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Transition Metal Chemistry-1

The document outlines the course details for Transition Metal Chemistry (ECH 2203), including its duration, credit units, and assessment methods. It covers various topics such as the characteristics of transition elements, complex formation, and the chemistry of d-block and f-block elements. Additionally, it provides references and resources available for the course, emphasizing the importance of transition metals in chemistry.

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Kabongo Innocent
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18 views14 pages

Transition Metal Chemistry-1

The document outlines the course details for Transition Metal Chemistry (ECH 2203), including its duration, credit units, and assessment methods. It covers various topics such as the characteristics of transition elements, complex formation, and the chemistry of d-block and f-block elements. Additionally, it provides references and resources available for the course, emphasizing the importance of transition metals in chemistry.

Uploaded by

Kabongo Innocent
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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10.02.

2025
Course title: Transition Metal Chemistry
Course code: ECH 2203
Course Duration: 45 Hours
Credit Units: 3 CU
Year when offered: Year II Semester II

Methods of Delivery: i) Blended Learning (Online and face-to-face), ii)


Seminar Presentations, iii) projects

Methods of Assessment: i) Continuous Assessment (30%) through


Coursework Assignment, Tests, Group work Presentations and practical.
ii) Semester Examinations (70%)
BY DONALD EGWANG
Available Resources: Physical Library Resource, Internet, Computer
Laboratory Course Resource Books.

Available Infrastructure: i) Lecture Room (1m² spaces per Student


ii) Library with 0.75² space per Student,
iii) Office for Staff with 1m² space per Staff

Other Information: Available Audio-Visual Equipment


(Computer, Computer Power Point Projector)
TOPICS AND SUBTOPICS

1. General characteristics of transition elements. Emphasis will be on Variable


oxidation states, paramagnetism, and diamagnetism and colour.
2. Transition metal complex formation: Metal and ligand orbital involved in the
formation of sigma-bonded octahedral.
3. Theories for metal complex formation: Quantitative treatments of crystal field
stabilization energy, valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory.
4. Thermodynamic stability of metal complexes i.e Nature and stability of
transition complexes: importance in chemistry, factors affecting stability of
metal complexes.
5. Kinetics of Ligand substitution reactions of transition metal complexes: Labile
and inert metal complexes; Factors affecting the lability or inertness of metal
complexes; Mechanisms of ligand substitution reactions
6. Chemistry of period 4 d-block elements and their compounds
Introductory remarks; Some physical properties of the elements; important
halides of the elements; Important oxides of elements; The chemistry of
Titanium and its compounds.
7. Comparative chemistry of periods 5 and 6 d-block
Introduction; Some physical properties of the elements; Important halides of
the elements; Important oxides of the elements
8. Lanthanides and Actinides: Introduction; Some physical and chemical
properties of lanthanides and actinides, lanthanide contraction, oxidation
states, magnetic and spectral properties
9. Comparative chemistry of periods 6 and 7 f-block elements and their
compounds. Comparative chemical behavior of lanthanides and actinides.
References
1. Cotton, F.A.; Wilkinson, G. & Paul. L. G. (2006); Basic Inorganic Chemistry
2. Greenwood, N.N. & Earnshaw, A. () Chemistry of the Elements
3. J.D. Lee. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry
4. Cotton, F.A. & Wilkinson, G. (), Advanced Inorganic Chemistry
5. Pradyot Patnaik (2003) Handbook of Inorganic Chemisrty: New York.
McGraw-Hill
6. Shriver and Atkins (2006) Inorganic Chemistry, (4th ed). New York. Oxford
Press.
7. Brown-Le May-Bursten. 2003. Chemistry the Central Science. 9th Edition
8. Gary. L Miessler. 2004. Inorganic chemistry. 3rd Edition
9. A.G. Sharpe. 1992. Inorganic Chemistry 3rd Edition. Pearson Education Ltd
10.Douglas et al. 2001. Concepts and Models of Inorganic chemistry 3rd
Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
References cont’d
11. G.S Manku. 1980. Theoritical Principles of Inorganic Chemistry.
New Dehli; TATA McGraw
12. "Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry" by J. Derek Woollins. Edition: 6th
Edition (2017)
13. "Inorganic Chemistry" by Gary L. Miessler, Donald A. Tarr, and Paul
J. Fischer. Edition: 5th Edition (2019)
14. "Transition Metal Chemistry" by J. Derek Woollins. Edition: 2nd
Edition (2019)
15. "The Chemistry of the Transition Elements" by J. Derek Woollins.
Edition: 2nd Edition (2020)
Transition Metal Chemistry
TRANSITION METALS
 Transition metals are elements whose d or f orbitals are
incompletely filled with electrons. They include the d and f block
elements.
 The first row transition metals consist of 10 elements from
scandium to zinc and are also called 3𝑟𝑑 series as their 3d subshell
is progressively filled.
 When they lose electrons, they are referred to as transition metal
ions. A transition metal or its ions is said to have d configuration if it
has n electrons in its d orbital e.g. Mn(II) has a 𝑑5 configuration.
Electronic Configuration of First Row Transition Metals

NOTE: When the electrons are filling the orbitals, 4s orbitals has a lower
energy than 3d orbitals. However, electrons are lost from the outermost 4s
orbital during chemical reactions.
General Properties of transition metals and their ions

The transition metals are usually hard, have high densities and high boiling
and melting points, hence, they are useful construction materials.
They show variable oxidation states. Compounds of transition elements in
their highest oxidation state are often powerful oxidizing agent e.g.
Mn(VII) in 𝑀𝑛𝑂4− , Cr(VI) in 𝐶𝑟2 𝑂72− .
They readily form alloys with one another and with other non-metals of
similar atomic radii. This allows ions of one metal to replace those of
another in the crystal lattice without causing undue distortion. Metals are
usually alloyed to give them more useful properties e.g. steel (Fe and 2%
C) is much stronger than Fe and corrodes less easily.
 They form coloured compounds. Most transition metals or their ions are
coloured in the solid or in solution states. The existence of colour in
compound of transition elements could be due to their incompletely filled
d-orbitals. Those with no electrons or full electrons in the d-orbital are
usually pale or colourless e.g. 𝑆𝑐 3+ (𝑑0 ); 𝐶𝑢 + (𝑑10 ), 𝑍𝑛2+ (𝑑10 ) –
colourless (or white); 𝑀𝑛2+ (𝑑5 ) – pale pink; 𝑇𝑖 3+ (𝑑1 )– purple;
𝐶𝑟 2+ (𝑑4 ); 𝐶𝑢2+ (𝑑9 )– blue; 𝑉 3+ (𝑑3 ); 𝐹𝑒 2+ (𝑑6 ); 𝑁𝑖 2+ (𝑑8 )– green; The
colours observed arise from two phenomena: (i) d-d transition (ii) change
transfer transition (L to M or M to L) e.g. 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 - the purple colour is
due to charge transfer.
They form a wide range of complexes with ligands. Complex formation takes
place when the transition metal ions form coordinate bonds with a number of
ligands which are Lewis bases capable of donating electrons to the metal ion
e.g. 𝐶𝑜(𝑁𝐻3 )6 3+ ; 𝐶𝑜(𝐶𝑁)6 4− .
They exhibit magnetic properties. Magnetic moment is a measure of the
magnetic properties of a transition metal complex evaluated from the
number of unpaired electrons present in each complex using the equation:
𝜇𝑠𝑜 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 2) where 𝜇𝑠𝑜 is spin-only magnetic moment, n is the number
of unpaired electrons. It is measured in Bohr Magneton. The absence or
presence of unpaired electron determines the magnetic property of a
transition metal complex. A compound with unpaired electrons in its d-
orbital is said to be paramagnetic and such a compound is attracted by the
magnetic field while that without unpaired electrons is diamagnetic and is
repelled by the magnetic field.
For ligands with large splitting constant, electrons are paired up in the
lower d-orbitals resulting in low spin complexes. Conversely, the
ligands with small splitting constant usually give
rise to high spin complexes.
Example: Large splitting ligands = 𝐶𝑁 − , CO; Small splitting ligands =
Cl, F, Br; Medium = 𝑁𝐻3 .
For instance, 𝑁𝑖(𝐶𝑁)4 2− and 𝑁𝑖(𝐶𝑙)4 2− are low and high spin
complexes respectively.

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