1991, the

capacities of local government units, particularly municipalities and barangays, will be

strengthened by offering them opportunities for active participation in the implementation of

national programs and projects. This involvement will not only enhance their skills and resources

but also foster a sense of ownership and accountability in the governance process. By

empowering these local entities, we can ensure that initiatives are more responsive to the unique

needs and challenges of their communities. Additionally, collaboration between national and
local governments can lead to more effective and sustainable outcomes, ultimately benefiting the

citizens they serve.

. Infrastructure is crucial to the development process. In the Philippines, inadequate

infrastructure has significantly hindered economic growth and poverty alleviation. Although the

country boasts relatively high access levels to water, sanitation, and electricity, service quality

has not kept pace with the rapid population growth and urbanization. Furthermore, infrastructure

development is impeded by a challenging business environment, which includes deficiencies in

planning, coordination, and financing, as well as a decline in private sector participation in

infrastructure provision (World Bank, 2005).

According to Jones and Carter (2020), well-trained staff members who comprehend the

legal framework as well as the practical ramifications of their responsibilities are necessary for

efficient ordinance enforcement, which promotes community trust and collaboration.

One essential element of guaranteeing adherence and upholding order in a community is

the deployment of staff to police ordinances. The responsibility for overseeing compliance with

established regulations and resolving infractions when they arise falls on designated personnel,

such as law enforcement officers, code enforcers, or specialist regulatory staff. They interpret the

ordinance, carry out examinations or investigations, and impose fines or remedial actions as

necessary. Designating particular staff members promotes accountability and guarantees that the

regulations are applied consistently.

As cited by Ryklief & Tengeh (2022), training and development encompass a range of

both formal and informal lessons aimed at enhancing employees' skills and knowledge. Effective

training equips workers with the necessary competencies to perform specific tasks proficiently.
While the terms "training" and "development" are often used interchangeably within the realm of

human resources, they represent distinct yet interconnected concepts.

According to The Sangguniang Bayan (2019), Sanggunian members are expected to be

well-versed in the ordinances established by previous Sanggunians. This understanding is crucial

for effectively identifying and justifying which ordinances require further analysis, amendment,

supplementation, or the enactment of new legislation. Engaging in consultations with law

enforcement agencies, barangay officials, and the general public can provide valuable insights.

According to the Department of Budget and Management (2012), government budgeting

plays a crucial role in enabling the government to effectively plan and manage its financial

resources, thereby supporting the implementation of various programs and projects that foster

national development. The budget allows the government to prioritize and execute its initiatives,

programs, and policies within the limitations imposed by its financial capacity, which is

influenced by prevailing economic conditions.

In the study of Alba et al., (2020), the researchers stated that for many individuals,

securing adequate housing is nearly impossible, forcing them to sleep on graves even before their

passing. This issue persists regardless of whether we are in ordinary times or facing pandemic

emergencies. There are significant inequities that must be addressed; if we maintain an unjust

distribution of housing within our communities, we will inevitably create conditions ripe for

future crises, including epidemics. It is essential to allocate societal resources for housing

equitably to prevent these outcomes. If we fail to recognize how these inequities have

exacerbated our public health challenges during the current pandemic, we risk not learning from

this experience in the future.

 According to the Ombudsman Western Australia (2019), decision makers are required to

exercise their discretionary powers in good faith and for a legitimate, intended, and authorized

purpose. They must refrain from acting beyond their designated authority, as no decision maker

possesses unlimited discretionary power. It is inadequate to approve an application merely

because it feels appropriate. When exercising discretion, decision makers must act reasonably

and without bias. Additionally, they should avoid engaging in matters where they have an actual

or reasonably perceived conflict of interest.

Cited by Beshi and Kaur (2019), local governments play a crucial role in executing

policy decisions and delivering the results of those choices within the governance framework.

This is the level where all actions occur. Furthermore, local governments are in closer proximity

to citizens and stakeholders, necessitating that they remain accessible and responsive to the

community. Consequently, local governance holds significant importance as it serves as the

primary platform for public engagement and the democratic expression of citizens' rights

According to the findings of the Tucay and Wayet (2016) study on enforcers' impatience

and low tolerance towards motorists, it is noted that enforcers often justify their actions by citing

their safety concerns due to the disrespect and lack of discipline displayed by drivers. However,

it remains the responsibility of enforcers to address traffic violations, regardless of the

circumstances.

According to Rajalakshmi and Naresh (2018), the psychological contract refers to an

informal obligation that provides mutual benefits between employees and employers within an

organization. The concept was first introduced by Argyris in 1960. In this context, it is noted that

“employees under positive leadership will deliver optimal results for the organization, and this

relationship is referred to as a Psychological work contract.” Argyris' findings suggest that a

strong psychological contract leads to high productivity and minimal grievances among

employees. This fosters job security and honors the informal culture of the workforce within the

organization.

In line with this, as cited by Almajali (2019), commitment is regarded as a crucial

element that contributes to an organization's success. Its significance arises from its ability to

help organizations retain more employees, leading to enhanced achievement, productivity, and

effectiveness. Recently, there has been a growing focus on organizational commitment as a key

aspect of employee attitudes. This emphasis on commitment is due to its perception as a

relatively stable employee attitude, which can reveal consistent connections between attitudes

and behaviors. Consequently, no organization can excel unless every employee is dedicated to

the organization's goals and functions as an effective team member.

according to Cervantes and Gita-Carlos (2024), the Freedom of Information (FOI) bill

seeks to grant citizens unrestricted access to official government records, documents, and

research data—essentially ensuring complete public disclosure of government activities. This

initiative represents a vital advancement in exercising the constitutional right of the public to

obtain information on issues of community interest.

Feedback plays a vital role in improving workplace communication and is essential for

employee development and performance enhancement. Research indicates that effective

feedback boosts employee motivation, engagement, and productivity (Warrilow et al., 2020).

According to Xhou (2020), in practice, increasing job autonomy indiscriminately is not

always beneficial and may lead to excessive consequences. As times change and organizations

evolve, work characteristics are becoming increasingly diverse, and the work environment is

highly flexible. In such a dynamic setting, enhancing job autonomy without considering specific
situations can be risky. Therefore, organizations and supervisors should ensure that employees

are granted an appropriate level of job autonomy, tailored to job characteristics and particular

circumstances.

Galli (2022) stated that there are many factors that affect project outcomes.

Communication is one of the key factors of project success, as it plays a significant role in

project planning and executing. Communication not only provides information to other people,

but it also can indicate the success or failure of a project.

Dobbin (2009) emphasized in his book, “Inventing Equal Opportunity,” that “Effective

policy design should focus on structural fairness and inclusivity rather than demographic

characteristics like age, ensuring that policies serve the broader objectives of equity and

organizational efficiency.” This assertion underscores the necessity of prioritizing fairness and

inclusivity in the policy-making process, while cautioning against placing too much emphasis on

factors like age, which could undermine the universal relevance and effectiveness of the policies.

The article conducted by Osella (2020) concludes that removing demographic

classifications like civil status from policy frameworks leads to greater inclusivity and fairness.

By focusing on universal principles rather than personal attributes such as marital status,

policymakers can design policies that better address societal challenges and serve diverse

populations without bias or exclusion. This approach emphasizes equality and recognizes the

dynamic and varied nature of individual lives in contemporary society.

In his article, Sekiguchi (2024) posits that extended tenure in policy roles equips

individuals to more effectively tackle challenges associated with sustainability and uncertainty.

He emphasizes that policies developed with a long-term perspective are essential for realizing
enduring objectives, such as those set forth in the United Nations' Sustainable Development

Goals (SDGs). This viewpoint is particularly pertinent in fast-evolving contexts, where short-

term decision-making often fails to address underlying systemic issues.

Leffel (2022) explores how cities, with their distinct local governance and authority

structures, are becoming increasingly important in both domestic and international policy

dialogues. This is particularly evident in fields such as climate policy, where municipal offices

actively participate in decision-making processes to tackle local challenges and shape wider

global initiatives, frequently operating independently of national governments.

A recent study by Rasmussen and Reher (2022) underscores the significance of

prioritizing outcomes and collaboration in policy making, rather than focusing on the rank or title

of participants. By eliminating hierarchical biases, the policymaking process can become more

inclusive and representative of a wider array of perspectives, particularly from stakeholders who

are often marginalized. Engaging a diverse range of viewpoints enhances the legitimacy and

effectiveness of policies, as it mitigates the disproportionate influence typically wielded by

individuals in high-ranking positions or specific interest groups.

Theoretical Framework
 Figure 1

Edward III Policy Implementation Model

Edward (1980) stated that there are four important variables in policy implementation,

namely: communication, resources, tendencies or behaviors, and bureaucratic structures.

George C. Edward III's Policy Implementation Model, a top-down perspective model,

was developed by George C. Edward III. The model has four variables that determine the

success of implementing a policy, namely: (1) communication, (2) resources, (3) disposition or

tendencies and behavior, and (4) bureaucratic structure. The four variables can be applied in the

following approach model: The first variable that affects the successful implementation of a

policy, according to George C. Edward III, is communication. According to Edward III,

communication indicates that every policy can be carried out properly if there is effective

communication between program implementers (policies) and the target group (target group).

The goals and objectives of the program/policy can be appropriately socialized to avoid

distortions (misunderstandings) of policies and programs.

 The second variable that affects the successful implementation of a policy is resources.

According to Edward III, resources appointing every policy must be supported by adequate

human resources and financial resources. Human resources are the adequacy of both quality and

quantity of implementers that can cover the entire target group. Furthermore, according to

George C. Edward III, the failure that often occurs in policy implementation is partly due to

insufficient, adequate, or incompetent resources in their field.

The third variable that affects the successful implementation of a policy is disposition or

tendencies and behavior. According to Edward III, disposition or tendencies and behavior shows

characteristics closely attached to the implementer of policies/programs. The most important

characters possessed by the implementer are honesty, commitment, and democracy.

Implementers who have a high commitment and honesty will always survive among the

obstacles encountered in the program/policy.

The fourth variable that affects the successful implementation of a policy is the structure

of the bureaucracy. According to Edward III, the bureaucratic structure indicates that the

bureaucratic structure is vital in policy implementation. The program implementation mechanism

is usually set through a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) and is easily understood by those

listed in the program/policy guidelines.

Conceptual Framework

The researchers used the IPO (input-process-output) model in the entire paper to show

how information would be gathered and reported throughout the study. The input-process-output

model is a widely used approach in system analysis that identifies the inputs, outputs, and

required processing tasks to transform inputs into outputs.

 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Demographic profile of
Formulation, Validation,
the respondents and Dry-Run of Survey
Questionnaire
age Information
Data Gathering through
sex Dissemination about
Survey Questionnaires
civil status Policy Implementation of
Presentation and
length of service Analysis of Data
Regulatory Ordinances in
office Interpretation of the Batangas City.
Results
position

Assessment of policy

Figure 2

Conceptual Paradigm for Policy Implementation of Regulatory Ordinances in Batangas

City.

As for the input, this included the demographic profile of the respondents such as the age,

sex, civil status, length of service, office and position. In this part, the researchers assessed policy

implementation in terms of communication, resources, tendencies and behaviors, and

bureaucratic structures.

The process involved data gathering and data analysis instruments. The researchers

disseminated survey questionnaires to local government units employees implementing

regulatory ordinances using the data analysis, the responses were analyzed through varied

statistical tools. For the output, the findings and the results of the study involved the detailed and

specific interpretation used in recommendation that further the policy implementation of

regulatory ordinance.
Definition of Terms

For better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined.

Bureaucratic Structures. Monteiro (2021) describes bureaucracy as a sophisticated

organization with nested rules and procedures, noting that decision-making can be slowed down

by these systems and structures. In this study, bureaucratic structures refers to an organizational

framework characterized by a clear hierarchy of authority, standardized rules and procedures,

and a division of labor. It is designed to ensure efficiency, consistency, and predictability in

decision-making and operations.

Communication. It is referred to as a fundamental process of meaning-making among

individuals. Miller (2023) emphasizes that communication is not merely the exchange of

information but a dynamic, interactive process where meanings are constructed, shared, and

negotiated. This definition highlights the relational and interpretive aspects of communication,

focusing on how individuals use symbols, language, and context to derive shared understandings.

In this study, it pertains to the manner of how higher organization communicates with its

subordinates with regard to policy implementation.

Ordinance. Szypszak (2011) defines an ordinance as a law or regulation enacted by a

municipal government to address local issues within its jurisdiction. Ordinances are legally

binding and pertain to matters such as zoning, public safety, and building codes. They serve as

instruments through which local governments implement policies and maintain order within their

communities. In this study, the term pertained to the regulatory ordinance implemented in

Batangas City with relation to land use, zoning, waste management, and public health.

Policy. Policy refers to a set of decisions made by the government to address recognized

issues, involving policy analysis, instrumentation, and decision-making processes, with scientific
approaches expanding postwar (Hassel, 2015). In this study, it refers to the regulatory ordinances

in Batangas City.

Resources. Knoepfel (2015) offers a comprehensive view of ten public policy resources:

force, law, personnel, money, property rights, information, organization, consensus, time, and

political support. He emphasizes that these resources are essential assets available to

policymakers for the effective management and implementation of public policies. In this study,

resources refer to the tools, assets, or capacities that governments and policymakers use to

develop, implement, and enforce public policies. These resources include funding, personnel,

information, legal authority, public support, and organizational structures that are essential for

achieving policy objectives effectively.

Tendencies and Behaviors. In the study by Flores et al., (2020), city health officers play

a key role in implementing health policies and ordinances at the local level. They are responsible

for translating national health policies into local programs, ensuring that ordinances on

sanitation, disease prevention, and vaccination are effectively carried out. Their deep

understanding of local health needs, combined with their authority within local government

units, positions them as vital decision-makers in the decentralized health system. This makes

them central to the successful implementation and evaluation of health ordinances in their

communities.
 Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Quantitative research is an approach where numerical data is transformable into statistics

in quantifying a problem. It is used to quantitatively describe, analyze, and assess the

respondents’ responses to the variables, policy implementation as an independent variable, then

the dependent variables are communication, resources, tendencies and behavior, bureaucratic

structures. Moreover, this method of research was chosen because it helps to measure and

evaluate the policy implementation of regulatory ordinances.

Descriptive research is a type of study that aims to accurately and systematically describe

a population, situation or phenomenon. It answers what, where, when, and how questions, but

not why questions. It can also use a variety of research methods to investigate, observe and

measure one or more variables. (McCombes, 2019). The researchers adopted a descriptive

research strategy for this study because it was the best way to determine the study’s needs. It is

used to define the characteristics of the respondents in terms of age, sex, civil status, length of

service, office and position. Also to know the impacts of policy implementation or the regulatory

ordinance.
 47

Respondents of the Study

OFFICES/DEPARTMENT No. of Employees SAMPLE

Permits and License Office (BPLO) 25 11
Transport Development and Regulatory Offices 36 16
Office of the Sangguniang Panlungsod 118 54
City Environment and Natural Resources Office 29 13
City Health Office 204 93
Police Patrol 56 25
TOTAL 468 212

The implementers of the regulatory ordinances are the respondents in this survey.

Consequently, there were no limitations in their profiles, as long as they were currently

Local Government Unit (LGUs) employees who were implementing regulatory

ordinances. Implementers of the regulatory ordinances were regarded as well-suited

respondents for this study because they are the ones who are knowledgeable and the right

persons who may have a great help for the study, they are involved in the daily activities

of implementing ordinances.

Before conducting the survey in each office, the researchers requested the number

of employees from each office. This was necessary for selecting the target employees

through a “fishbowl method” process. Once the list of population was obtained, the

researchers used stratified random sampling, which is one of the types of probability

sampling, in order to gather the necessary data from the respondents. With this method,

the researchers collected the data from a strata of the population which is the offices in

the city located in Batangas City. After having the strata, the researchers chose the

sample size by using the random sampling technique.

 48

The researchers used a Raosoft calculator to determine the number of sample sizes in the

population as this was also the advice of the statistician. Accordingly, the researchers

were able to gather 212 respondents. The list of population in each office provided by the

Batangas City - HR was the basis of the researchers and statistician to calculate the

number of respondents in the study.

Then, the researchers determined the number of respondents by using stratified

random sampling. In construction of the questionnaire, they seeked advice and approval

from their adviser. When the revisions of the instrument are completed and approved,

they proceed to pilot testing to test its reliability, validity, generalizability of the findings

that is ultimately contributing to higher-quality research.

Data Gathering Instrument

A researcher-made survey questionnaire is used to collect relevant data needed for

the study. This chosen instrument was used to test the validity and reliability of the

research study. The researchers adapted this type of data gathering instrument for it is

known to have less bias and the least expensive way of collecting data. The questions are

formulated according to the objectives of the study in order to collect an effective

response from the respondents.

The survey questionnaire was formulated based on the literature and studies

gathered from various sources. It is composed of two parts. The first part includes the

demographic profile of the respondents in terms of their age, sex, civil status, length of

time, office, and position. The next part includes a 40-item statement: ten statements for
 49

communication, resources, tendencies and behaviors, and bureaucratic structure. The

responses that will be gathered will be scored using a four-point Likert Scale.

The data-gathering instrument was used to collect relevant information about the

policy implementation of regulatory ordinances in Batangas City. The respondents’ views

will be gathered using survey questionnaires that were made by the researchers using

different information coming from books and thesis. They combine their ideas regarding

their study. The data that the researchers will gather was the source of the questions in

their questionnaire.

In order to confirm its validity, the draft questionnaire was presented to the thesis

adviser, panels, and chairperson for content, grammatical errors, and for additional

comments and suggestions. Upon approval, they proceeded to a dry run to measure its

reliability. A dry run was conducted in Bauan, Batangas on November 8, 2024. The

questionnaires were distributed to the thirty (30) local government employees in Bauan

who are implementing policies.

The table 1 shows the result of pilot testing of questionnaires. Since each variable

yielded a Cronbach’s Alpha of more than 0.80, indicating very reliable and allowing the

researchers to proceed with actual data gathering. The dry run result of the questionnaires

is the following:

Table 1. Reliability

Variable Number of Items Cronbach's alpha

Communication 10 .887

Resources 10 .873
 50

Tendencies & behaviors 10 .824

Bureaucratic structures 10 .854

Upon completion of the questionnaire by the respondents, the researchers

collected, tallied, analyzed, and tabulated the results, ensuring complete answers and

seeking assistance from a statistician to validate the questionnaire interpretation. Likert

scale interpretation was used in computing and interpreting the data.

Table 2. Scoring and Interpretation

Response Scale Mean Score Interpretation

4 3.50 – 4.00 Strongly Agree

3 2.50 – 3.49 Agree

2 1.50 – 2.49 Disagree

1 1.00 – 1.49 Strongly Disagree

Data Gathering Procedure

This research will undergo a series of procedures to gather data and information

needed in the study. The researcher provided a letter of request to conduct the study. The

researcher developed a questionnaire checklist approved by the professor of the relevant

subject. They examined the background of the Local Government Units (LGUs)

employees who are working in the city hall of Batangas City.

The researchers ensured that the respondents are Local Government Units (LGUs)

employees that are implementing policy of regulatory ordinances through pre-

qualification questionnaires so the researchers can figure out if the respondents are
 51

qualified and well-suited for the research, preventing any confusion with the sample size.

Before answering the questionnaires, the researchers explained how to answer the

questionnaire. The researchers discussed to the respondents why their responses are really

important for the study. They explained confusing words so that the respondents were

able to answer the questions correctly and know what they are supposed to do for the

study.

The first office visited was the TDRO Office, where the researcher distributed the

questionnaire to the employees. A total of 16 completed surveys were collected from this

office. Afterward, the researcher proceeded to the City Health Office, where 93

respondents took part in the survey. This office had the highest number of respondents,

reflecting the large number of employees working in the City Health Office. Next, the

researcher visited the Sangguniang Panlungsod Office, where 54 completed surveys were

gathered. The CENRO Office was the fourth destination, where the researcher collected

13 completed surveys. The researcher then moved on to the BPLO Office, where 11

surveys were collected. Although the BPLO Office had fewer respondents compared to

other offices, the researcher made sure that the survey reached the relevant staff

members. Finally, the researcher visited the Police Patrol, where 25 completed surveys

were collected from the officers.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data gathered were classified, tailed, and tabulated by the researchers. The

Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used in analyzing the data. The

following are the statistical tools used:

 52

Frequency and Percentage. This was used in this study to determine the profile

of the respondents in terms of their age, sex, civil status, length of service, office, and

position.

Mean. This was used to calculate the data to assess the policy implementation in

terms of communication, resources, tendencies and behaviors, and bureaucratic

structures.

Independent T-test. This was used to determine the difference in the assessment

of the respondents on policy implementation.

Ethical Considerations

The protection and rights of the respondents are the researcher’s top priorities of

this study. The respondents of this study must understand that their participation is

entirely voluntary participation and no forcing takes place. The researchers must ensure

that all information gathered will be kept confidential and private for safety purposes.

The questionnaires made by researchers must explain every statement before it is

distributed, if there are any statements that are unclear the respondents have freedom to

ask any questions. The researchers will emphasize to respondents the importance of being

sincere and genuine in their responses towards the questionnaires.

Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

 53

The chapter deals with the presentation, analysis, and interpretation

of data through questionnaires done by the researchers from the respondents.

1. Profile of the Respondents

The profile of the respondents was determined in terms of age, sex, civil

status, length of service, office, and position.

1.1. Age. Table 3 shows the profile of the respondents in terms of age presenting

the frequency and percentage of those who participated in the actual survey.

Table 3. Distribution of Respondents by Age.

Age Frequency Percentage

25 - 30 years old 48 23

31 - 35 years old 52 25

36 - 40 years old 47 22

41 - 50 years old 47 22

51 - 55 years old 18 8

Total 212 100

The Majority of the respondents were within the age bracket of 31 to 35 years,

comprising 52 individuals, which accounted for 25 percent of the total. Following this

group were the implementers aged 25 to 30, with a frequency of 48, representing 23

percent. Next, individuals in the age brackets of 36 to 40 and 41 to 50 each with a

frequency of 47, corresponding to 22 percent. Finally, the group of implementers aged 51

to 55 consisted of 18 individuals, which made up eight percent of the respondents.

 54

It suggested that the survey captured perspectives from a broad spectrum of age

groups, with a strong representation from individuals in their early to mid-career stages.

This demographic distribution provided valuable insights into how policies were

implemented across different age brackets within the organization In a study carried out

by Alesina (2015), the focus was on how a politician's age influences political

governance, re-election rates, and local public finance. There are three key reasons why

age could be significant: Firstly, younger politicians often have a longer political career

in front of them and may be more influenced by career considerations. Secondly, they

tend to have a different perspective on time and discount rates than their older

counterparts, potentially favoring long-term policies. Lastly, younger politicians are

likely to possess more energy, which can lead to higher productivity in their work.

Table 4 interprets the profile of the respondents in terms of sex: male and female,

frequency and percent of those who participated in the actual survey.

Sex Frequency Percentage

Male 70 33

Female 142 67

Total 212 100

Table 4. Distribution of Respondents by Sex.

The majority of respondents in the study were female, accounting

for a frequency of 142, which represented 67 percent of the total. In contrast, male

respondents had a frequency of 70, constituting 33 percent. This data indicated that most

of the implementers involved in the study were female.

 55

Data presented that women play a predominant role among the implementers

included in the study, which may indicate their active involvement in policy

implementation within the organization.

This strong representation of women could reflect broader trends of increasing

female participation in policy-making and organizational decision-making roles. Their

involvement suggested that women were not only active in implementing policies but

may also influence the development and execution of organizational strategies. This

highlighted the growing importance of gender diversity in leadership and operational

roles, emphasizing the value of women's perspectives in achieving equitable and effective

policy outcomes.

According to the study of Garcia and Cabusa (2020), the Philippine Constitution

recognizes the important role of women in promoting gender equality and highlights their

significant contributions to nation-building. Similarly, Section 11 of the Magna Carta of

Women (MCW) emphasizes enhancing women's roles in society by ensuring they have

equal opportunities in decision-making and policy formulation, both in government and

private sectors. In today’s political landscape, women are increasingly visible in

government positions, showcasing their unique abilities and natural talents in leadership

and policy-making. Over the last twenty years, women's representation in global politics

has dramatically increased, rising from 11.8 percent in 1998 to 17.8 percent in 2008, and

further to 23.5 percent in 2018. The National Democratic Institute reports significant

growth in women’s involvement in parliaments, particularly in Africa (from 13.7% to

19.8%) and the Arab states (from 6.1% to 14.7%). However, despite this remarkable rise,

women have yet to achieve the "critical mass" necessary for substantial representation in
 56

global politics. Nonetheless, many women today are motivated and brave in taking on

government roles, inspired by numerous success stories in the field. The Sustainable

Development Goals for 2030 further emphasize the importance of gender equality by

striving to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and ensuring equal access

to opportunities worldwide.

Table 5 shows the profile of the respondents according to civil status which is

single, married, separated and widowed, frequency and percent of those who participated

in the actual survey.

Table 5. Distribution of Respondents by Civil Status.

Civil Status Frequency Percentage

Single 50 23.58

Married 152 71.70

Separated 8 3.77

Widowed 2 0.94

Total 212 100

The findings indicated that the majority of respondents were married, comprising

a total frequency of 152, which represented 71.70 percent of the sample. This is followed

by single respondents, who accounted for 50 individuals or 23.58 percent. Additionally,

eight respondents, equivalent to 3.77 percent, reported being separated. Finally, there

were two respondents who identified as widowed, constituting the remaining 0.94 percent

of the sample.
 57

This distribution indicated that married individuals represented a significant

portion of those involved in the survey. The higher frequency of married respondents in

the survey may reflect their potential prevalence in the organization or their likelihood to

hold positions of responsibility, including policy implementation roles. Married

individuals often bring unique perspectives shaped by their life experiences, which may

contribute to their active involvement in policy-related activities. Their participation

could also suggest a level of stability or maturity that aligns with roles requiring the

implementation and evaluation of organizational policies. This underscores the

importance of understanding how civil status might influence engagement and

perspectives in policy-making processes.

The higher number of married individuals involved in policy-making compared to

single persons could be influenced by several factors, including societal norms, life

experience, and perceived stability. According to the study’s conclusion of Francis et al.,

(2022), the status of being married or single was, alone, not enough to differentiate their

personalities. However, married women have varying moods and the capability for

communicating and interacting with others more effortlessly in comparison to single

women. This paves way for the demystification of the notion of marriage and provides

avenues for deconstructing the position of marriage as a norm. Social workers should be

aware of gender inequalities and bias, including about the status of married and single

women.

While these factors might help explain why more married individuals were

involved in policy-making, it is important to note that single people can also bring
 58

valuable perspectives to the table. Their experiences and priorities, which might differ

from those of married individuals, can contribute to more diverse and inclusive policy

decisions. Additionally, trends in policy-making are shifting as societal norms around

marriage and family evolve, which may lead to more representation from single

individuals in the future.

Table 6 presents the respondents' profiles according to their length of service,

categorized into the following groups: one to two years, three to four years, five to six

years, and seven years and above. It includes both the frequency and percentage of

participants who took part in the survey.

Table 6. Distribution of Respondents by Length of Service.

Length of Service Frequency Percentage

1 - 2 years 45 21

3 - 4 years 68 32

5 - 6 years 46 22

7 years and above 53 25

Total 212 100

The table indicated that the majority of respondents had been in

service for a duration of three to four years, totaling 68 individuals, which represented 32

percent of the sample. Following this, 53 respondents, or 25 percent, had been in service

for seven years or more. Additionally, 46 respondents, accounting for 22 percent, had

served for 5 to 6 years. Finally, 45 respondents, constituting 21 percent, had a service

duration of one to two years.

 59

The distribution reflected that the survey incorporated insights from individuals

with diverse levels of tenure, providing a range of perspectives on policy implementation.

The significant proportion of respondents with three or more years of service indicated

that many participants had substantial familiarity with organizational processes and

policies, enhancing the reliability of their assessments. Meanwhile, the inclusion of

respondents with shorter service durations ensured that newer employees' views were

also represented, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of how policies are

experienced and implemented across different tenure levels.

Cited by Janardhanan and Raghavan (2018), employees with long tenures in

organizations often exhibit diminished performance, as their motivation tends to wane

with age. In contrast, younger or newer employees typically display greater dynamism,

enthusiasm, and excitement about their roles and the potential rewards associated with

their increased efforts. However, it is important to note that when employees experience

psychological empowerment, the length of their service has little to no impact on their

performance.

Table 7 presents the profiles of respondents categorized by their respective

offices: Sangguniang Panlungsod, Transportation Development and Regulatory Office,

Batangas City PNP, Business Permits and Licenses Office, City Environment and Natural

Resources Office, and City Health Office. Additionally, it details the frequency and

percentage of individuals who participated in the survey.

 60

Table 7. Distribution of the Respondents by Office

Office Frequency Percentage

Sangguniang Panlungsod 54 25.47

Transportation Development and

16 7.55
Regulatory Office (TDRO)

Batangas City PNP 25 11.79

Business Permits and Licenses Office 11 5.19

City Environment and Natural

13 6.13
Resources Office

City Health Office 93 43.87

Total 212 100

The data indicates that the majority of respondents were from the City Health

Office, totaling 93 individuals, which accounted for 43.87 percent of the sample. The

second largest group comprised respondents from the Sangguniang Panlungsod, with 54

participants representing 25.47 percent. Following this, the Philippine National Police

(PNP) in Batangas City contributed 25 respondents, equating to 11.79 percent. The

Transportation Development and Regulatory Office had 16 respondents, or 7.55 percent.

The City Environment and Natural Resources Office included 13 respondents, making up

6.13 percent, while the Business Permits and Licenses Office had 11 respondents,

representing 5.19 percent of the total.

This showed that implementers of policy involved more from the City Health

Office. Farell (2023) highlighted the importance of effective communication strategies in

 61

workplace safety training. It emphasizes that communication errors can lead to

misunderstandings, accidents, and compliance failures. To improve the implementation

of safety-related ordinances, it suggests clear messaging, regular updates, and engaging,

interactive training methods. These strategies ensure that employees fully understand

safety protocols, their responsibilities, and the rationale behind regulations. By fostering

two-way communication and feedback, organizations can enhance adherence to safety

rules and improve overall compliance.

Table 8 outlines the profiles of respondents categorized by their respective

positions, which include Local Legislative Employee Staff, Assistant Officer, Traffic

Aide, Administrative Personnel, Batangas City PNCO, Legal Officer, Staff, Licensing

Officer, Monitoring Officer, and Community Health Worker. Additionally, it provides

the frequency and percentage of respondents who participated in the survey.

Table 8. Distribution of the Respondents by Position

Position Frequency Percentage

Local Legislative
54 25.47
Employee Staff

Assistant Officer 2 0.94

Traffic Aide 13 6.13

Admin 2 0.94

Batangas City PNCO 25 11.79

Legal Officer 1 0.47

Staff 47 22.17
 62

Licensing Officer 2 0.94

Monitoring Officer 9 4.25

Community Health
57 26.69
Worker

Total 212 100

The table clearly indicated that majority of respondents were community health

workers, comprising 57 individuals, which represented 26.69 percent of the sample.

Following them were local legislative staff, with a frequency of 54, accounting for 25.47

percent. Staff from various offices ranked third, with 47 respondents, or 22.17 percent.

Fourth, Batangas City PNCO personnel number 25, making up 11.79 percent of the

sample. Traffic aides were fifth, with a frequency of 13, representing 6.13 percent.

Monitoring officers followed closely with nine respondents or 4.25 percent. Assistant

officers, administrative staff, and licensing officers each had a frequency of two

corresponding to 0.94 percent of the sample. Lastly, one legal officer was also involved

in the study representing the remaining 0.47 percent of the sample.

It showed that while certain groups (such as community health workers and

legislative staff) had a more direct role in shaping policies, there was also a broad

involvement across different sectors, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of policy-

making. However, certain administrative and legal roles are less involved in the hands-on

policy creation, likely providing essential support functions.

 63

Banzon (2023) stated that despite advancements in recent years, the health sector

in the Philippines faces ongoing challenges. Health disparities persist due to factors such

as poverty, high health costs, and limited access to care. These issues are exacerbated by

insufficient health services, lack of funding, and a weak health information system. As a

result, many Filipinos struggle with catastrophic healthcare expenses that drive them

further into poverty.

To address these issues, the government implemented the Universal Health Care

(UHC) Act in 2019, aimed at enhancing access to healthcare services. The UHC strives to

ensure that all Filipinos have equitable access to high-quality healthcare while providing

financial risk protection.

These reforms have allowed the country to automatically enroll all citizens in the

National Health Insurance System, facilitating access to necessary healthcare services.

Improvements are also being made to health information systems to provide accurate data

that guides government health policies, decision-making, and implementation. Through

comprehensive reforms focused on enhancing service delivery, increasing health

financing, and promoting accountability among healthcare providers, the nation is

making strides toward achieving its health goals for all Filipinos.

2. Assessment on Policy Implementation

2.1. Communication. Table 9 shows the assessment on policy implementation in

terms of communication.
 64

Table 9. Assessment on Policy Implementation in terms Communication

Standard Verbal
Indicators Mean
Deviation Interpretation

1. Methods are used to assess communication

practices within the organization. (e.g., 3.59 0.49 Strongly Agree
surveys, focus group discussions, etc.).

2. The office/agency communicates to its

constituents when they have a new ordinance 3.57 0.51 Strongly Agree
to impose.
3. The office/agency communicates to its
constituents when they have a new ordinance 3.57 0.51 Strongly Agree
to impose.
4. The office receives sufficient training and
support from the city on communication 3.53 0.54 Strongly Agree
strategies for implementing ordinances.
5. The office identifies an effective medium for
disseminating information about the 3.62 0.51 Strongly Agree
ordinance (e.g., social media, official website,
public notice/poster, etc.)
6. The office offers educational training,
guidance documents, and online resources to 3.57 0.52 Strongly Agree
assist stakeholders in understanding and
complying with the law.
7. The office provides adequate channels for
feedback on the implementation of 3.54 0.51 Strongly Agree
ordinances.
8. The office responds to concerns and 3.56 0.51 Strongly Agree
suggestions regarding the ordinance.
9. The office provides sufficient information 3.59 0.50 Strongly Agree
about the rationale behind the ordinance.
10. The city government prioritizes transparency 3.59 0.49 Strongly Agree
in the implementation of ordinances.
 65

Strongly
Composite Mean 3.57 0.30
Agree

The table presented respondents' assessments of policy implementation,

specifically evaluating communication, with a composite mean score of 3.57. This

indicated that each office within the city government effectively provided information to

the public regarding the ordinances being implemented. This accomplishment was

commendable, reflecting the officers’ positive feedback on the communication strategies

employed by various offices in disseminating information efficiently.

As shown in Table 9, the top three indicators with the highest mean of 3.59 and

verbally interpreted as “strongly agree” indicated that, “Methods are used to assess

communication practices within the organization. (e.g., surveys, focus group discussions,

etc.)”. This suggested that tools like surveys and focus group discussions were widely

recognized as effective and improving communication practices within the organization.

The high rating reflected their relevance in ensuring clear and efficient communication

processes.

As shown in Table 9, the statement “Methods are used to assess communication

practices within the organization (e.g., surveys, focus group discussions, etc.)” received

the highest mean score of 3.59, which is verbally interpreted as "strongly agree." This

suggested that tools like surveys and focus group discussions were widely recognized as

effective and reliable methods for evaluating and improving communication practices

within the organization. The high rating reflects their relevance in ensuring clear and

efficient communication processes.

 66

According to studies gathered by Nyumba, et al. (2018), there are papers which

indicate that focus group discussions facilitated a platform for uncovering the

"unexpected" by enabling negotiation and evaluation of research problems and findings

among various stakeholders, including non-sedentary households. These discussions were

instrumental in capturing experiential differences among individuals with similar

backgrounds, thereby generating new perspectives. Furthermore, focus group discussions

often highlighted topics of interest to participants rather than solely reflecting the

researchers' agendas.

Meanwhile, the two statements that received a mean score of 3.58 reflected key

aspects of organizational communication and governance. The first statement, “The

office identifies an effective medium for disseminating information about the ordinance

(e.g., social media, official website, public notice/poster, etc.),” underscores the

importance of utilizing appropriate communication channels to ensure that information

regarding ordinances reaches the intended audience effectively. This highlighted the

organization’s proactive approach to fostering public awareness and engagement. Using

social media platforms for greater governance and bidirectional communication between

government agencies and the public, commonly referred to as Government-to-Citizen

(G2C) communication, garnered significant attention. The utilization of social media

platforms facilitates increased interactions between citizens and governments. Through

the connection established via social media, citizens become integrated into an online

society where they are not only linked to the government but also to fellow citizens who

may not actively engage with governmental social media platforms (Alenzi and Miskon,

2024)
 67

The second statement, “The city government prioritizes transparency in the

implementation of ordinances,” emphasized the commitment of the local government to

uphold accountability and openness in its processes. The high rating indicates strong

agreement among respondents, suggesting that transparency is perceived as a critical

priority in governance. Together, these statements reflect the organization's focus on both

effective communication and ethical practices in ordinance implementation.

According to Yuniarta and Purnamawati (2020), the internet is the most effective

and efficient medium for reporting, offering significant benefits in terms of cost and time.

This allows local governments to receive valuable feedback. By enhancing the design and

optimization of official websites, local governments can better meet public demands for

transparency, improving their communication with the community and ensuring

accountability.

On the other hand, the indicator in the lowest rank with a mean score of 3.50

revealed that “The office receives sufficient training and support from the city on

communication strategies for implementing ordinances.” This suggested that while the

office may have some level of training, it was not sufficient or comprehensive enough to

fully equip staff with the skills and knowledge needed to effectively communicate

ordinances to the public. The lack of sufficient support could hinder the office's ability to

engage with the community, leading to potential gaps in the transparency and

effectiveness of the ordinance implementation process. Providing further training and

resources on communication strategies could help bridge this gap, ensuring that the office
 68

would be better prepared to manage public relations and ensure the public is well-

informed about important ordinances.

Next, the second indicator with the lowest rank and mean score of 3.53 states that

“The office provides adequate channels for feedback on the implementation of

ordinance.” This score indicated a gap in the communication process, where the public or

relevant stakeholders may feel that their input was not being sufficiently sought or

valued. Feedback channels are crucial for assessing the effectiveness of policies,

identifying areas for improvement, and ensuring that ordinances align with the needs and

expectations of the community. The lack of robust feedback mechanisms can hinder the

office's ability to gauge public opinion, address concerns, and make necessary

adjustments to improve the implementation process. Hirunsalee et al. (2019) emphasized

that raising public awareness about feedback mechanisms is a critical factor in promoting

active participation between citizens and government sectors. Educating the public about

these mechanisms not only empowers individuals by increasing their understanding of

their rights but also fosters a sense of accountability within government institutions.

When citizens are well-informed about where and how to voice concerns or petition for

their rights, they are more likely to engage with governmental processes and hold

authorities accountable for fair and just treatment.

Lastly, the statements with the lowest rank and mean score of 3.55 highlighted

significant areas where the office could improve its services: responding to concerns and

suggestions regarding ordinances and providing educational training, guidance

documents, and online resources to assist stakeholders. These results pointed to potential
 69

gaps in communication, accessibility, and support mechanisms that are crucial for the

successful implementation and compliance with ordinances.

The first statement, "The office responds to concerns and suggestions regarding

the ordinance," indicated that respondents perceived a lack of timely or effective

engagement with stakeholders. Addressing public concerns and suggestions is

fundamental to fostering trust, ensuring transparency, and refining policies based on real-

world feedback. A low score in this area suggested that stakeholders may feel their voices

are not adequately heard, potentially leading to dissatisfaction, misunderstanding, or non-

compliance with the ordinances. The study by Distor and Khaltar (2022) found that

building the capacity of local governments and fostering a cooperative relationship with

the national government can improve public service efficiency. This includes enhancing

accountability and assisting local governments in effectively responding to public

concerns and suggestions.

The second statement, "The office offers educational training, guidance

documents, and online resources to assist stakeholders in understanding and complying

with the law," reflected the importance of equipping stakeholders with the tools and

knowledge necessary for compliance. A low ranking in this indicator suggested that these

resources may be insufficient, inaccessible, or underdeveloped. Without clear educational

materials and training opportunities, stakeholders may struggle to understand the

requirements of ordinances, leading to unintentional violations or resistance to

compliance. Cummings (2008) stated that whether providing new staff with the essential

knowledge and skill to effectively carry out their job responsibilities or ensuring on-going

professional development of incumbent staff whose knowledge and skill sets must remain
 70

current, training is about performance. This is the reason why, year after year, the federal,

state, and local government continues to commit substantial resources to workforce

development initiatives to achieve measurable performance outcomes and a quantifiable

return on investment.

Table 10 shows the assessment on the policy implementation in terms of

resources.

Table 10. Assessment on the Policy Implementation in terms of Resources

Standard Verbal
Indicators Mean
Deviation Interpretation

1. The office has sufficient funding to

3.41 0.66 Strongly Agree
effectively implement ordinances.

2. Resources are effectively allocated within 3.41 0.53 Strongly Agree

the office for implementing ordinances.
3. The office has access to adequate data and
information to track the effectiveness of the 3.46 0.53 Strongly Agree
ordinance implementation.
4. The office often reviews and adjusts
resource allocation based on the needs of the 3.53 0.50 Strongly Agree
ordinance implementation.
5. The office establishes guidelines for the
sustainable management of the natural 3.49 0.53 Strongly Agree
environment.
6. The office ensures the availability of 3.53 0.52 Strongly Agree
adequate resources, and maximizes
 71

efficiency.
7. The office ensures appropriate allocation,
planning, scheduling, and control of 3.50 0.51 Strongly Agree
resources to achieve policy objectives.
8. There are personnel assigned to enforce the 3.56 0.49 Strongly Agree
ordinances.
9. There is necessary infrastructure, and
facilities are available to support the 3.57 0.51 Strongly Agree
implementation of ordinances.
10. The city government provides training and
development opportunities for personnel 3.57 0.52 Strongly Agree
involved in ordinance implementation.
Composite Mean 3.50 0.30 Strongly Agree

Table 10 presented respondents’ assessment on policy implementation in terms of

resources having the mean of 3.51 and verbal interpretation of “strongly agree”. This data

showed that city government and offices practiced resource management to obtain an

overview of tools, equipment and employees to plan the execution of the project in the

most cost-effective manner in the shortest possible time.

As seen from the table, the statements “The city government provides training and

development opportunities for personnel involved in ordinance implementation.” ,“There

are personnel assigned to enforce the ordinances.” and “There is necessary infrastructure,

and facilities are available to support the implementation of ordinances.’ got the highest

rank with a mean of 3.57 and verbally interpreted as “strongly agree”. According to Njue

(2010), the successful implementation of public policies aimed at economic development

largely hinges on the efficient allocation of available resources. Effective resource

allocation is essential for achieving the desired economic growth and development of a

nation. The degree to which resource allocation contributes to economic performance is

 72

influenced by the government's commitment to good governance and its capacity to direct

scarce resources toward priority areas for national economic growth.

Both the office and city government play crucial roles in managing resources

wisely to implement local ordinances. Their dedication to sustainability not only ensures

regulatory compliance but also benefits the community and environment.

By prioritizing responsible resource management, local authorities can foster a

culture of environmental stewardship. This encourages residents and businesses to follow

suit, leading to improved public health through cleaner air and water. Additionally, a

healthy environment enhances residents' quality of life and makes the city more appealing

to newcomers.

Next, the statements: “There is necessary infrastructure, and facilities are

available to support the implementation of ordinances.”,”There are personnel assigned to

enforce the ordinances.”; and “The city government provides training and development

opportunities for personnel involved in ordinance implementation.” got the same mean of

3.57 and verbal interpretation of “strongly agree”.

According to Republic Act 7160 also known as Local Government Code of 1991,

the capacities of local government units, particularly municipalities and barangays, will

be strengthened by offering them opportunities for active participation in the

implementation of national programs and projects. This involvement will not only

enhance their skills and resources but also foster a sense of ownership and accountability

in the governance process. By empowering these local entities, we can ensure that

initiatives are more responsive to the unique needs and challenges of their communities.
 73

Additionally, collaboration between national and local governments can lead to more

effective and sustainable outcomes, ultimately benefiting the citizens they serve.

Nevertheless, it is also important to have adequate infrastructure and facilities to

support the implementation of ordinances. Infrastructure is crucial to the development

process. In the Philippines, inadequate infrastructure has significantly hindered economic

growth and poverty alleviation. Although the country boasts relatively high access levels

to water, sanitation, and electricity, service quality has not kept pace with the rapid

population growth and urbanization. Furthermore, infrastructure development is impeded

by a challenging business environment, which includes deficiencies in planning,

coordination, and financing, as well as a decline in private sector participation in

infrastructure provision (World Bank, 2005).

According to Jones and Carter (2020), well-trained staff members who

comprehend the legal framework as well as the practical ramifications of their

responsibilities are necessary for efficient ordinance enforcement, which promotes

community trust and collaboration.

One essential element of guaranteeing adherence and upholding order in a

community is the deployment of staff to police ordinances. The responsibility for

overseeing compliance with established regulations and resolving infractions when they

arise falls on designated personnel, such as law enforcement officers, code enforcers, or

specialist regulatory staff. They interpret the ordinance, carry out examinations or

investigations, and impose fines or remedial actions as necessary. Designating particular

staff members promotes accountability and guarantees that the regulations are applied

consistently.
 74

Lastly, as cited by Ryklief & Tengeh (2022), training and development

encompass a range of both formal and informal lessons aimed at enhancing employees'

skills and knowledge. Effective training equips workers with the necessary competencies

to perform specific tasks proficiently. While the terms "training" and "development" are

often used interchangeably within the realm of human resources, they represent distinct

yet interconnected concepts.

Training typically occurs in a practical, on-the-job setting, enabling employees to

manage their daily responsibilities effectively. Conversely, development emphasizes

cultivating the employee's abilities to tackle future challenges and tasks.

Meanwhile, the statement, "The office has access to adequate data and

information to track the effectiveness of the ordinance implementation," received the

lowest ranking, with a mean score of 3.46, which is verbally interpreted as "strongly

agree." This suggested that the city office and government may encounter several

challenges and repercussions that could impact the success of the ordinance and their

capacity to make informed decisions. According to The Sangguniang Bayan (2019),

Sanggunian members are expected to be well-versed in the ordinances established by

previous Sanggunians. This understanding is crucial for effectively identifying and

justifying which ordinances require further analysis, amendment, supplementation, or the

enactment of new legislation. Engaging in consultations with law enforcement agencies,

barangay officials, and the general public can provide valuable insights.

Consequently, it is essential to maintain an inventory of all existing ordinances,

assessing which have been amended, rendered obsolete, or made impractical due to
 75

changing circumstances. Additionally, it is important to evaluate whether the codification

of ordinances addressing similar subjects is necessary.

The next statement with the lowest ranking suggested that "The office has

sufficient funding to effectively implement ordinances," with a mean score of 3.42,

interpreted as "strongly agree." This indicates that there may be a perception that the city

office and government have not adequately funded the requirements for the implemented

policy. It is crucial to recognize that sufficient funding is essential to ensure that the

ordinance meets its objectives and provides tangible benefits to the target population.

According to the Department of Budget and Management (2012), government budgeting

plays a crucial role in enabling the government to effectively plan and manage its

financial resources, thereby supporting the implementation of various programs and

projects that foster national development. The budget allows the government to prioritize

and execute its initiatives, programs, and policies within the limitations imposed by its

financial capacity, which is influenced by prevailing economic conditions.

Finance and budgeting play a crucial role in the effective implementation of

ordinances. They provide the essential resources needed for proper enforcement,

evaluation, and adaptation of these policies, while also promoting transparency,

accountability, and long-term sustainability. By aligning financial planning with the

objectives of the ordinance, governments can enhance the likelihood of achieving desired

outcomes and fostering positive social, economic, and environmental impacts.

Ultimately, sufficient financial support serves as the cornerstone for the success and

longevity of any ordinance.

 76

Lastly, the statement in the lowest rank with a mean score of 3.41 and verbally

interpreted as “strongly agree” indicated that, “Resources are effectively allocated within

the office for implementing ordinances.” In line with this, improper resource allocation in

an ordinance can lead to serious negative effects that hinder its intended goals and overall

efficacy. Effective resource distribution is essential for the successful implementation and

long-term viability of policies, while inadequate allocation may result in inefficiencies,

lost opportunities, and unforeseen repercussions.

In the study of Alba et al., (2020), the researchers stated that for many individuals,

securing adequate housing is nearly impossible, forcing them to sleep on graves even

before their passing. This issue persists regardless of whether we are in ordinary times or

facing pandemic emergencies. There are significant inequities that must be addressed; if

we maintain an unjust distribution of housing within our communities, we will inevitably

create conditions ripe for future crises, including epidemics. It is essential to allocate

societal resources for housing equitably to prevent these outcomes. If we fail to recognize

how these inequities have exacerbated our public health challenges during the current

pandemic, we risk not learning from this experience in the future.

2.3. Tendencies and Behaviors. Table 11 shows assessment on policy

implementation in terms of tendencies and behaviors.

Table 11. Assessment on Policy Implementation in terms of Tendencies and

Behaviors

Standard Verbal
Indicators Mean
Deviation Interpretation
 77

1. The office conducts inspections or audits to

3.46 0.53 Strongly Agree
ensure compliance with the ordinance.

2. The office uses primary methods of

enforcement used for violations of the
3.52 0.51 Strongly Agree
ordinances. (e.g., warnings, fines, legal
actions, others.)
3. Violations of the ordinance are immediately
3.50 0.51 Strongly Agree
reported to the office.
4. The office exercises discretion in applying
the ordinance based on specific 3.55 0.51 Strongly Agree
circumstances.
5. The rules that govern behavior are
developed, administered, and enforced by
3.49 0.54 Strongly Agree
the individuals whose conduct is subject to
regulation.
6. The regulations are applied and interpreted
consistently, with different regulatory bodies 3.49 0.50 Strongly Agree
collaborating seamlessly with one another.
7. The office is fair and consistent in its
3.47 0.55 Strongly Agree
enforcement of the ordinances.

8. There is a low tolerance for violations of the

3.30 0.68 Strongly Agree
ordinances.

9. The office is responsive to their concerns

3.44 0.56 Strongly Agree
regarding ordinance implementation.

10. The regulatory frameworks are open and

3.51 0.53 Strongly Agree
transparent.
Composite Mean 3.47 0.30 Strongly Agree

Table 11 demonstrated how respondents evaluated policy implementation,

yielding a mean score of 3.47, which corresponds to the verbal interpretation of "strongly

agree." This indicated that city offices and government entities effectively adhered to the

rules and regulations in formulating policies, while also considering the appropriate

measures for punishing those who violate them. Furthermore, this high mean score
 78

reflected a strong level of confidence among respondents regarding the integrity and

accountability of the policy implementation process. It suggested that the majority of

stakeholders believe the policies are not only well-constructed but also enforced in a

manner that promotes compliance and deters misconduct.

It can also be seen from the table that the statement “The office exercises

discretion in applying the ordinance based on specific circumstances.” got the highest

mean score of 3.54 and verbally interpreted as “strongly agree”. According to the

Ombudsman Western Australia (2019), decision makers are required to exercise their

discretionary powers in good faith and for a legitimate, intended, and authorized purpose.

They must refrain from acting beyond their designated authority, as no decision maker

possesses unlimited discretionary power. It is inadequate to approve an application

merely because it feels appropriate. When exercising discretion, decision makers must act

reasonably and without bias. Additionally, they should avoid engaging in matters where

they have an actual or reasonably perceived conflict of interest.

The second states that “The office uses primary methods of enforcement used for

violations of the ordinances. (e.g., warnings, fines, legal actions, others.)” with a mean

score of 3.51 and verbally interpreted as “strongly agree”. According to Chasco et al.,

(2022), a warning is important for helping people understand a situation and make

decisions. Its effectiveness depends on who receives it, their understanding of the area

and risks, and the pros and cons of their choices. Even if someone is unsure, taking

simple, low-cost safety actions can be helpful. These steps can reduce the need for future

interventions or prepare for bigger actions later when more confidence is gained.
 79

The third-highest ranked statement asserts that “the regulatory frameworks are

open and transparent,” with a mean score of 3.50, interpreted as "strongly agree."

According to National Budget Circular No. 542, issued by the Department of Budget and

Management on August 29, 2012, agency heads are responsible for ensuring compliance

with this section, including the attainment of the Transparency Seal. This seal,

symbolized by a pearl emerging from an open shell, represents a policy shift toward

greater transparency in access to government information.

Additionally, it aims to encourage Filipinos in the civil service to embrace citizen

engagement; on the other, it invites the citizenry to exercise their right to participate in

governance. This initiative is envisioned as a progressive step toward reinforcing the

Philippines' identity as the Pearl of the Orient, serving as a beacon of democratic virtue

within the region.

Meanwhile, the item with the lowest rank stated that, “The office is responsive to

their concerns regarding ordinance implementation.” with a mean score of 3.46 and

verbal interpretation of “strongly agree”. Inspections and audits serve as vital instruments

for enforcing compliance with regulations, safeguarding public safety, and ensuring the

effective operation of legal systems at the local level. These processes facilitate the

identification of violations, foster equity, and enhance the efficacy of regulations, while

also holding stakeholders accountable for their actions.

The second with the lowest rank stated that “The office is responsive to their

concerns regarding ordinance implementation.” with a mean score of 3.44 and verbal

interpretation of “strongly agree” Being responsive to the enforcement of ordinances

 80

guarantees that laws and regulations are upheld effectively, fostering safety, equity, and

well-being in the community. This responsiveness promotes legal compliance, enhances

operational efficiency, and encourages civic responsibility. It also helps prevent issues

from escalating, minimizes risks, and supports the overarching objectives of sustainable

and equitable development.

Cited by Beshi and Kaur (2019), local governments play a crucial role in

executing policy decisions and delivering the results of those choices within the

governance framework. This is the level where all actions occur. Furthermore, local

governments are in closer proximity to citizens and stakeholders, necessitating that they

remain accessible and responsive to the community. Consequently, local governance

holds significant importance as it serves as the primary platform for public engagement

and the democratic expression of citizens' rights.

Last is the item indicating that, “There is a low tolerance for violations of the

ordinances.” with a mean score of 3.30 and verbal interpretation of “strongly agree”.

With this result, it is indicating that some city policy implementers tolerate violators

which can be an issue to create more disobeyers. A strong intolerance for violations of

regulations is essential for upholding a safe, equitable, and well-ordered community. This

approach guarantees respect for the law, safeguards public health and safety, and holds

both individuals and businesses accountable for their conduct. By advocating for strict

adherence, this perspective helps avert harm, builds trust, and encourages lasting positive

results for the community.

 81

According to the findings of the Tucay and Wayet (2016) study on enforcers'

impatience and low tolerance towards motorists, it is noted that enforcers often justify

their actions by citing their safety concerns due to the disrespect and lack of discipline

displayed by drivers. However, it remains the responsibility of enforcers to address traffic

violations, regardless of the circumstances.

Table 12 shows assessment on policy implementation in terms of bureaucratic

structures.

Table 12. Assessment on Policy Implementation in terms of Bureaucratic

Structures

Standard Verbal
Indicators Mean
Deviation Interpretation

1. The decision-making process for 3.41 0.66 Strongly Agree

implementing the ordinance is centralized.
2. The roles and responsibilities of different staff
members in implementing the ordinance is 3.50 0.52 Strongly Agree
clearly defined.
3. Staff members often need to seek approval
from higher-level officials for decisions 3.46 0.53 Strongly Agree
related to the ordinance.
4. High autonomy is granted to staff members in 3.47 0.55 Strongly Agree
 82

implementing the ordinance.

5. The bureaucratic structure is flexible to
changes or adjustments in the implementation 3.51 0.54 Strongly Agree
of the ordinance.
6. The office demonstrates a strong and effective
commitment to organizational structure, 3.54 0.50 Strongly Agree
enabling it to disseminate tasks efficiently
among its members.
7. There is a reciprocal relationship between
employees and their organization, marked by 3.57 0.52 Strongly Agree
an exchange of obligations.
8. The office’s bureaucratic processes and
structures are transparent and accessible to the 3.54 0.50 Strongly Agree
public.
9. The office has established clear mechanisms
for monitoring and evaluating the 3.55 0.51 Strongly Agree
implementation of ordinances.
10. The office is responsive to feedback and
suggestions regarding the bureaucratic 3.54 0.51 Strongly Agree
processes related to ordinance implementation.
Strongly
Composite Mean 3.51 0.32
Agree

Table 12 showed that respondents assessed the outcomes of policy

implementation regarding bureaucratic structures, yielding a composite mean of 3.50,

which aligns with the verbal interpretation of "strongly agree." This suggested that policy

implementers successfully communicated information and allocated tasks among

organization members, leading to the smooth execution of ordinances.

The table depicted that the highest rank with a mean score of 3.56 and verbal

interpretation of “strongly agree” stated that, “There is a reciprocal relationship between

employees and their organization, marked by an exchange of obligations.” According to

Rajalakshmi and Naresh (2018), the psychological contract refers to an informal

 83

obligation that provides mutual benefits between employees and employers within an

organization. The concept was first introduced by Argyris in 1960. In this context, it is

noted that “employees under positive leadership will deliver optimal results for the

organization, and this relationship is referred to as a Psychological work contract.”

Argyris' findings suggest that a strong psychological contract leads to high productivity

and minimal grievances among employees. This fosters job security and honors the

informal culture of the workforce within the organization.

Therefore, incorporating the concept of the psychological contract into

organizational policies can enhance workplace harmony, improve employee performance,

and create a resilient, engaged workforce.

The second obtained a mean of 3.53 and verbally interpreted as “strongly agree”

stated that: “The office demonstrates a strong and effective commitment to organizational

structure, enabling it to disseminate tasks efficiently among its members”; “The office’s

bureaucratic processes and structures are transparent and accessible to the public.”; and

“The office is responsive to feedback and suggestions regarding the bureaucratic

processes related to ordinance implementation.”

In line with this, as cited by Almajali (2019), commitment is regarded as a crucial

element that contributes to an organization's success. Its significance arises from its

ability to help organizations retain more employees, leading to enhanced achievement,

productivity, and effectiveness. Recently, there has been a growing focus on

organizational commitment as a key aspect of employee attitudes. This emphasis on

commitment is due to its perception as a relatively stable employee attitude, which can

reveal consistent connections between attitudes and behaviors. Consequently, no

 84

organization can excel unless every employee is dedicated to the organization's goals and

functions as an effective team member.

Moreover, according to Cervantes and Gita-Carlos (2024), the Freedom of

Information (FOI) bill seeks to grant citizens unrestricted access to official government

records, documents, and research data—essentially ensuring complete public disclosure

of government activities. This initiative represents a vital advancement in exercising the

constitutional right of the public to obtain information on issues of community interest.

Furthermore, feedback plays a vital role in improving workplace communication

and is essential for employee development and performance enhancement. Research

indicates that effective feedback boosts employee motivation, engagement, and

productivity (Warrilow et al., 2020). However, giving feedback can be challenging, and

ineffective feedback may negatively impact employee morale and performance

(Henderson et al., 2019).

Therefore, it is crucial for managers and employees to develop effective feedback

skills to harness the benefits and mitigate the drawbacks of poor feedback (Radic et al.,

2020). The paper will explore the following main sections: the importance of feedback

and the advantages of effective feedback.

Meanwhile, the item with the lowest rank states that, “High autonomy is granted

to staff members in implementing the ordinance.” with a mean score of 3.46 and verbal

interpretation of “strongly agree”. The result indicates that city offices and government

officials prioritize involving their staff members in the policy-making process. It is

crucial for organizational members to be well-informed about forthcoming policies, as

this facilitates the exchange of ideas and information.

 85

According to Xhou (2020), in practice, increasing job autonomy indiscriminately

is not always beneficial and may lead to excessive consequences. As times change and

organizations evolve, work characteristics are becoming increasingly diverse, and the

work environment is highly flexible. In such a dynamic setting, enhancing job autonomy

without considering specific situations can be risky. Therefore, organizations and

supervisors should ensure that employees are granted an appropriate level of job

autonomy, tailored to job characteristics and particular circumstances.

The second lowest-ranked statement indicates that “Staff members often need to

seek approval from higher-level officials for decisions related to the ordinance,” with a

mean score of 3.46, interpreted as “strongly agree.” This is attributed to the organization's

thorough orientation of staff and the provision of accurate information. Consequently,

staff members are well-informed about the ordinance being implemented and typically do

not require approval from higher-level officials.

Galli (2022) stated that there are many factors that affect project outcomes.

Communication is one of the key factors of project success, as it plays a significant role

in project planning and executing. Communication not only provides information to other

people, but it also can indicate the success or failure of a project.

Lastly, the third with the lowest rank depicts that, “The decision-making process

for implementing the ordinance is centralized.” with a mean score 3.41 and verbal

interpretation of “strongly agree”. The outcome may suggest that the decision-making

process engaged all members of the organization, leading to a decentralized approach.

Decisions are not solely dependent on higher-level officials, but also involve

contributions from all members. This collaborative environment fosters a sense of

 86

ownership and accountability among employees, encouraging them to take initiative and

actively participate in shaping organizational strategies.

Findings from the study of Francis et al., (2022) indicated that employee

involvement in decision making is an effective tool to enhance productivity. The research

revealed that allowing all employees to be involved in decision making is the best and

helps increase commitment of workers as well as promoting creativity and innovation in

the organization.

3. Significant Differences on the Assessment of Policy Implementation

The tables show the differences on the assessment of the policy implementation

according to profile. The tables used independent t-test for sex, and one-way ANOVA for

the rest of the profile variables.

Table 13 presents the differences on the assessment of the policy implementation

in terms of profile when grouped according to sex.

Table 13. Differences on the Assessment of the Policy Implementation when

grouped according to Sex.

Policy Computed Decision

Sex Mean p-value Interpretation
Implementation t-value on Ho

Male 3.56
Communication -0.385 .700 Fail to Reject Not Significant
Female 3.58

Male 3.49
Resources -1.32 .188 Fail to Reject Not Significant
Female 3.55

Tendencies and Male 3.48 0.12 .904 Fail to Reject Not Significant
 87

Behavior Female 3.47

Bureaucratic Male 3.51

0.048 .962 Fail to Reject Not Significant
Structures Female 3.51

It was clearly shown in Table 13 that there were no significant differences on the

assessment of policy implementation in terms of communication, resources, tendencies

and behaviors, and bureaucratic structures when grouped according to sex as indicated by

p-values of .700, .188, .904., and .962, which is greater than .05 level of significance.

This indicated that male and female respondents perceive the policy implementation in

similar ways, and sex did not appear to influence the assessment of these key factors.

It showed that the research found no significant differences in how male and

female respondents evaluate the policy being implemented. In other words, when

respondents of different sexes (male and female) were asked to assess the policy, their

responses were similar across the various areas or aspects being evaluated. This indicated

that sex, or gender, does not appear to be a factor that influences or differentiates how

individuals perceive the policy.

By saying "equally perceived," the study implies that both groups—male and

female participants—shared comparable views, assessments, or attitudes toward the

policy, regardless of any inherent differences in gender. This would suggest that factors

other than sex (such as personal experiences, cultural background, education, etc.) might

play a more significant role in shaping how the policy is evaluated.

 88

In conclusion, the study supports the idea that gender is not a determining variable

in shaping individuals' views on the policy, at least within the context of the specific

areas assessed in the study.

The study of Schofield and Goodwin (2005) revealed several key conclusions.

The most apparent is that the relationship between gender and the policy-making process

varies significantly across public sector policy-making. Gender influences policy-making

in diverse and specific manners, both in mainstream and gender-focused contexts. This

specificity arises from how participation, power, and authority are organized in policy

formation, alongside the conceptualization and analysis of gender issues, as well as the

emotional associations made during the process.

Each identified regime serves as a roadmap for understanding the gender

dynamics present in any specific policy-making arena. It outlines the structures that shape

opportunities and limitations for advancing gender equality in policy practice. This

framework enables analysts to assess the potential for gender transformation through

policy-making efforts.

Table 14 presents the differences on the assessment of the policy implementation

in terms of profile when grouped according to age.

Table 14. Differences on the Assessment of the Policy Implementation when

grouped according to Age.

Age Mean Interpretation

Policy Computedp- Decision on
 89

implementation f-value value Ho

25-30 years old 3.54

31-35 years old 3.54

36 – 40 years 3.57 Fail toNot

Communication 0.878 .478
old Reject Significant

41-50 years old 3.62

51-55 years old 3.65

25-30 years old 3.54

31-35 years old 3.54

36 - 40 years 3.48
Fail to Not
0.628 .628
Resources old
Reject Significant
41-50 years old 3.57

3.48
51-55 years old

3.46 0.155 .155 Fail to Not

Tendencies
25-30 years old Reject Significant
and behavior
3

31-35 years old .42

36 - 40 years 3

old .45

41-50 years old .57

51-55 years old 3

 90

.50

25-30 years old .44

31-35 years old .47

36 - 40 years 3 Fail to Not

Bureaucratic
0.147 .147
old .54 Reject Significant
structures
3

41-50 years old .60

51-55 years old .51

As seen from Table 14, there were no significant difference on the assessment of

policy implementation in terms of communication, resources, tendencies and behaviors,

and bureaucratic structures when grouped according to age as indicated by p-values

of .478, .628, .155, and .147 which is greater than .05 level of significance.

It indicated a notable consistency in how policies are experienced, assessed, and

understood across generational lines within the organization. This uniformity suggests

that organizational processes and frameworks are designed in a way that transcends age-

related differences, allowing employees from various age groups to engage with and

evaluate policies in a similar manner.

 91

Furthermore, it highlighted that policy makers, irrespective of their own

generational background, share a common approach to understanding, evaluating, and

implementing policies. This may be attributed to standardized training, organizational

culture, or shared values that promote consistency in policy management across the

board.

Additionally, the results suggested that the organization succeeded in fostering an

equitable approach to policy design and execution. Policies appear to be crafted and

communicated in a manner that ensures inclusivity and fairness, minimizing the potential

for age-related perceptual disparities. By focusing on clear, accessible, and universally

applicable frameworks, the organization creates an environment where all employees,

regardless of age, feel equally informed, engaged, and impacted by the policies. This

reflects a strategic alignment in organizational goals and practices that prioritize fairness,

inclusivity, and effective communication.

Dobbin (2009) emphasized in his book, “Inventing Equal Opportunity,” that

“Effective policy design should focus on structural fairness and inclusivity rather than

demographic characteristics like age, ensuring that policies serve the broader objectives

of equity and organizational efficiency.” This assertion underscores the necessity of

prioritizing fairness and inclusivity in the policy-making process, while cautioning

against placing too much emphasis on factors like age, which could undermine the

universal relevance and effectiveness of the policies.

Table 15 presents the differences on the assessment of the policy implementation

in terms of profile when grouped according to civil status.

 92

Table 15. Differences on the Assessment of Policy Implementation when

grouped according to Civil Status.

Policy Civil Computed p- Decision

Mean Interpretation
implementation Status f-value value on Ho

Single 3.57

Married 3.57
Fail to Not
Communication Separated 3.71 0.709 .548
Reject Significant
Widowe
3.45
d

Single 3.56

Married 3.52
Fail to Not
Resources Separated 3.49 0.281 .839
Reject Significant
Widowe
3.55
d

Single 3.48

Tendencies and Married 3.47 Fail to Not

0.249 .862
behavior Separated 3.56 Reject Significant

Widowed 3.45

Single 3.48

Bureaucratic Married 3.51 Fail to Not

1.212 .306
structures Separated 3.69 Reject Significant

Widowed 3.70
 93

Table 15 illustrates that there is no significant difference in the assessment of

policy implementation regarding communication, resources, tendencies and behaviors,

and bureaucratic structures when categorized by civil status. The p-values

of .548, .839, .862, and .306 are all greater than .05 significance level.

The absence of significant differences in evaluations based on civil status

demonstrates that policymakers' marital or relational circumstances do not impact their

perceptions of policy implementation. Regardless of whether policymakers are single,

married, divorced, separated, or widowed, their views on policy effectiveness and

execution remain consistent. This consistency underscores that civil status is not a

determining factor in shaping attitudes or assessments regarding policy implementation.

These findings reflected a level of uniformity in how policies are communicated,

understood, and applied across the organization, emphasizing the impartiality of the

organization’s processes. The consistency across civil status groups suggests that policies

were designed and implemented in a way that fosters inclusivity and equal engagement.

Policymakers appear to share a common framework for evaluating and perceiving

policies, which may stem from standardized training, clear communication, or a cohesive

organizational culture.

Furthermore, these results highlighted the organization's ability to create an

environment where personal circumstances, such as civil status, do not interfere with or

influence professional roles and responsibilities. This impartiality ensures that policies

were judged based on their merit, effectiveness, and alignment with organizational goals

rather than being shaped by subjective or personal factors. Such an approach reinforces
 94

trust, fairness, and equity within the organization, contributing to a more cohesive and

effective policy-making process.

The article conducted by Osella (2020) concludes that removing demographic

classifications like civil status from policy frameworks leads to greater inclusivity and

fairness. By focusing on universal principles rather than personal attributes such as

marital status, policymakers can design policies that better address societal challenges

and serve diverse populations without bias or exclusion. This approach emphasizes

equality and recognizes the dynamic and varied nature of individual lives in

contemporary society.

Table 16 presents the differences on the assessment of the policy implementation

in terms of profile when grouped according to length of service.

Table 16. Differences on the Assessment of the Policy Implementation when

grouped according to Length of Service.

Policy Length of Computed p- Decision

Mean Interpretation
implementation service f-value value on Ho

1 - 2 years 3.60

3-4 years 3.52

Communication 5 - 6 years 3.52 3.817 .011 Reject Significant

7 years and 3.68

above

Resources 1 - 2 years 3.56 2.844 .039 Reject Significant

3-4 years 3.50

 95

5 - 6 years 3.44

7 years and 3.61

above

Tendencies and 1 - 2 years 3.49

behavior 3-4 years 3.44

5 - 6 years 3.39 3.839 .011 Reject Significant

7 years and 3.58

above

Bureaucratic 1 - 2 years 3.50

structures 3

3-4 years .46

3 3.224 .024 Reject Significant

5 - 6 years .46

7 years and 3.62

above

It was revealed in Table 16 that there was significant difference on the assessment

of policy implementation in terms of communication, resources, tendencies and

behaviors, and bureaucratic structures when grouped according to length of service as

indicated by p-values of .011, .039, .011., and .024, which was less than .05 level of

significance.

Consequently, differences in assessment indicated that policymakers' perceptions

of policy implementation are shaped by their tenure within the organization. Individuals

with longer service may possess deeper insights or differing expectations compared to
 96

their less experienced counterparts. Furthermore, these variations may reveal gaps in the

communication, resourcing, or structuring of policies for employees at various stages of

their careers. This disparity could stem from differences in access to information,

familiarity with procedures, or the level of organizational support experienced over time.

Additionally, such inconsistencies may hinder collaboration and alignment within the

organization, particularly if employees with varying tenures do not share a unified

understanding or experience of policy implementation.

In his article, Sekiguchi (2024) posits that extended tenure in policy roles equips

individuals to more effectively tackle challenges associated with sustainability and

uncertainty. He emphasizes that policies developed with a long-term perspective are

essential for realizing enduring objectives, such as those set forth in the United Nations'

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This viewpoint is particularly pertinent in fast-

evolving contexts, where short-term decision-making often fails to address underlying

systemic issues.

Such strategies highlighted the importance of seasoned policymakers, whose

extensive experience provides invaluable institutional knowledge. This expertise enables

the formulation of robust, adaptable policies that can endure in the face of shifting socio-

economic landscapes.

Table 17 presents the differences on the assessment of the policy implementation

in terms of profile when grouped according to office.

 97

Table 17. Differences on the Assessment of the Policy Implementation when

grouped according to Office.

Policy Mea Computed Decision

p-
Office Interpretation
implementation n f-value value on Ho

Sangguniang 3.53

Panlungsod

TDRO 3.71

Batangas City 3.66

PNP

Business 3.41

Permit and

Licensing
Communication 2.273 .049 Reject Significant
Office

City 3.64

Environment

and Natural

Resources

Office

City Health 3.56

Office

Resources Sangguniang 3.50

5.113 .000 Reject Significant
Panlungsod
 98

TDRO 3.84

Batangas City
3.59
PNP

Business 3.35

Permit and

Licensing

Office

City 3.55

Environment

and Natural

Resources

Office

City Health 3.49

Office

Tendencies and Sangguniang 3.51

6.449 .000 Reject Significant
behavior Panlungsod

TDRO 3.79

Batangas City 3.51

PNP

Business 3.28

Permit and

Licensing
 99

Office

City 3.54

Environment

and Natural

Resources

Office

City Health 3.40

Office

Sangguniang 3.48

Panlungsod

TDRO 3.82

Batangas City 3.55

PNP

Business 3.27

Permit and
Bureaucratic
Licensing 4.735 .000 Reject Significant
structures
Office

City 3.50

Environment

and Natural

Resources

Office

City Health 3.49

 100

Office

It was shown in Table 17 that there were significant difference on the assessment

of policy implementation in terms of communication, resources, tendencies and

behaviors, and bureaucratic structures when grouped according to office as indicated by

p-values of .049 and .000 which is less than .05 level of significance.

The notable differences suggest that policymakers from various offices—such as

executive, legislative, or managerial roles—may possess distinct perspectives and

experiences regarding policy implementation. These variations can stem from the

differing responsibilities, priorities, and resources associated with each office.

Furthermore, the findings indicate that a policymaker’s organizational position can

significantly impact their access to information, their comprehension of resource

allocation, and their perception of bureaucratic structures—factors that are vital for

assessing the effectiveness of policy implementation.

Given that a policymaker's office influences their viewpoints, it is essential for

organizations to ensure that communication across different offices is clear, consistent,

and inclusive. By tailoring communication and support strategies to meet the specific

needs and roles of various offices, we can bridge gaps in understanding and enhance

overall policy effectiveness.

 101

Leffel (2022) explores how cities, with their distinct local governance and

authority structures, are becoming increasingly important in both domestic and

international policy dialogues. This is particularly evident in fields such as climate policy,

where municipal offices actively participate in decision-making processes to tackle local

challenges and shape wider global initiatives, frequently operating independently of

national governments.

Table 18 presents the differences on the assessment of the policy implementation

in terms of profile when grouped according to position.

Table 18. Differences on the Assessment of the Policy Implementation when

grouped according to Position.

Policy Computed p- Decision

Office Mean Interpretation
implementation f-value value on Ho

Local Legislative
Communication 3.53 1.751 .080 Fail to Not Significant
Employee Staff
Reject
Assistant Officer 3.40
 102

Traffic Aide 3.70

Admin 3.90

Batangas City
3.66
PNCO

Legal Officer 3.50

Staff 3.50

Licensing Officer 3.25

Monitoring
3.66
Officer

City Health
3.60
Worker

Local Legislative
Resources 3.50 2.773 .004 Reject Significant
Employee Staff

Assistant Officer 3.50

Traffic Aide 3.81

Admin 4.00

Batangas City
3.59
PNCO

Legal Officer 3.30

Staff 3.42

Licensing officer 3.45

Monitoring 3.56
 103

Officer

City Health
3.54
Worker

Local Legislative 3.51

Employee Staff

Assistant 3.45

Officer

Traffic Aide 3.78

Admin 3.90

Batangas City 3.51

PNCO
Tendencies and
3.208 .001 Reject Significant
behavior Legal 3.60

Officer

Staff 3.43

Licensing Officer 3.25

Monitoring 3.51

Officer

City Health 3.38

Worker

Local Legislative 3.48

Bureaucratic 2.26 .020 Reject Significant
Employee
structures
Assistant Officer 3.70
 104

Traffic Aide 3.78

Admin 3.95

Batangas City
3.55
PNCO

Legal Officer 3.60

Staff 3.43

Licensing Officer 3.25

Monitoring
3.50
Officer

City Health
3.51
Worker

Table 18 revealed that there was no significant difference on the assessment of

policy implementation in terms of communication when grouped according to position as

indicated by p-values of .080 which is greater than .05 level of significance. This implied

that regardless of their position within the organization, policy makers tend to assess

communication in a similar manner. Communication in policy implementation appeared

to be viewed uniformly across different roles, signaling effective, consistent

communication strategies within the organization.

A recent study by Rasmussen and Reher (2022) underscores the significance of

prioritizing outcomes and collaboration in policy making, rather than focusing on the

rank or title of participants. By eliminating hierarchical biases, the policymaking process

can become more inclusive and representative of a wider array of perspectives,

particularly from stakeholders who are often marginalized. Engaging a diverse range of
 105

viewpoints enhances the legitimacy and effectiveness of policies, as it mitigates the

disproportionate influence typically wielded by individuals in high-ranking positions or

specific interest groups.

However, with the p-value of .004, .001, and .020 which is less than .05 level,

there is significant difference on the assessment of policy implementation in terms of

resources, tendencies and behaviors, and bureaucratic structure when grouped according

to position. This suggests that the position of a policy maker influences their views on

how resources are allocated, the behaviors observed in the organization, and the

functioning of bureaucratic structures during policy implementation. The position within

the organization plays a significant role in shaping perceptions of these critical elements

of policy implementation.

4. Communication Materials in Information Dissemination about Policy

Implementation of Regulatory Ordinances in Batangas City.

Effective communication materials play a pivotal role in the successful

information dissemination of policy implementation, particularly in the context of

regulatory ordinances in Batangas City. Policies and ordinances, no matter how well-

crafted, are only as effective as the public’s understanding, acceptance, and compliance

with them. In this regard, the use of communication materials tailored to address the

unique concerns of the area is essential.

Therefore, developing effective communication materials requires a

comprehensive understanding of these areas of concern. In the case of Batangas City,

addressing challenges related to communication, resources, tendencies, behaviors, and

bureaucratic structures ensures that regulatory ordinances are implemented efficiently

 106

and equitably. This rationale highlights the strategic importance of communication as a

cornerstone in fostering informed and participatory governance.

Table 19. Information Dissemination about Policy Implementation of

Regulatory Ordinances in Batangas City.

Communication
Areas of Persons Expected
Objectives Materials to be
Concern Involved Outcome
Used

Communicatio Increase Public Interactive City Offices A high level of

n Awareness of Quizzes or and public

the Ordinances Surveys: Government awareness

Engage the and the where the

community with Community majority of the

online quizzes or community can

surveys that not identify the key

only educate provisions and

them on the new purpose of the

regulations but regulatory

also gather ordinances.

feedback and Surveys or

gauge public public

understanding. assessments

might show an

increase in
 107

knowledge

about the

regulations.

Interviews with

Policymakers,

Experts, and
A broader and
Provide an Local Leaders
more informed
authoritative Conduct
audience will
perspective on interviews with
be aware of the
the policies key stakeholders
policies
from the such as City Offices
regulating
people who policymakers, and
natural
Resources create and environmental Government
resource use
enforce them, experts, industry and the
(e.g., water
offering insight leaders, or local Community
conservation,
into the activists who are
energy
decision- involved in the
efficiency,
making development or
waste
process. implementation
management).
of natural

resource

policies.

Tendencies and To increase Leverage social City Offices Greater

 108

Behavior public influence by and accountability

engagement, showcasing how Government at individual

understanding, others are and the and

and complying, Community organizational

compliance using peer levels,

with regulatory pressure or promoting

ordinances by collective action responsible

tailoring to encourage actions and

communication broader long-term

strategies to compliance. adherence to

the specific policies

information- A video

seeking or social media

behaviors, post featuring a

social local business

influences, and owner

cognitive discussing the

biases of the positive impact

target of complying

audience. with new energy

efficiency

regulations,

encouraging
 109

others to follow

suit.

Bureaucratic To streamline Official Memos City Offices These include

Structures communication and Circulars and faster

and improve These are Government dissemination,

the efficiency formal, official and the increased

of documents Community public

disseminating issued by understanding,

information government improved

about agencies to coordination,

regulatory communicate enhanced

ordinances policy changes, public

through updates, or engagement

optimized regulatory and

bureaucratic information. compliance,

processes and stronger

better feedback loops,

interagency better

coordination. integration of

communication

channels, and

cost-effective

use of
 110

resources. Each

of these

outcomes is

aimed at

making policy

implementation

smoother and

more effective

by addressing

the challenges

inherent in

bureaucratic

structures.
 Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of objectives and methodology,

the salient findings, the conclusions drawn from the findings, and the recommendations.

Summary

Policy implementation is a crucial aspect of governance, as it determines the

effectiveness of laws and ordinances in achieving their intended objectives.

Understanding how policies are communicated, resourced, executed, and managed within

bureaucratic structures is vital for ensuring their successful implementation. This study,

titled “Policy Implementation of Regulatory Ordinances in Batangas City,” delved

into this aspect by examining the processes and factors that influence the enforcement of

regulatory ordinances in Batangas City.

This study aimed to assess policy implementation in terms of communication,

resources, tendencies and behaviors, and bureaucratic structure. There were 212

respondents or policy implementers from different city offices like Sangguniang

Panlungsod, Transportation Development and Regulatory Office, Batangas City PNP,

Business Permit and Licensing Office, City Environment and Natural Resources, and

City Health Office who participated in the study. This study utilized a descriptive

research strategy for the researchers to know the policy implementation of regulatory

ordinances in Batangas City. For this study, simple random sampling was used which is

one of the types of probability sampling to gather the necessary data from the students.
They had the thesis advisor, the panel’s chairman and panelists, a grammarian, and a

statistician to validate the

 113

survey questionnaire before distributing it to the respondents. The mean and

relative frequency or percentage was employed as statistical tools in the investigation.

The study's findings indicated that the majority of respondents are

aged 31 to 35 years, predominantly female, and mostly married. Additionally, most

respondents have a length of service ranging from three to four years, with many hailing

from the City Health Office. Notably, the majority of respondents are city health workers.

The results depict that the respondents strongly agree with the indicators that assess the

policy implementation of regular ordinances in terms of communication, resources,

tendencies and behavior, and bureaucratic structures.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the research study, the following conclusions

were made:

1. The majority of respondents are married females aged 31 to 35, with 3 to 4 years

of service, primarily working as city health workers in the City Health Office.

2. They expressed strong agreement on all aspects of policy implementation,

namely: communication, resources, bureaucratic structure, and tendencies and

behavior.

3. While factors like sex, age, and civil status do not significantly affect their

perceptions, length of service, office, and organizational position play a

significant role, particularly regarding resources, tendencies, and bureaucratic

structures.
 114

4. A communication strategy that integrates interactive engagement, social

influence, and formal tools is proposed to ensure public awareness, participation,

and compliance, fostering sustainable policy implementation.

Recommendations

Considering the findings and conclusions of the study, the following

recommendations are offered:

1. Regular feedback loops, targeted resource management, and a focus on

continuous optimization of processes will help maintain high levels of satisfaction

and enhance the effectiveness of policy implementation.

2. Policy makers may conduct widespread educational campaigns to raise awareness

of existing ordinances on gender equality, rights, and health.

3. Policymakers may use the communication materials to disseminate information

about policy implementation of regulatory ordinances.

4. Future researchers may conduct study about enhancing collaboration for policy

success by having consistent communication strategies across bureaucratic levels

which aims to investigate how standardized communication methods across

government offices can streamline policy implementation.

5. Future researchers may investigate the influence of policymaker perspective and

length of service on the success of policy implementation which concerns how

policymakers’ tenure, office and positions shape their views and actions in

implementing regulatory ordinances.

 115

6. Future researchers may also examine how consistent stakeholder feedback

improves the effectiveness and efficiency of the policy implementation process.

 116

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APPENDICE

Policy Implementation of Regulatory Ordinances in Batangas City

 Directions: Complete the questionnaire by checking (/) the box that represents

your profile.

PART I. Profile of Respondents.

Age:

□ 25 – 30 years old

□ 31 – 35 years old

□ 36 – 40 years old

□ 41 – 50 years old

□ 51 – 55 years old

Sex:

□ Male

□ Female

Civil Status:

□ Single

□ Married
 □ Widowed

□ Separated

Length of Service

□ 1 – 2 years

□ 3 – 4 years

□ 5 – 6 years

□ 7 years above

Office

Please specify:

Position

Please specify:

PART II. Assessment of Policy Implementation.

Direction: Please check the column of your corresponding answer as to your

agreement or disagreement to the statements. Please be guided by the following options

with interpretations given as follows:

4 – Strongly Agree (SA) 2 – Disagree (D)

3 – Agree (A) 1 – Strongly Disagree (SD)

Communication.Policy communication means S A D S

involving the public since the first process of the A ( ( D

development of the policy. (Knowledge Sector Initiative, ( 3) 2) (

2021) 4) 1)

1. Methods are used to assess communication

practices within the organization. (e.g., surveys, focus

group discussions, etc.).

2. The office/agency communicates to its

constituents when they have a new ordinance to impose.

3. The office often collaborates with other

departments on communication related to ordinances.

4. The office receives sufficient training and

support from the city on communication strategies for

implementing ordinances.

5. The office identifies an effective medium for

disseminating information about the ordinance (e.g.,

social media, official website, public notice/poster, etc.)

6. The office offers educational training, guidance

documents, and online resources to assist stakeholders in

understanding and complying with the law.

 7. The office provides adequate channels for

feedback on the implementation of ordinances.

8. The office responds to concerns and

suggestions regarding the ordinance.

9. The office provides sufficient information

about the rationale behind the ordinance.

10. The city government prioritizes transparency

in the implementation of ordinances.

Resources. Resource management is to obtain S A D S

an overview of tools, equipment and employees to plan A ( ( D

the execution of the project in the most cost-effective ( 3) 2) (

manner in the shortest possible time. (5 Steps to Build 4) 1)

and Effective Resource Management, 2024).

1. The office have sufficient funding to

effectively implement ordinances.

2. Resources are effectively allocated within the

office for implementing ordinances.

3. The office has access to adequate data and

information to track the effectiveness of the ordinance

implementation.

4. The office often reviews and adjusts resource

allocation based on the needs of the ordinance

implementation.

5. The office establishes guidelines for the

sustainable management of the natural environment.

6. The office ensures the availability of adequate

resources, and maximizes efficiency.

7. The office ensures appropriate allocation,

planning, scheduling, and control of resources to achieve

policy objectives.

8. There are personnel assigned to enforce the

ordinances.

9. There are necessary infrastructure, and

facilities are available to support the implementation of

ordinances.

10. The city government provides training and

development opportunities for personnel involved in

ordinance implementation.

Tendencies and Behaviors. The role of S A D S

planned behavior, past behaviors, and spontaneous A (4) (3) (2) D (1)

intentions in predicting exercise behavior. (Brickell,

2006).
 1. The office conducts inspections or audits to

ensure compliance with the ordinance.

2. The office uses primary methods of

enforcement used for violations of the ordinances.

(e.g., warnings, fines, legal actions, others.)

3. Violations of the ordinance are immediately

reported to the office.

4. The office exercises discretion in applying

the ordinance based on specific circumstances.

5. The rules that govern behavior are

developed, administered, and enforced by the

individuals whose conduct is subject to regulation.

6. The regulations are applied and interpreted

consistently, with different regulatory bodies

collaborating seamlessly with one another.

7. The office is fair and consistent in its

enforcement of the ordinances.

8. There is a low tolerance for violations of the

ordinances.

9. The office is responsive to their concerns

regarding ordinance implementation.

 10. The regulatory frameworks are open and

transparent.

Bureaucratic structures. The bureaucratic S A D S

framework demands officials to be methodical, prudent, A (4) (3) (2) D (1)

and disciplined, ensuring high behavioral consistency

and exceptional adherence to action plans. (Merton,

2017).

1. The decision-making process for

implementing the ordinance is centralized.

2. The roles and responsibilities of different staff

members in implementing the ordinance is clearly

defined.

3. Staff members often need to seek approval

from higher-level officials for decisions related to the

ordinance.

4. High autonomy is granted to staff members in

implementing

the ordinance.

5. The bureaucratic structure is flexible to

changes or adjustments

in the implementation of the ordinance.

 6. The office demonstrates a strong and effective

commitment to organizational structure, enabling it to

disseminate tasks efficiently among its members.

7. There is a reciprocal relationship between

employees and their organization, marked by an

exchange of obligations.

8. The office’s bureaucratic processes and

structures are transparent and accessible to the public.

9. The office has established clear mechanisms

for monitoring and evaluating the implementation of

ordinances.

10. The office is responsive to feedback and

suggestions regarding the bureaucratic processes related

to ordinance implementation.
BIOGRAPHICAL
SKETCH

My name is Elvin Mark Johann Cuevillas, born on

August 15, 2001, in Taal, Batangas. I am currently a

fourth-year student pursuing a Bachelor of Public

Administration at Batangas State University.

I began my education at Our Lady of Caysasay

Academy, where I attended both elementary and Grade 7.

For high school, I initially studied at Rizal High School for

Grades 8 and 9, then transferred to Taal National High School in Grade 10. I completed my

Senior High School years at Taal Senior High School, where I focused on the academic track.

Throughout my academic journey, I was also deeply involved in athletics, particularly

basketball. I earned several athletic awards and was a member of the varsity basketball team from

elementary through high school. Being part of the Basketball Club taught me valuable lessons in

teamwork, discipline, and leadership—skills that have been instrumental in my personal and

academic growth. Growing up in Taal, I became aware of the challenges my community faced,

which inspired my interest in public service. I chose to pursue Public Administration because I

believe effective governance is essential for improving the lives of citizens. I am passionate about

promoting transparency and accountability in public institutions.

 Phauline Rose S. de Castro, born in November 6,

2002, is a 4th year Public Administration in Batangas State

University based in Brgy. Tulo, Batangas City. She is known

for her expertise in visual arts, photography and music.

Phauline Rose went to Malitam Elementary School and

Batangas National High School under Special Program in the

Arts Department. She was a member of the school chorale

for 3 years in high school and was a member of the visual arts on her last year in high school. She

participated in various chorale competitions and art exhibit of the visual arts department.

She attended senior high school in STI College Batangas and achieved academic award

during the 11th grade. She graduated in August 2021 from senior high school. Phauline Rose is

an active advocate for women empowerment, good governance, and promotes support in various

art communities to provide support for the people of passion. She also enjoys outdoor physical

activities such as hiking, jogging and walking as form of recreational activity.

 The researcher, Jomar V. De Roxas, was born on

January 8, 2003 and currently living in Dayapan Ibaba,

Lemery, Batangas. She took his primary education at

Dayapan Elementary School and secondary education at

Governor Feliciano Leviste Memorial National High

School. Later on, he completed his senior high school at

Lemery Senior High School with the strand of

Humanities and Social Sciences and currently studying at Batangas State University taking up a

Bachelor of in Public Administration, fourth year student. Jomar is not only academically

inclined but also good in other fields such as sports and editing skills. In the four years she spent

in high school, she became one of the members of the basketball team on campus, where he

represented his school in district and division meets as a participant.

Aside from academics and sports, he loves taking pictures of the sunset enthusiast. For

him, it represents how good things happen every day, always on the lookout for the perfect

moment to capture the beauty of the sky painted in hues of orange, pink, and gold as the sun dips

below the sky. With every click of his shutter, Jomar captures not just images but memories—

moments of peace, wonder, and calmness. Whether it's from a hilltop, a beach, or her backyard.
He shares his passion with the world through her photographs, spreading warmth and joy with

every stunning shot.