MAPPING

Lecture No. 2
Caraga State University
College of Engineering and Information Technology
MAPS
 It was derived from the Latin word “ mappa “
meaning napkin, cloth, or sheet.
 It is a graphic representation of all or a portion
of the earth’s surface or other celestial body, by
means of signs and symbols or photographic
imagery at some given scale or projection, to
which lettering added for identification.
 It may emphasize, generalized or omit certain
items to meet specific needs.
CLASSIFICATION OF MAPS
1. Planimetric Maps
2. Topographic Maps
3. Thematic Maps
4. Computer – Generated Maps
5. Photomaps
PLANIMETRIC MAPS
 It is a representation of the earth’s surface in
the two dimensions only.
 It shows the correct horizontal position of
natural and man-made features such as
buildings, roads, bodies of water, land forms,
vegetation, and political boundaries.
 They are useful in indicating locations,
horizontal distances, and in finding directions,
but is of no value to a user whose primary
concern is with the topographic or relief
features of the land.
PLANIMETRIC MAPS
TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
 It is a representation of the earth’s surface in
three dimensions.
 It shows the same features as a planimetric
map and in addition indicates relief, usually by
means of contours which is its distinguishing
characteristic.
 Suitable symbols are used in this maps to
show such features as hills, valleys, streams,
trees, and physical changes on the earth’s
surface caused by the works of man, such as
buildings, roads, canals, and cultivation.
TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
 They are used in the design and planning of
engineering projects where information is
needed regarding land forms, gradients,
and elevations.
 They are also needed by economist,
geologist, and geographers in their study in
the development of natural resources.
TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
Topography
 It refers to all the identifiable features of the
earth’s surface , whether natural or artificial,
which can be assigned a specific position expressed
in relation to the topographic surface, which varies
in elevation above or below a reference datum.

Relief
 It is measured on the basis of three coordinates: X,
Y, and Z.

Planimetry
 It is measured in X and Y, recording only position
and not the vertical extent of a particular feature.
THEMATIC MAPS
 It is one made to deal with a specific theme
or subject, usually against some skeletal
topographic background.
 Its data is frequently in the form of
statistical information and can be plotted in
map form rather than graph form.
 It is used to emphasize a single topic such
as geology, population, crop production,
land use, and meteorological data.

GE 107
Lecture No. 2 Mapping
Elementary Cartography
THEMATIC MAPS
COMPUTER-GENERATED MAPS
 Electronic computers are now used to store
cartographic information in digital form that can
be processed and retrieved in graphic form using
automated graphics system.
 Its objectives is to replace the draftsman by
computer controlled equipment and produce
maps, more quickly and of many varied forms.
COMPUTER-GENERATED MAPS
Advantages:
1. Cartographic jobs are done much faster and
accurately than those undertaken using
conventional methods.
2. Data is stored electronically and is more convenient
than files of conventional compilation procedures. It
can easily be recalled later for plotting in total or in
part.
3. Maps can be stored at one scale and may be changed
to much larger or smaller scales when needed.
COMPUTER-GENERATED MAPS

4. Errors and mistakes are reduced or

eliminated since cartographic work is
performed by machines.
5. It enables the cartographer to concentrate on
creative cartography and simplifies updating
and revision of maps.
6. Facilitates and fosters an easy and
convenient exchange of electronically stored
cartographic data.
COMPUTER-GENERATED MAPS
PHOTOMAPS
 A reproduction of an aerial photograph or a mosaic ( an
assembly of photographs ) on which grid lines, contours,
boundaries, placenames, and marginal information have
been added or overprinted.
 It has the advantage of speed in preparation and
production.
 It provides the user an actual picture of the terrain
surface.
 They are more difficult to read than line maps and
differences in elevation are not as easily apparent.
 Their use creates problems in that details require a good
working knowledge of photo-interpretation, scale
distortion occurs, and some of the information seen on
the photograph are not frequently required.
PHOTOMAPS
MERIDIAN ARROW
 Its purpose is for orientation.
 The direction of the reference meridian used in
a map is indicated by a needle or feathered
arrow pointing north.
 It should be simple in design and of sufficient
length to permit the accurate scaling of
directions on any part of the map.
 It is usually drawn on the bottom or top of the
sheet, although it may be boldly drawn to
become the focal point of the map.
LETTERING ON MAPS
Lettering
 it is a fine art, and to attain real proficiency
demands a long and patient training for
most cartographers and draftsman.

 Good lettering definitely adds more to the finished

appearance of a completed map.
 A poor and slovenly style of lettering will reduce
considerably the value of an otherwise perfect
drawing.
BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD
LETTERING ON MAPS

1. Uniformity
2. Legibility
THREE STYLES OF LETTERS
Gothic
Reinhardt Letters Roman Letters
Letters
ACTIVITY NO.2
 Choose a letter Style and write in in a short bond
paper. A-Z, a-z and 0-9.

0.5 inch margin

8.5 inch

Name Activity No. 2

Year and Section

11 inch
MAP TITLES
 It usually appear in the lower right-hand
corner of the sheet but on maps the same
convention is sometimes followed, although
on many maps the shape of the area
portrayed may be such that the title is
positioned elsewhere on the sheet to give the
drawing a more balanced appearance.
 It should be constructed that they will
readily catch the eye and its space to be
occupied must be in proportion to the size of
the map.
MAP TITLES

Emphasis

Is placed on the most important

parts of the title by increasing their height
and using upper-case letters.
MAP SCALES
 It refers to the relationship which the
distance between any two points on the
map bears to the corresponding distance on
the ground.
 They are portrayed in three different ways:

1.by words and figures or an equivalence.

2.by scale ratio or representative fraction.

3.by graphical.
MAP SCALES
EQUIVALENCE SCALE
Scales may be expressed as an equivalence or by
words and figures:

1 inch = 1 mile 3 inches = 200 feet

1 cm = 1kilometer

Maps intended for the design of engineering

constructions are commonly plotted to this type
of scales. Such scales usually vary between 1
cm = 1 m and 1 cm = 100 meters.
SCALE RATIO OR REPRESENTATIVE
FRACTION
 it is a fraction indicating a scale.
 it is usually referred to as the “ RF “ or “ SR “ for short.

MD
SR 
GD
Where:
MD = the map distance or the scaled distance
between any two selected points on
the map.
GD = the corresponding distance on the ground.
GRAPHIC OR BAR SCALE
 It is a line subdivided into map distances
corresponding to convenient units of length on
the ground.
 It may be drawn as a single line or with two
closely spaced parallel lines, with alternating
spaces darkened for effect.
 It is printed in the margins of the map and is
especially prepared for a particular map only.
 Its length varies depending on the size and the
purpose of the map.
TWO PARTS OF A SCALE
Primary Scale ( on the right )
 it is divided into major divisions of ground distance.

Extension Scale ( on the left )

 it shows the subdivisions of a division on the
primary scale into convenient fractions, usually
tenths.
 it is portrayed to enable the map user to measure
shorter or fractional distances more precisely.

Index Marks or Zero Points

 Its separate the two scales.
CLASSIFICATION OF MAP SCALES
1. Large-Scale Maps
 They are those having scales of 1:2,000 or larger
and with contour intervals ranging from 0.10 to
2.0 meters.
2. Medium-Scale Maps
 They are maps having scales ranging from
1:2,000 to 1:10,000 and with contour intervals
ranging from 1.0 to 5.0 meters.
 they are also referred to as intermediate scales.
3. Small-Scale Maps
 They are maps having scales of 1:10,000 or
smaller and with contour intervals ranging from
5 to 2,000 meters.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
EXAMPLE # 1:
Determine the scale ratio which is
suitable to replace the equivalent
scale 1 cm = 400 m?
EXAMPLE # 2:
The distance on the ground between Butuan
to Ampayon is 8 km. If the corresponding
distance between Butuan to Ampayon on the
map is 16 cm,what is the scale of the map?
COLORS USED IN MAPS
Color
 They are used to great advantage on maps to
emphasize certain features.
 Its major functions is to attract attentions for items of
important significance.
SEVEN DIFFERENT COLORS
USED IN MAPS
1. Black
 It is used for all man-made or cultural
features, political subdivisions, placenames,
grid lines, and lettering on the map.
2. Blue
 It is used for water or hydrographic features
such as reservoirs, rivers, lakes, canals,
marshes, ponds, and wetlands.
SEVEN DIFFERENT COLORS USED IN
MAPS
3. Green
 It is used as a surface tint or cover overlay
for wooded areas and other forms of
vegetation.
 It is suited to show such features as trees,
grass, orchards, vineyards, forests,
meadows, and crops.
4. Brown
 It is used to show relief or height features,
and the configuration of the ground surface
such as those portrayed by contours, contour
number, hachures, cuts, and fills.
SEVEN DIFFERENT COLORS
USED IN MAPS
5. Red
 It is used to emphasize important roads and
public land subdivision lines.
6. Pink
 It is used as a surface tint to portray built-
up urban areas and the area coverage of
large cities.
7. Gray
 A color used sometimes in place of brown.
MAP SYMBOLS

PURPOSE

 This is to convey to the user accurate information

concerning the various terrain and planimetric features.
 This is done by drawings on the face of the map which are
arranged in the same horizontal relationship, one to
another, that the features themselves bear to each other on
the ground.
MAP SYMBOLS
Symbols
 They are the graphic language of
maps and size, shape, location
and color all have special
significance.
Semiotics
 The general theory of signs and
symbols.
SYMBOLS FOR BODIES OF WATER
( ALL SYMBOLS COLORED BLUE )

PERRENIAL STREAM PERRENIAL LAKE

INTERMITTENT LAKE FALLS

SYMBOLS FOR BODIES OF WATER
( ALL SYMBOLS COLORED BLUE )

DRY LAKE INTERMITTENT STREAM

RAPIDS MARSH OR SWAMP

SYMBOLS FOR BODIES OF WATER
( ALL SYMBOLS COLORED BLUE )

EXPOSED WRECK ROCK OR CORAL REEF

FORE SHORE FLAT WATER LINES

SYMBOLS FOR BODIES OF WATER
( ALL SYMBOLS COLORED BLUE )

CHANNEL GLACIER

SMALL WASH INUNDATED AREA

SYMBOLS FOR BODIES OF WATER
( ALL SYMBOLS COLORED BLUE )

ROCK BARE OR AWASH SMALL FALLS

DEPTH CURVE SPRING

SYMBOLS FOR VEGETATION
( ALL SYMBOLS COLORED GREEN )

GRASS ORCHARD

VINEYARD MANGROVE
SYMBOLS FOR VEGETATION
( ALL SYMBOLS COLORED GREEN )

SCRUB PINE TREES NARROW LEAF

BROAD LEAF TREES RICE FIELD

SYMBOLS FOR VARIOUS FEATURES
( ALL SYMBOLS COLORED BROWN )

SAND AREA TAILINGS

MINE DUMPS DUNE AREA

SYMBOLS FOR VARIOUS FEATURES
( ALL SYMBOLS COLORED BROWN )

GRAVEL BEACH TAILINGS PONDS

BROKEN SURFACE WASH

SYMBOLS FOR VARIOUS FEATURES
( ALL SYMBOLS COLORED BROWN )

CUT/FILL ALONG HIGHWAY

SYMBOLS FOR STRUCTURES
( ALL SYMBOLS COLORED BLACK )

BUILDINGS POWER TRANSMISSION LINE

BUILDINGS ( Barn,Warehouse,etc) TELEPHONE LINE

SCHOOL, CHURCH,CEMETERY WELLS other than Water

SYMBOLS FOR STRUCTURES
( ALL SYMBOLS COLORED BLACK )

CAMPSITE, PICNIC AREA DAM WITH LOCK

OPEN PIT, MINE, OR QUARRY TANKS, OIL, WATER, ETC.

WINDMILL
SYMBOLS FOR BOUNDARIES
( ALL SYMBOLS COLORED BLACK UNLESS STATED OTHERWISE )

NATIONAL STATE

COUNTRY, PARISH, MUNICIPIO CIVIL TOWNSHIP, PRECINCT,TOWN, BARRIO

INCORPORATED CITY, VILLAGE, TOWN, RESERVATION, NATIONAL OR STATE

HAMLET
SYMBOLS FOR BOUNDARIES
( ALL SYMBOLS COLORED BLACK UNLESS STATED OTHERWISE )

SMALL PARK, CEMETERY, AIRPORT, ETC. LAND GRANT

TOWNSHIP OR RANGE LINE (red) TOWNSHIP OR RANGE LINE

Approximate Location (red)

FENCE LINE OR FIELD LINE (red)

SYMBOLS FOR ROADS AND RAILROADS
( ALL SYMBOLS COLORED BLACK UNLESS STATED OTHERWISE )

HARD SURFACE, HEAVY DUTY ROAD (red) HARD SURFACE, MEDIUM DUTY ROAD (red)

IMPROVED LIGHT DUTY ROAD UNIMPROVED DIRT ROAD

TRAIL RAILROAD, SINGLE TRACK

SYMBOLS FOR ROADS AND RAILROADS
( ALL SYMBOLS COLORED BLACK UNLESS STATED OTHERWISE )

RAILROAD, MULTIPLE TRACK BRIDGE

DRAW BRIDGE TUNNEL

FOOT BRIDGE OVERPASS, UNDERPASS

TYPES OF SYMBOLS
1. Point Symbols
 A point is any kind of mark that by its
graphic characteristics refers more to a
place than it does to a line or area.
 They are most commonly portrayed by using
geometric shapes and may take the form of
a rectangle, triangle, or circle.
 It may represent any phenomenon having
territorial extent or simply location where a
dot may represent a city; a circle, the
population of a locality; and a triangle, a
control station for a triangulation system.
2. Line Symbols
 It is most versatile and widely used in
cartography.
 Its linear features are represented by lines of

different types such as solid, dashed, or dotted.

 It is used in portraying rivers, roads, or

boundaries.
 It is usually suggests connectivity of some sort

from one end to the other, similar

characteristics along its course, and differences
from one side to another.
FLOW LINES

 A lines of varying widths or graded visual

importance.

3. Area Symbols
 They are employed to portray different types of

cartographic details such as bodies of water,

vegetation, and various around features.
EMPHASIS OF SYMBOLS
1. Line Thickness and Color
 They are considered when portraying large or major
features.

2. Size
 It is always best to keep the size of symbols in
proportion to the drawing or it may be varied with the
scale of the map on which they are drawn.
 It may be varied to indicate importance of a feature or
when it is necessary to distinguish between large and
small details portrayed in quantitative forms of maps.
EMPHASIS OF SYMBOLS
3. Shape
 It may either be geometric, linear, or pictographic in form and
should be drawn distinctly to avoid confusion.
 Man-made objects have regular shapes, straight lines, and
smooth curves while natural features is irregular in shapes.
4. Pattern
 Symbols that vary in density such as dot patterns or line
patterns of different thickness and directions are very distinct.
 Patterns that are adjacent to each other should be
considerably different from each other.
5. Shading
 It will add dominance and allow emphasis to be given to
different features or to clarify a confusing lay-out of symbols.
NOTES AND LEGENDS
 They are given in maps to assist in interpreting a
drawing.
 They should be as brief as possible, but at the same
time should include sufficient information as to leave
no doubt in the mind of the map user.
DUPLICATION AND
REPRODUCTION OF MAPS
1. Stenciling
2. Direct Contact Positive
3. Direct Contact Negative
4. Photocopy Process
5. Film Photograph Process
6. Xerography
7. Micrographics