Chapter 1

Introduction

Applied Electromagnetics:
Early Transmission Lines Approach
Stuart M. Wentworth

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 Learning Objectives
• Introduce concept of electric & magnetic fields
• Describe the electromagnetic spectrum
• Explain how electromagnetics is fundamental to wireless
communications
• Provide guidelines for numeric precision and the handling of
dimensions
• Provide a tutorial introduction to MATLAB
• Review basic wave propagation
• Describe use of phasors for representing time-harmonic signals

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 Key Historical Events in Electromagnetics(1/2)

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 Key Historical Events in Electromagnetics(2/2)

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 Electric Fields
• A field is the mapping of a spatial scalar
or vector quantity
• Electric charge is a source of electric
field. Field lines begin on positive charge
and end on negative charge.

• A capacitor stores energy in the electric field within

the dielectric between the capacitor’s charged plates
• Most dielectrics are characterized by their
permittivity e = er eo
 er is the relative permittivity (sometimes termed
dielectric constant)
 eo is the free space permittivity (8.854 x 10-12 F/m)

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 Magnetic Fields
• Magnetic field is generated by moving charges
• Magnetic field lines form closed loops
• An inductor stores energy in the magnetic field
• A typical inductor is a coil of wire
wrapped around magnetic material
characterized by permeability m = mr mo
 mr = relative permeability
 mo = free space permeability (4p x 10-7
H/m)

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 Electric and Magnetic Fields are Linked

• Time-varying magnetic field produces electric field (Faraday)

• Time-varying electric field produces magnetic field (Maxwell)

• The linked fields are termed the electromagnetic field

• A time-varying source will generate an electromagnetic wave

• Energy is carried by this wave, propagating at the speed of light

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 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

In vacuum, wavelength l and

frequency f are related by the
speed of light:

c=lf

c = 2.998 x 108 meters/second

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 Cellular Telephone System
Electromagnetics plays a major role in many aspects of tower grid
wireless communications

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 Dealing with Units
• Use engineering notation to report large or small numbers
• Report numbers to appropriate precision
• Use the dimensional equation approach

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 Example 1.1: dimensional equation and digits

Find the energy associated with a photon at 100. GHz.

The energy U of a photon is given by U = hf, where f is frequency

and h is Planck’s constant (h = 6.63 x 10-34 Joules-sec)

6.63 x 10-34 J sec 100. GHz 109 Hz 1

U= = 6.63 x 10-23 J.
GHz sec-Hz

• unity ratios convert the units in the dimensional equation

• answer is reported to 3 significant digits (usually)

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 MATLAB for Electromagnetics
• MATLAB (Matrix laboratory) is a powerful tool for numerical
computation and graphing output
 Understanding some
of the concepts of
electromagnetics is
enhanced by
MATLAB
demonstrations
 Numerous examples
and problems in the
text employ
MATLAB

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 MATLAB version of Example 1.1

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 MATLAB parallel plate capacitor program

e re o S
C=
d

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 Simple MATLAB plot for parallel plate capacitor
% Variables % Create plot
S=1e-4; er=2.1; plot(d*1e+03, Cap*1e+12)
eo=8.854e-12; xlabel('Separation distance (mm)')
d=linspace(1,2)*1e-4; ylabel('Capacitance (pF)')
title('Parallel Plate Capacitor')
% Perform calculation grid
Cap=er*eo*S./d;

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 Wave Fundamentals
The general equation for a sinusoidal wave traveling in the +z
direction is

A  z, t  = Aoe z cos t   z   

where Ao e  z is the amplitude
Ao is the amplitude at z = 0
 is the attenuation constant in Nepers/meter
t   z    is the phase
 is the angular frequency ( = 2p f ) in radians/second
 is the phase constant in radians/meter
 is the phase shift

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 Sinusoidal plot at z = 0 versus time
A
o
A(0,t)

1
T=
T f
-A o
t (seconds)

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 Sinusoidal plot at z = 0 with phase shift  = -45 deg
Ao

45 o
A(0,t)

-Ao
t (seconds)

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 Sinusoidal plot at t = 0 versus z
Ao
A(z,0)

2p
=
l l
-Ao
z (meters)

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 Sinusoidal plot at t = 0 with attenuation
Ao

 z
e
A(z,0)

-Ao
z (meters)

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 Wave propagation
Ao
A(z,t)


propagation velocity u p = = l f


-Ao
z (meters)

MATLAB R2018 is a traveling wave animation

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 Example 1.2: wave equation for electric field

We want to write a wave equation for the case where we have a

We
100 want
MHz to write field
electric a wavewith equation for the case where weinhave a
We want to 1write
V/maamplitude propagating
wave equation the +where
for the case we have a
100 MHz electric
z direction in air.100field with 1 V/m amplitude propagating in the +
MHz electric field with 1 V/m amplitude propagating in the +
z direction
Assumeinairair. isz adirection
lossless in medium,
air. so  = 0
 Assume air is a lossless medium, so  = 0
 Given f = 100 MHz, Assume
angular air isfrequency = 200p xso106 =rad/s
a losslessmedium, 0
 Given f = 100 MHz, angular

frequency  = 200p x 106
rad/s
8 = 100 MHz, angular frequency  = 200p x 10 rad/s
6
 In air, where c ≈ 3 x 10 m/s, wavelength l = c/f = 3m
Given f
 In air, where c ≈ 3 x 108 m/s, wavelength l = c/f = 3m l = c/f = 3m
 In air, where c6 ≈ 3 x 108 m/s, wavelength
 Thus: E  z , t  = 1cos  200p x10 t   2p 3 z    V .
V
 Thus: E  z , t  = 1cos  200p x106 t   2p 3 z   6 m .
 Thus: E  z , t  = 1cos  200p x10 tm  2p 3 z    .
V
 If we assume phase shift  = 0, then m
 If we assume phase shift  = 0, then
 If we assume V  = 0, then
phase shift
E  z , t  = 1cos  200p x10 t   2p 3  z  V .
6

E  z , t  = 1cos  200p x106 t   2p 3  z  m .6

E  z , t  = 1cos  200p x10   .
V
m t   2p 3 z
m

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 Phasors
• Fields that vary sinusoidally with position and time are called
time-harmonic fields
• Time-harmonic signals may be represented by phasors
• A phasor gives the magnitude and the phase of a sinusoidal
wave
• Use of phasors can simplify mathematics

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 Phasors
cosine function plot synchronized with polar plot

Euler's identity: e j = cos   j sin 

re j = r  = r cos   jr sin 

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 Phasor representation of a wave

consider: A  z , t  = Ao cos t   z 

with Euler's identity, this can be written

A  z , t  = Re  Ao e
j t   z 
  = Re  Ao e  j  z e jt 
  

The phasor form of the wave removes the

time dependence (and suppresses the "Re[ ]"),
giving: As = Ao e  j  z

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 End of Chapter 1

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