MA23111 LINEAR ALGEBRA AND CALCULUS

Answer Key
Question Paper Code: 141251

PART A (10×2=20 Marks)

1. Compute the eigenvalues of the matrix

[ ]

Solution:
The characteristic equation is

( ) ( )

Solving, .
Eigenvalues: .

2. Write the matrix form of the quadratic form

Solution:
The quadratic form can be written as:

[ ]

[ ]

3. Verify if the set *( )( )+ is linearly independent in .

Solution:
These vectors are standard basis vectors in . Since they are nonzero and no scalar
multiple of one gives the other, they are linearly independent.
4. Define basis and dimension of a vector space.
Solution:
o Basis: A set of linearly independent vectors that spans the vector space.
o Dimension: The number of vectors in a basis of the vector space.
5. Calculate the inner product of ( ) and ( ) in .
Solution:
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
6. Recall the steps involved in performing the QR factorization of a matrix.
Solution:
o Use Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization to obtain an orthonormal basis.
o Form matrix Q with these orthonormal vectors as columns.
o Compute R as , where is the given matrix.
7. Find the Jacobian for the transformation

Solution:

[ ]

[ ]
Determinant:
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
8. Find the critical points of the function
( )
Solution:
o Compute partial derivatives:

o Solve ,

o Critical point: ( ).
9. Change the order of integration for the double integral

∫ ∫ ( )

Solution:
The given limits correspond to:

o ,
o .
Rewriting:
 o ,
o .
Thus, the new integral is:

∫ ∫ ( )

10. State the trapezoidal rule for approximating double integrals.

Solution:
The trapezoidal rule for double integrals is given by:

∫ ∫ ( ) ∑ ∑, ( ) -

PART - B

11(a) Verify the Cayley-Hamilton Theorem for the matrix

[ ]

The characteristic polynomial is obtained from:

( )
Expanding the determinant:

Solving this determinant, we obtain the characteristic equation:

By the Cayley-Hamilton theorem, the matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation:

Computing:

We find:

[ ]

which confirms the theorem holds.

Rewriting the characteristic equation:

( )

Computing:

[ ]

Since:

Computing:

[ ]

11(b) Transform the quadratic form

( )
into canonical form using orthogonal transformation.
( )
where

[ ]

Eigenvalues: .

[ ] [ ] [ ]

For each eigenvalue, solve ( ) to get eigenvectors.

[ ] [ ]

Thus, the quadratic form in canonical form is:

12(a) Perform Row Reduction (Gaussian Elimination) on
The given matrix is:

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

Since all four rows are nonzero, the rank of is 4, which confirms that the vectors are linearly
independent.

12(b) Find the Range Space and Null Space of

The transformation matrix is:

[ ]

Range Space (Column Space):

The range space consists of the column vectors that form a basis for the column space of .
The basis vectors are:
 [ ] [ ]

Thus, the range space (column space) is:

{[ ] [ ]}

Null Space (Kernel):

The null space consists of all vectors such that .
Solving gives:

[ ][ ] [ ]

Solving, we get the null space basis vector:

[ ]

Thus, the null space (kernel) is:

{[ ]}

13(a) Apply the Gram-Schmidt Ortho normalization Process

Given the set of vectors:
( ) ( ) ( )
We apply the Gram-Schmidt process to obtain an orthonormal basis.
Set :

[ ]

Normalize it to obtain the first orthonormal vector:

√
[ ] [√ ]
√

( )
 ( )

Computing:

( √ ) ( √ )
( ) ( ) ( ) √
√

√ [ ] √ [ ]

√
[√ ]
√

√
[√ ]
√
( ) ( )

√
[ √ ]
√
Thus, the orthonormal basis is:

√ √ √
[√ ] [√ ] [ √ ]
√ √

13(b) Perform Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)

Given the matrix:

[ ]

We compute the SVD decomposition:

Solving for eigenvectors of :

 √ √
* +
√ √

[ ]

Solving for eigenvectors of :

√ √
[ √ √ ]

Thus, the SVD of is:

√ √
√ √
* +[ ][ √ √ ]
√ √

14(a) - Taylor Series Expansion up to Third-Order Terms

Given function:
( )
we expand it at ( ) up to third-order terms.
11. Zeroth-order term (Function Value at ( ))

( )
12. First-order derivatives

Evaluating at ( ):
( ) ( )

13. Second-order derivatives

Evaluating at ( ):
( ) ( ) ( )

14. Third-order derivatives

 Evaluating at ( ):

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

The Taylor series up to third order is:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) )

( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) )

Substituting values:

( )

Thus, the Taylor series expansion up to third-order terms is:

( )

14(b) - Lagrange Multipliers for Shortest and Longest Distances

We want to find the shortest and longest distances from the point ( ) to the sphere:

The squared distance function from ( ) is:

( ) ( ) ( )
The constraint equation is:
( )
Gradient of ( ):
( ( ) ( ) )
Gradient of ( ):
( )
Using Lagrange multipliers, we solve:

This gives:
( ) ( )
Also, we must satisfy the constraint:

From the first two equations:

Rearrange:
( ) ( )
Dividing:

For , if , then from , we get .

But this contradicts the first two equations, so .
Substituting in the constraint:

Thus,

Substituting into ( ):

√ √
√( ) ( )

√ √
√( ) ( )

Thus, the shortest and longest distances from ( ) to the sphere are:

√ ( √ ) √ ( √ )

15(a) - Using a Double Integral to Find the Area

We need to compute the area enclosed between the curves:

The region is bounded by:

 Horizontal limits: varies from to .
  Vertical limits: varies from the lower curve to the upper curve .
Thus, the double integral for the area is:

∫ ∫

∫ , -

( ) ( )

∫ ( )

Computing term by term:

∫ ( )

( )
∫

Thus,

Thus, the area enclosed by the curves using a double integral is:

15(b) - Using the Trapezoidal Rule to Approximate the Double Integral

We need to approximate the double integral:

∫ ∫ ( )

 Limits: , -, , -.
 Using a grid for approximation.
The Trapezoidal Rule formula in two dimensions is:

∑∑ ( )
where are weights that adjust for edges and corners.

Using the numerical computation, we obtain the approximated value: