Occupational Health and Safety

(OHS)

By:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Soner TOP
Outline
⚫ Introduction,
⚫ Occupational Health & Development,
⚫ Hazard Anticipation and Recognition
⚫ Hazard & Risks Prevention & Control
Measures,

2
Introduction
What is occupational health and safety?

-referred to as workplace health and safety

-is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety,

health, & welfare of people at work (WHO, 1995).
-It encompasses the social, mental and physical well-being of
workers.

3
Cont..
⚫ It aims an adaptation of working environment to
workers for the promotion and maintenance of the
highest degree of physical, mental and social well being
of workers in all occupations.

⚫ isone of the most important aspects of human

concern.
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 Objectives of OHS:-
⚫ To promote safety and health at work place.
⚫ To promote the fair treatment, non-discrimination and equal
opportunity of project workers.
⚫ To protect workers, including vulnerable workers such as
women, persons with disabilities, children & migrant workers,
contracted workers, community workers & primary supply
workers,
⚫ To prevent the use of all forms of forced labor and child labor.
⚫ To support the principles of freedom of association of workers.

5
Hazard & Risk ?
-often used interchangeably
⚫ Hazard is something that can cause harm/damage,
e.g. electricity, chemicals, working up a ladder, noise,
stress, etc.
 Risk -the degree of likelihood that harm will be
caused.

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Occupational health & development
The health status of the workforce in every country has an
immediate and direct impact on national and world economies.
Total economic losses due to occupational illnesses and injuries
are enormous,
Work-related diseases and injuries were approximately 4-5 % of
the world’s GDP (Gross domestic product).
Workforce is a backbone of a country development.
A healthy, well trained and motivated workforce, increases
productivity and generates wealth.

7
M
Theadgin
ffiictuu
ltd
ye obftatih
of o nie
ngiascscu
ureate estimates of the frequency
of
work-related diseases is due to several factors.
However, globally, millions of men and women work in poor and
hazardous conditions. According to ILO (1997):
-1.2 million working peoples die of work related accident &
diseases every year,
-More than 160 million workers fall ill each year due to
workplace hazards,
-In Ethiopia in 2010E.C about 71 people died
8
Cont..
The positive impact of occupational health service
locally may be observed in reducing morbidity and
work-related injuries. The reduction of absenteeism
is of great importance concerning skilled labour,
especially so in countries where there is a shortage of
skilled labour.

9
Cont…
⚫ Only 5-10% of workers in developing countries and 20-50% of
workers in industrial countries are estimated to have access to
adequate occupational health services.

⚫ UN estimates 10,000,000 occupational disease cases occur each

year globally, severity and frequency is greatest in developing
countries.

⚫ Women,and children workers are least protected and most

affected.
10
Cont…
Reasons for occupational injury and disease are :-
⚫ Workplace
- Unsafe building, Old machines, Poor ventilation, Noise,
Inaccessible to inspection etc…
⚫ Workers
-Limited education, Limited skill and training
⚫ Employers
-Limited financial resources, Low attention and knowledge.

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Cont…
In many developing nations, death rates due to
occupational accident among workers are 5 - 6times
higher than those in industrialized countries; yet, the
situation in developing countries is still largely
undocumented due to poor recording system.

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 Hazards Anticipation & Recognizing
⚫ Identifying hazards & eliminating or controlling them
as early as possible will help prevent injuries and
illnesses.
⚫ awareness and knowledge of roadway risks and
associated threats to driving safety;
⚫ visual search that facilitates directly or indirectly
contributing to unsafe situations (well address in
screening )
13
 Cont…..

There are two basic categories of hazard:

-those that have an obvious and immediate
impact (eg. Electricity, car accident)
1. Acute hazard

-have a more hidden, cumulative, long-term

impact( eg. Agrochemical effect)
2.Chronic hazard

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 HEINRICH PYRAMIDE

Heinrich is best known for his 1931 book, “Industrial Accident

Prevention: A Scientific Approach,” in which he said 88 percent of
accidents are caused by “unsafe acts of persons” and put forth what
often is referred to as Heinrich’s accident triangle or pyramid: In a
group of 330 accidents, 300 will result in no injuries, 29 will result
 Work place hazard and risk management
-It follows a five-step:-
1. Identify hazards
2. Assess risk
3. Identify and decide control Measure
4. Implement Control Measure
5. Monitor and Review
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Cont…

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Cont..
Hazard Control Measure ?
-Actions that can be taken to reduce the potential of
exposure to the hazard.

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 Cont..
Once risk priorities have been established, reducing or
removing the risk they pose is the next key steps:.
 Hierarchy of Hazard & Risk control measures:
1. Elimination- Remove the hazard completely from the work
area.
2. Substitution - Replace the material or process with
something less hazardous.
3. Isolation -Isolate the hazard by controlling or guarding it.

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Cont..
4. Engineering controls - Redesign equipment or
work processes to reduce or eliminate risk.
5. Administrative controls. Promote safe practice
through policies, operating standard awareness etc..
6. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Use
personal protective equipment to minimize risk.

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Cont..

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 Cont..

• Safety
equipmen
Adama
t's (PPEs)

D/Dawa
 VISIBLE DAMAGES

INVISIBLE DAMAGES

07.03.2024 Hüseyin Şen

 Injury or death of the
workforce, medical expenses,
work accident compensation,
machinery, material and
equipment expenses.

VISIBLE
Loss of job or occupation of the workforce, DAMAGES
permanent or temporary incapacity for
work,
The mental depressions that the labor force
will create for himself and his family.
Loss of time for workers, employers and
other personnel,
loss of production as a result of
demoralization, cost of training new
workforce and loss of time.

INVISIBLE DAMAGES
THE PARTIES OF THE OHS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE OHS PARTIES
MAKING LAWS

INSPECTIONS

CREATING THE
INFRASTRUCTURE OF
TECHNICAL STUDIES

MAINTAINING WORKING
ORGANIZATION IN
ACCORDANCE WITH
WORK SAFETY RULES
AND INSTRUCTIONS

ENSURING WORKS ON
TECHNICAL SAFETY
ISSUES

RESOLVING UNSAFE
CONDITIONS
 HEALTH AND SAFETY SIGNS

IMPERATIVE SIGNS

PROHIBITING SIGNS

WARNING SIGNS

EMERGENCY EXIT AND FIRST AID SIGNS

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.

Thank You !
31
THE RECENT OHS STANDARS

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Soner TOP

STANDARDS
Standards have been created for different purposes for
a long time. The first standards were ways to measure
time and space. With industrialisation, standards
became more important for technical solutions. In the
Industrial Revolution, standardisation played a key role.
Firstly, interchangeable parts reduced costs. Secondly,
new goods were easier to assemble and cheaper to
replace. It also saved workers time and effort. One
example is the standardisation of track gauges. Before
track gauge standardisation, freight moving between
regions had to be unloaded and transferred to new
trains because the distance between the rails no longer
corresponded to the wheels of the train.
• OHSAS 18001 is a British Standard for
occupational health and safety
management systems. It exists to help all
kinds of organizations put in place
demonstrably sound occupational health
and safety performance. It is widely seen
as the world’s most recognized
occupational health and safety
management systems standard
• Who Created OHSAS?

OHSAS 18001 was created via a

concerted effort from a number of the
worlds leading national standards bodies,
certification bodies, and specialist
consultancies. A main driver for this was to
try to remove confusion in the workplace
from the proliferation of certifiable OH&S
specifications.
WHAT IS OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND
SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM?

The system aims to guide an

organization to establish a
comprehensive frame work for
occupational health and safety
policy, setting up objectives
and to assess effectiveness
the management system
 PURPOSE OF OSHAS 18001?

The purpose is to help organizations to

manage & control their Occupational
Health & Safety risks and to improve
their OH&S performance.
 THE PDCA METHODOLOGY
 The PDCA methodology is used to
organize
OHSAS 18001 in the following way:

 PLAN- Clause 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3 expect

you
to plan the establishment of your
OHSMS.
 DO - Clause 4.4 expects you to
implement your OHSMS.
 CHECK - Clause 4.5 and 4.6 expect
you to monitor, measure, and report on
the performance of your OHSMS.
 ACT - Clause 4.5 and 4.6 expect you to
improve your OHSMS

Develop, Document, Implement , Maintain

4.1 - GENERAL 
& Improve OHSMS in accordance with
REQUIREMENTS OHSAS 18001.
 4.2 - OH&S POLICY
 Clearly states overall OH&S objectives
 Authorised by top management
 Appropriate to nature & scale of OH&S risks
 Documented, implemented, and maintained
 Communicated to all employees
 Available to interested parties
 Reviewed periodically

OH&S POLICY COMMITMENTS

 Improve health & safety performance
 Continual improvement
 Comply with OH&S legal and other requirements
 4.3 - OH&S PLANNING
 Hazard identification, risk assessment,
and risk control.
 Legal and other requirements
 Objectives
 OH&S management program(s)

4.3.1 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, RISK ASSESSMENT AND

DETERMINING CONTROLS
 Identification of hazards
 Evaluation of risks under current
controls
 Evaluation of the tolerability of
residual risk
 Identification of needed additional
controls
 Significant risks must be controlled
 Individual behaviour is a significant
factor.
 To be referred before start of any
HIRA
 4.3.2 LEGAL AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS

 Ensure there is a system for keeping up-to-

date with legal changes
 Legatrix is being used for monitoring of
legal compliance at sites.

4.3.3 OBJECTIVES AND PROGRAMME(S)

 Near miss and the other data saving.
 Lost time injury frequency of 0.25 or less.
 Zero Fatality
 Training of 3.5 Man days per person to
employees.
 Management program formulation and
execution to mitigate the hazards identified
at sites.
4.4 IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION
4.4.1 RESOURCES, ROLES, RESPONSIBILITY,
ACCOUNTABILITY AND AUTHORITY

 Responsibility and authority for achieving

the objectives has been given in the
procedure P04.
 Organisation Chart has to be displayed at
site.
4.4.2 COMPETENCE, TRAINING AND
AWARENESS  Evaluate the competency required
to complete the job safely.
 Identify the gap.
 Plan training as per the calendar
every month.
 Include the persons with identified
gap in training.
 Measure the competency level after
the training. (written test)
 Safety Induction of new joiners
 4.4.3 COMMUNICATION, PARTICIPATION & CONSULTATION

 Tool box talks before start of activity to

communicate the hazards identify the hazards
identified in HIRA before the activity.
 Safety Committee meetings.
 Mass tool box talks every fortnight.
 To reward the performers.
 Get feed back from labours
 Communicate about the safety &health
requirements.
4.4.4 DOCUMENTATION &
4.4.5 CONTROL OF DOCUMENTS
 Documents Management in their latest format.
 4.4.6 OPERATIONAL CONTROL

 Plan to control operations and

activities associated with identified
risks
 Linked to HIRA for significant
hazards.
 Procedures to used for training on
activity and displayed at work place for
awareness.
4.4.7 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND
 Common manual is available for all
RESPONSE the sites.
 Manual to be customised as per
applicable emergencies.
 Identifying the Emergency Response
Team.
 Displaying emergency contacts.
 Practicing emergencies through
mock drills periodically and
corrections of flaws.
 Responding to incidents and
emergencies when they occur as
 4.5 CHECKING
4.5.1 PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT & MONITORING
 Monitoring the achievement of
objectives
 Quantitative and Qualitative measures
 MIS report.
 SSIR.
 BSS.
 Legal Compliance.
 Effectiveness of OCP and document
control.

4.5.2 EVALUATION OF COMPLIANCE

 Each Legal requirement is converted into a

task in Legatrix.
 Each task is to be complied within the planned
dates.
4.5.3 INCIDENT INVESTIGATION, NONCONFORMITY,
CORRECTIVE ACTION & PREVENTIVE ACTION
 Handling & investigating accidents, incidents and
non-conformances.
 Identifying the root causes.
 Taking action on root cause to mitigate
consequences
 Ensuring preventive actions are taken
 Eliminate or control root cause identified.

4.5.4 CONTROL OF RECORDS

 Records are to be maintained at site.
4.5.5 INTERNAL AUDIT

Internal audit determines ,

 Every Six months.

 If it has been implemented and
maintained properly
 Conducted by trained internal
auditors.
 Plan is to be prepared based on the
calendar.
 4.6 MANAGEMENT REVIEW

 Top management will review the organization’s

OH&S management system, at planned intervals,
to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy and
effectiveness.
 Incident Classifications.
• Lost Time Injury:
Definition: it is said to have occurred when a person due to an injury
fails to report to his work for next 48 hours extending beyond the day
of shift he was working.
• First Aid Case:
Definition: It is said to have occurred when injured is able to join to
his duty after the medical treatment on the same day or within some
hours.
• Near miss:
Definition: Any incident that does not result in any injury to humans
or in property damage.
Any Near miss is a warning for a major accident in future. All near
miss are to be recorded and investigated to avoid major accidents in
future.
 Incident Classifications.
• Medical Treatment Case:
Definition: It is said to have occurred when a person due to an injury
is not able to attend to his duty, the period for which is not greater
than 48 hours or turns to a lost time injury.
• Fatal Accident :
Definition: An accident resulting in loss of life.
What’s the Difference Between Potential Incidents, Near
Misses and Actual Accidents ?

? ? ?

5T 5T Whew! 5T Ouch!

Potential Incident Near Miss Injury Accident

OHSAS REQUIRMENTS FOR EMPLOYEES

 Clean, hygienic rooms and surroundings.

 Secured and Weather proof hutments.
 Lavatory arrangement.
 Drinking water availability.
 Electricity with safe connections.
 Protection from insects and snakes.
 Area lighting.
 Medical and first aid facilities.
Thank you