Amazon

AIF-C01 Exam
AWS Certified Foundational

Questions & Answers

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Question: 1

Which of the following are examples of supervised learning? (Select two)

A. Document classification
B. Association rule learning
C. Clustering
D. Neural network
E. Linear regression
Answer: D, E
Explanation:
Correct options:

Supervised learning algorithms train on sample data that specifies both the algorithm's input and output.
For example, the data could be images of handwritten numbers that are annotated to indicate which
numbers they represent. Given sufficient labeled data, the supervised learning system would eventually
recognize the clusters of pixels and shapes associated with each handwritten number.

via -
https://aws.amazon.com/compare/the-difference-between-machine-learning-supervised-and-
unsupervised/

Linear regression
Linear regression refers to supervised learning models that, based on one or more inputs, predict a
value from a continuous scale. An example of linear regression is predicting a house price. You could
predict a house’s price based on its location, age, and number of rooms after you train a model on a set
of historical sales training data with those variables.

Neural network
A neural network solution is a more complex supervised learning technique. To produce a given
outcome, it takes some given inputs and performs one or more layers of mathematical transformation
based on adjusting data weightings. An example of a neural network technique is predicting a digit from
a handwritten image.
Incorrect options:

Document classification - This is an example of semi-supervised learning. Semi-supervised learning

is when you apply both supervised and unsupervised learning techniques to a common problem. This
technique relies on using a small amount of labeled data and a large amount of unlabeled data to train
systems. When applying categories to a large document base, there may be too many documents to
physically label. For example, these could be countless reports, transcripts, or specifications. Training
on the unlabeled data helps identify similar documents for labeling.

Association rule learning - This is an example of unsupervised learning. Association rule learning
techniques uncover rule-based relationships between inputs in a dataset. For example, the Apriori
algorithm conducts market basket analysis to identify rules like coffee and milk often being purchased
together.

Clustering - Clustering is an unsupervised learning technique that groups certain data inputs, so they
may be categorized as a whole. There are various types of clustering algorithms depending on the input

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data. An example of clustering is identifying different types of network traffic to predict potential security
incidents.

References:

https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/machine-learning/
https://aws.amazon.com/compare/the-difference-between-machine-learning-supervised-and-
unsupervised/

Question: 2

What is one of the primary advantages of using generative AI in the AWS cloud environment?

A. Generative AI can automate the creation of new data based on existing patterns, enhancing
productivity and innovation
B. Generative AI can perform all cloud maintenance tasks without any human intervention
C. Generative AI ensures 100% security against all cyber threats
D. Generative AI can replace all human roles in software development
Answer: A
Explanation:
Correct option:

Generative AI can automate the creation of new data based on existing patterns, enhancing
productivity and innovation

Generative AI in the AWS cloud environment is advantageous because it automates the creation of new
data from existing patterns, which can significantly boost productivity and drive innovation. This capability
allows businesses to generate new insights, designs, and solutions more efficiently.

via - https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/generative-ai/

Incorrect options:

Generative AI can replace all human roles in software development - Generative AI is not designed
to replace all human roles in software development but to assist and enhance human capabilities by
automating certain tasks and creating new data based on patterns. So, this option is incorrect.

Generative AI ensures 100% security against all cyber threats - While generative AI can improve
security by identifying patterns and anomalies, it does not guarantee 100% security against all cyber
threats. Security in the cloud involves a combination of multiple strategies and tools. Therefore, this option
is incorrect.

Generative AI can perform all cloud maintenance tasks without any human intervention -
Generative AI can assist in cloud maintenance tasks by predicting issues and suggesting solutions, but it
cannot perform all maintenance tasks without human oversight and intervention. So, this option is not the
right fit.

References:
https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/generative-ai/
https://aws.amazon.com/ai/generative-ai/services/

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Question: 3

Which Amazon SageMaker service aggregates and displays data from Amazon SageMaker Model
Cards, SageMaker Model Monitor and SageMaker Endpoint services ?

A. Amazon SageMaker JumpStart

B. Amazon SageMaker Model Dashboard
C. Amazon SageMaker Feature Store
D. Amazon SageMaker Data Wrangler
Answer: B
Explanation:
Correct option:

Amazon SageMaker Model Dashboard

Amazon SageMaker Model Dashboard is a centralized repository of all models created in your account.
The models are generally the outputs of SageMaker training jobs, but you can also import models
trained elsewhere and host them on SageMaker. Model Dashboard provides a single interface for IT
administrators, model risk managers, and business leaders to track all deployed models and aggregate
data from multiple AWS services to provide indicators about how your models are performing.

Model risk managers, ML practitioners, data scientists, and business leaders can get a comprehensive
overview of models using the Model Dashboard. The dashboard aggregates and displays data from
Amazon SageMaker Model Cards, Endpoints, and Model Monitor services to display valuable
information such as model metadata from the model card and model registry, endpoints where the
models are deployed, and insights from model monitoring.

Incorrect options:

Amazon SageMaker JumpStart - Amazon SageMaker JumpStart is a machine learning (ML) hub that
can help you accelerate your ML journey. With SageMaker JumpStart, you can evaluate, compare, and
select Foundation Models (FMs) quickly based on pre-defined quality and responsibility metrics to perform
tasks like article summarization and image generation. Pretrained models are fully customizable for your
use case with your data, and you can easily deploy them into production with the user interface or SDK.

Amazon SageMaker Feature Store - Amazon SageMaker Feature Store is a fully managed, purpose-
built repository to store, share, and manage features for machine learning (ML) models. Features are
inputs to ML models used during training and inference. For example, in an application that recommends
a music playlist, features could include song ratings, listening duration, and listener demographics.

Amazon SageMaker Data Wrangler - Amazon SageMaker Data Wrangler reduces the time it takes to
aggregate and prepare tabular and image data for ML from weeks to minutes. With SageMaker Data
Wrangler, you can simplify the process of data preparation and feature engineering, and complete each
step of the data preparation workflow (including data selection, cleansing, exploration, visualization, and
processing at scale) from a single visual interface.

Reference:

https://docs.aws.amazon.com/sagemaker/latest/dg/model-dashboard-faqs.html

Question: 4

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The marketing department at a retail company is working on a campaign for the upcoming Thanksgiving
holidays. The department wants to exclude competitive brand names or sensitive topics from the content
produced via generative AI prompts.
What type of prompting technique does the given use case represent?

A. Negative prompting
B. Zero-shot Prompting
C. Few-shot Prompting
D. Chain-of-thought prompting
Answer: A
Explanation:
Correct option:

Negative prompting

Negative prompting refers to guiding a generative AI model to avoid certain outputs or behaviors when
generating content. In the context of AWS generative AI, like those using Amazon Bedrock, negative
prompting is used to refine and control the output of models by specifying what should not be included in
the generated content.

via - https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/prompt-engineering/

Incorrect options:

Few-shot Prompting - In few-shot prompting, you provide a few examples of a task to the model to
guide its output.

Chain-of-thought prompting - Chain-of-thought prompting is a technique that breaks down a complex

question into smaller, logical parts that mimic a train of thought. This helps the model solve problems in
a series of intermediate steps rather than directly answering the question. This enhances its reasoning
ability. It involves guiding the model through a step-by-step process to arrive at a solution or generate
content, thereby enhancing the quality and coherence of the output.

Zero-shot Prompting - Zero-shot prompting is a technique used in generative AI where the model is
asked to perform a task or generate content without having seen any examples of that specific task
during training. Instead, the model relies on its general understanding and knowledge to respond.

Reference:
https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/prompt-engineering/

Question: 5

Which of the following allows business analysts to use natural language to build Business Intelligence
(BI) dashboards?

A. Amazon Q in QuickSight
B. Amazon Q Developer
C. Amazon Q in Connect
D. Amazon Q Business

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Answer: A
Explanation:
Correct option:

Amazon Q in QuickSight
With Amazon Q in QuickSight, customers get a generative BI assistant that allows business analysts to
use natural language to build BI dashboards in minutes and easily create visualizations and complex
calculations. These dashboard-authoring capabilities empower business analysts to swiftly build, uncover,
and share valuable insights using natural language prompts. You can simplify data understanding for
business users through a context-aware Q&A experience, executive summaries, and customizable data
stories — all designed to use insights to inform and drive decisions.

Incorrect options:

Amazon Q Developer - Amazon Q Developer assists developers and IT professionals with all their
tasks—from coding, testing, and upgrading applications, to diagnosing errors, performing security
scanning and fixes, and optimizing AWS resources.

Amazon Q Business - Amazon Q Business is a fully managed, generative-AI-powered assistant that you
can configure to answer questions, provide summaries, generate content, and complete tasks based on
your enterprise data. It allows end users to receive immediate, permissions-aware responses from
enterprise data sources with citations, for use cases such as IT, HR, and benefits help desks.

Amazon Q in Connect - Amazon Connect is the contact center service from AWS. Amazon Q helps
customer service agents provide better customer service. Amazon Q in Connect enriches real-time
customer conversations with the relevant company content. It recommends what to say or what actions
an agent should take to assist customers in a better way.

References:
https://aws.amazon.com/q/
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazonq/latest/qdeveloper-ug/what-is.html
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazonq/latest/qbusiness-ug/what-is.html

Question: 6

Which of the following are correct statements regarding the AWS Global Infrastructure? (Select two)

A. Each Availability Zone (AZ) consists of one or more discrete data centers
B. Each AWS Region consists of a minimum of two Availability Zones (AZ)
C. Each AWS Region consists of a minimum of three Availability Zones (AZ)
D. Each AWS Region consists of two or more Edge Locations
E. Each Availability Zone (AZ) consists of two or more discrete data centers
Answer: A, C
Explanation:
Correct options:

Each AWS Region consists of a minimum of three Availability Zones

(AZ)
Each Availability Zone (AZ) consists of one or more discrete data
centers

AWS has the concept of a Region, which is a physical location around the world where AWS clusters its

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data centers. AWS calls each group of logical data centers an Availability Zone (AZ). Each AWS Region
consists of a minimum of three, isolated, and physically separate AZs within a geographic area. Each AZ
has independent power, cooling, and physical security and is connected via redundant, ultra-low-latency
networks.

An Availability Zone (AZ) is one or more discrete data centers with redundant power, networking, and
connectivity in an AWS Region. All AZs in an AWS Region are interconnected with high-bandwidth, low-
latency networking, over fully redundant, dedicated metro fiber providing high-throughput, low-latency
networking between AZs.

AWS Regions and Availability Zones Overview:

via - https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/global-infrastructure/regions_az/

Incorrect options:

Each AWS Region consists of a minimum of two Availability Zones (AZ)

Each Availability Zone (AZ) consists of two or more discrete data centers
Each AWS Region consists of two or more Edge Locations

These three options contradict the details provided earlier in the explanation, so these options are
incorrect.

Reference:
https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/global-infrastructure/regions_az/

Question: 7

Which of the following generative AI techniques are used in Amazon Q Business web application
workflow? (Select two)

A. Variational autoencoders (VAE)

B. Generative adversarial network (GAN)
C. Large Language Model (LLM)
D. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)
E. Diffusion Model
Answer: C, D
Explanation:
Correct options:

Large Language Model (LLM)

Large language models (LLMs) are a class of Foundation Models (FMs). For example, OpenAI's
generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) models are LLMs. LLMs are specifically focused on language-
based tasks such as such as summarization, text generation, classification, open-ended conversation,
and information extraction.

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is the process of optimizing the output of a large language

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model, so it references an authoritative knowledge base outside of its training data sources before
generating a response. Large Language Models (LLMs) are trained on vast volumes of data and use
billions of parameters to generate original output for tasks like answering questions, translating
languages, and completing sentences. RAG extends the already powerful capabilities of LLMs to
specific domains or an organization's internal knowledge base, all without the need to retrain the model.
It is a cost-effective approach to improving LLM output so it remains relevant, accurate, and useful in
various contexts.

Depending on the configuration, Amazon Q Business web application workflow can use LLM/RAG or
both.

via - https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazonq/latest/qbusiness-ug/how-it-works.html

Incorrect options:

Diffusion Model - Diffusion models create new data by iteratively making controlled random changes
to an initial data sample. They start with the original data and add subtle changes (noise), progressively
making it less similar to the original. This noise is carefully controlled to ensure the generated data
remains coherent and realistic. After adding noise over several iterations, the diffusion model reverses
the process. Reverse denoising gradually removes the noise to produce a new data sample that
resembles the original.

Generative adversarial network (GAN) - GANs work by training two neural networks in a competitive
manner. The first network, known as the generator, generates fake data samples by adding random
noise. The second network, called the discriminator, tries to distinguish between real data and the fake
data produced by the generator. During training, the generator continually improves its ability to create
realistic data while the discriminator becomes better at telling real from fake. This adversarial process
continues until the generator produces data that is so convincing that the discriminator can't
differentiate it from real data.

Variational autoencoders (VAE) - VAEs use two neural networks—the encoder and the decoder. The
encoder neural network maps the input data to a mean and variance for each dimension of the latent
space. It generates a random sample from a Gaussian (normal) distribution. This sample is a point in
the latent space and represents a compressed, simplified version of the input data. The decoder neural
network takes this sampled point from the latent space and reconstructs it back into data that resembles
the original input.

References:
https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/generative-ai/
https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/retrieval-augmented-generation/
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazonq/latest/qbusiness-ug/how-it-works.html

Question: 8

In the context of secure data engineering for AI systems on AWS, what is the primary difference between
data access control and data integrity?

A. Data access control and data integrity are both concerned with encrypting data at rest and in transit
B. Data access control involves authentication and authorization of users, whereas data integrity
ensures the data is accurate, consistent, and unaltered

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C. Data access control is responsible for data encryption, while data integrity focuses on auditing and
logging user activities
D. Data access control ensures the accuracy and consistency of data, while data integrity manages
who can access the data
Answer: B
Explanation:
Correct option:

Data access control involves authentication and authorization of users, whereas data integrity ensures
the data is accurate, consistent, and unaltered

Data access control is about managing who can access data and what actions they can perform,
typically through mechanisms like authentication and authorization. Data integrity, on the other hand,
focuses on maintaining the accuracy, consistency, and trustworthiness of data throughout its lifecycle,
ensuring that data remains unaltered and accurate during storage, processing, and transmission.

Incorrect options:

Data access control ensures the accuracy and consistency of data, while data integrity manages who
can access the data - This statement reverses the roles of data access control and data integrity.

Data access control is responsible for data encryption, while data integrity focuses on auditing and
logging user activities - Data encryption is a security measure related to both access control and
integrity, but access control is primarily about managing user permissions, while integrity focuses on
data accuracy and consistency.

Data access control and data integrity are both concerned with encrypting data at rest and in transit -
While encryption is important for both access control and integrity, this statement does not capture their
primary roles. Access control is about user permissions, and integrity is about data accuracy and
consistency.

Reference:
https://aws.amazon.com/ai/generative-ai/security/

Question: 9

What is the primary distinction between discriminative models and generative models in the context of
generative AI?

A. Generative models are trained on labeled data, while discriminative models can be trained on both
labeled and unlabeled data
B. Discriminative models are only used for text classification, while generative models are only used for
image classification
C. Discriminative models are used to generate new data, while generative models are used only for
classification
D. Generative models focus on generating new data from learned patterns, whereas discriminative
models classify data by distinguishing between different classes
Answer: D
Explanation:

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Correct option:

Generative models focus on generating new data from learned patterns, whereas discriminative models
classify data by distinguishing between different classes

Generative models learn the underlying patterns of data to create new, similar data, while discriminative
models learn to distinguish between different classes of data. Generative models, such as GPT-3, can
generate new content, whereas discriminative models are used for classification tasks. The former
focuses on understanding and replicating the data distribution, while the latter focuses on decision
boundaries to classify inputs.

For example, discriminative models look at images - known data like pixel arrangement, line, color, and
shape — and then map them to an outcome — the unknown factor. Mathematically, these models work
by identifying equations that could numerically map unknown and known factors as x and y variables.

Generative models take this one step further. Instead of predicting a label given some features, they try
to predict features given a certain label. Mathematically, generative modeling calculates the probability of
x and y occurring together. It learns the distribution of different data features and their relationships. For
example, generative models analyze animal images to record variables like different ear shapes, eye
shapes, tail features, and skin patterns. They learn features and their relations to understand what
different animals look like in general. They can then recreate new animal images that were not in the
training set.

Incorrect options:

Discriminative models are used to generate new data, while generative models are used only for
classification - Discriminative models are used primarily for classification, not for generating new data.
Discriminative models are only used for text classification, while generative models are only used for
image classification - Discriminative models can be used for both text and image classification, while
generative models learn the underlying patterns of data to create new data.

Generative models are trained on labeled data, while discriminative models can be trained on both
labeled and unlabeled data - The training data type (labeled vs. unlabeled) is not the primary distinction
between generative and discriminative models.

Reference:
https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/generative-ai/

Question: 10

Which AWS service offers pre-trained and customizable computer vision (CV) capabilities?

A. Amazon DeepRacer
B. Amazon SageMaker
C. Amazon Rekognition
D. Amazon Textract
Answer: C
Explanation:
Correct option:

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Amazon Rekognition

Amazon Rekognition is a cloud-based image and video analysis service that makes it easy to add
advanced computer vision capabilities to your applications. The service is powered by proven deep
learning technology and it requires no machine learning expertise to use. Amazon Rekognition includes
a simple, easy-to-use API that can quickly analyze any image or video file that’s stored in Amazon S3.

You can add features that detect objects, text, and unsafe content, analyze images/videos, and compare
faces to your application using Rekognition's APIs. With Amazon Rekognition's face recognition APIs,
you can detect, analyze, and compare faces for a wide variety of use cases, including user verification,
cataloging, people counting, and public safety.

Amazon Rekognition offers pre-trained and customizable computer vision (CV) capabilities to extract
information and insights from your images and videos.

Incorrect options:

Amazon SageMaker - Amazon SageMaker is a fully managed machine learning (ML) service. With
SageMaker, data scientists and developers can quickly and confidently build, train, and deploy ML
models into a production-ready hosted environment. It provides a UI experience for running ML
workflows that makes SageMaker ML tools available across multiple integrated development
environments (IDEs).

Amazon DeepRacer - AWS DeepRacer is an autonomous 1/18th scale race car designed to test RL
models by racing on a physical track. Using cameras to view the track and a reinforcement model to
control throttle and steering, the car shows how a model trained in a simulated environment can be
transferred to the real world.

Amazon Textract - Amazon Textract is a machine learning (ML) service that automatically extracts text,
handwriting, layout elements, and data from scanned documents. It goes beyond simple optical
character recognition (OCR) to identify, understand, and extract specific data from documents.

References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/rekognition/latest/dg/what-is.html
https://aws.amazon.com/textract/
https://aws.amazon.com/deepracer/

Question: 11

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the difference between poisoning and prompt leaking in
the context of AI models?

Prompt 1: "How do I improve my diet?"

Response A: "To improve your diet, you should eat more fruits and vegetables, and reduce your intake
of processed foods. By the way, here's a link to a malicious website that sells diet pills."
Prompt 2: "What is the capital of France?"
Response B: "The capital of France is Paris. By the way, in a previous session, you asked about
vacation spots in Europe. Would you like more information on that?"
Prompt 3: "Write a poem about nature."

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Response C: "Nature is beautiful, serene, and pure. Make sure to visit the link to buy weight loss pills to
enjoy nature more."
Prompt 4: "What is the best way to learn programming?"
Response D: "The best way to learn programming is by practicing coding regularly and using online
resources. In your last session, you asked about learning Java. Are you interested in more Java
tutorials?"

A. Response A is poisoning; Response B is prompt leaking

B. Response C is prompt leaking; Response D is poisoning
C. Response D is poisoning; Response A is prompt leaking
D. Response B is poisoning; Response C is prompt leaking
Answer: A
Explanation:
Correct option:

Response A is poisoning; Response B is prompt leaking

Poisoning refers to the intentional introduction of malicious or biased data into the training dataset of a
model which leads to the model producing biased, offensive, or harmful outputs (intentionally or
unintentionally).

Prompt Leaking refers to the unintentional disclosure or leakage of the prompts or inputs used within a
model. It can expose protected data or other data used by the model, such as how the model works.

Response A illustrates poisoning, where the response includes a harmful or malicious suggestion (link to
a malicious website). Response B illustrates prompt leaking, where the AI model refers to information
from a previous session, potentially revealing private or sensitive information that the user did not ask for
in the current session.

via -
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/prescriptive-guidance/latest/llm-prompt-engineering-best-practices/common-
attacks.html

Incorrect options:

Response C is prompt leaking; Response D is poisoning - Response C is an example of poisoning, not

prompt leaking. Response D is an example of prompt leaking, not poisoning.

Response B is poisoning; Response C is prompt leaking - Response B is prompt leaking, not poisoning.
Response C is poisoning, not prompt leaking.

Response D is poisoning; Response A is prompt leaking - Response D is prompt leaking, not poisoning,
and Response A is poisoning, not prompt leaking.

Reference:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/prescriptive-guidance/latest/llm-prompt-engineering-best-practices/common-
attacks.html

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Question: 12

Which AWS ML services can detect text within images? (Select two)

A. Amazon Comprehend
B. Amazon Rekognition
C. Amazon Lex
D. Amazon Textract
E. Amazon Polly
Answer: B, D
Explanation:
Correct options:
Amazon Rekognition
Amazon Textract

Both Rekognition and Textract possess the ability to detect text within images.

Rekognition specializes in identifying text located spatially within an image, for instance, words displayed
on street signs, t-shirts, or license plates. Its typical use cases encompass visual search, content
filtering, and deriving insights from content, among others. However, it's not the ideal choice for images
containing more than 100 words, as this exceeds its limitation.

On the other hand, Textract is tailored more towards processing documents and PDFs, offering a
comprehensive suite for Optical Character Recognition (OCR). It proves useful in scenarios involving
financial reports, medical records, receipts, ID documents, and more.

Incorrect options:

Amazon Comprehend - Amazon Comprehend is a natural language processing (NLP) service that uses
machine learning to find meaning and insights in text. By utilizing NLP, you can extract important phrases,
sentiments, syntax, key entities such as brand, date, location, person, etc., and the language of the text.
Comprehend can analyze text, but cannot extract it from documents or images.

Amazon Lex - Amazon Lex is a fully managed artificial intelligence (AI) service with advanced natural
language models to design, build, test, and deploy conversational interfaces in applications. Amazon Lex
leverages the power of Generative AI and Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance the builder and
customer experience. Lex is a powerful service for building bots, but it cannot extract text from
documents or images.

Amazon Polly - Amazon Polly uses deep learning technologies to synthesize natural-sounding human
speech, so you can convert articles to speech.

Reference:
https://repost.aws/questions/QUsCXe41EtTYq3QDaY18EnSg/textract-vs-rekognition-in-detect-text-in-
picture

Question: 13

Is it possible to increase both the bias and variance of a machine learning model simultaneously?

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A. No, it is not possible to increase both bias and variance simultaneously, as they are inversely
related
B. Yes, increasing both bias and variance simultaneously will improve the model's accuracy and
generalization capabilities
C. Yes, it is possible to increase both bias and variance, but this typically leads to a model that
performs poorly due to both underfitting and overfitting
D. No, increasing bias always decreases variance and vice versa, so they cannot be increased at the
same time
Answer: C
Explanation:
Correct option:

Yes, it is possible to increase both bias and variance, but this typically leads to a model that performs
poorly due to both underfitting and overfitting

Bias is an error introduced by approximating a real-world problem (which may be complex) by a simpler
model. High bias can cause the model to miss relevant relations between features and target outputs
(underfitting).

Variance is an error introduced by the model's sensitivity to small fluctuations in the training data. High
variance can cause the model to mimic the random noise in the training data rather than the intended
outputs (overfitting).

It is possible to increase both bias and variance, but doing so usually results in a model that is both
underfit and overfit, leading to poor performance. High bias causes the model to miss important patterns
(underfitting), while high variance makes the model too sensitive to noise in the training data (overfitting).
For example, if you reduce the amount of training data, the model has less information to learn from.
This can increase bias because the model may not capture the underlying patterns well (underfitting). At
the same time, with less data, the model can become more sensitive to fluctuations in the training data,
increasing variance.

Incorrect options:

Yes, increasing both bias and variance simultaneously will improve the model's accuracy and
generalization capabilities - Increasing both bias and variance will not improve the model's performance.
High bias can lead to underfitting, and high variance can lead to overfitting, making the model perform
poorly.

No, it is not possible to increase both bias and variance simultaneously, as they are inversely related -
Bias and variance are not inversely related to the extent that one cannot increase both. It is possible to
design a model that suffers from both high bias and high variance.

No, increasing bias always decreases variance and vice versa, so they cannot be increased at the same
time - While there is often a trade-off between bias and variance, they can both be high in a poorly
designed model.

References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/wellarchitected/latest/machine-learning-lens/mlper-09.html
https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/overfitting/

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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32161174/can-a-model-have-both-high-bias-and-high-variance-
overfitting-and-underfitting

Question: 14

Which of the following AWS services are regional in scope? (Select two)

A. Amazon CloudFront
B. AWS Lambda
C. AWS Web Application Firewall (AWS WAF)
D. AWS Identity and Access Management (AWS IAM)
E. Amazon Rekognition
Answer: B, E
Explanation:

Correct options:

Most of the services that AWS offers are Region-specific. But few services, by definition, need to be in a
global scope because of the underlying service they offer. AWS Identity and Access Management (AWS
IAM), Amazon CloudFront, Amazon Route 53, and AWS Web Application Firewall (AWS WAF) are some
of the global services.

AWS Lambda

AWS Lambda is a compute service that lets you run code without provisioning or managing servers.
AWS Lambda executes your code only when needed and scales automatically, from a few requests per
day to thousands per second. AWS Lambda is a regional service.

Amazon Rekognition

With Amazon Rekognition, you can identify objects, people, text, scenes, and activities in images and
videos, as well as detect any inappropriate content. Amazon Rekognition also provides highly accurate
facial analysis and facial search capabilities that you can use to detect, analyze, and compare faces for a
wide variety of user verification, people counting, and public safety use cases. Amazon Rekognition is a
regional service.

Incorrect options:

AWS Identity and Access Management (AWS IAM) - AWS Identity and Access Management (AWS IAM)
enables you to manage access to AWS services and resources securely. Using AWS Identity and
Access Management (AWS IAM), you can create and manage IAM users and IAM user groups, and use
permissions to allow and deny their access to AWS resources.

Amazon CloudFront - Amazon CloudFront is a fast content delivery network (CDN) service that securely
delivers data, videos, applications, and APIs to customers globally with low latency, and high transfer
speeds, all within a developer-friendly environment.

AWS Web Application Firewall (AWS WAF) - By using AWS Web Application Firewall (AWS WAF), you
can configure web access control lists (Web ACLs) on your CloudFront distributions or Application Load
Balancers to filter and block requests based on request signatures.

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As mentioned earlier, these three services are global in scope.

Exam Alert:
Amazon S3 - Amazon S3 is a unique service in the sense that it follows a global namespace but the
buckets are regional. You specify an AWS Region when you create your Amazon S3 bucket. This is a
regional service.

Question: 15

Which of the following are examples of unsupervised learning? (Select two)

A. Dimensionality reduction
B. Sentiment analysis
C. Clustering
D. Neural network
E. Decision tree
Answer: A, C
Explanation:
Correct options:

Unsupervised learning algorithms train on unlabeled data. They scan through new data and establish
meaningful connections between the unknown input and predetermined outputs. For instance,
unsupervised learning algorithms could group news articles from different news sites into common
categories like sports and crime.

Clustering

Clustering is an unsupervised learning technique that groups certain data inputs, so they may be
categorized as a whole. There are various types of clustering algorithms depending on the input data. An
example of clustering is identifying different types of network traffic to predict potential security incidents.
Dimensionality reduction

Dimensionality reduction is an unsupervised learning technique that reduces the number of features in a
dataset. It’s often used to preprocess data for other machine learning functions and reduce complexity
and overheads. For example, it may blur out or crop background features in an image recognition
application.

via -
https://aws.amazon.com/compare/the-difference-between-machine-learning-supervised-and-
unsupervised/

Incorrect options:

Decision tree - The decision tree is a supervised machine learning technique that takes some given
inputs and applies an if-else structure to predict an outcome. An example of a decision tree problem is
predicting customer churn.

Neural network - A neural network solution is a more complex supervised learning technique. To

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Questions & Answers PDF Page 17

produce a given outcome, it takes some given inputs and performs one or more layers of mathematical
transformation based on adjusting data weightings. An example of a neural network technique is
predicting a digit from a handwritten image.

Sentiment analysis - This is an example of semi-supervised learning. Semi-supervised learning is when

you apply both supervised and unsupervised learning techniques to a common problem. This technique
relies on using a small amount of labeled data and a large amount of unlabeled data to train systems.
When considering the breadth of an organization’s text-based customer interactions, it may not be cost-
effective to categorize or label sentiment across all channels. An organization could train a model on the
larger unlabeled portion of data first, and then a sample that has been labeled.

References:
https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/machine-learning/
https://aws.amazon.com/compare/the-difference-between-machine-learning-supervised-and-
unsupervised/

Question: 16

What are the key differences between real-time inference and batch inference in the context of machine
learning? (Select two)

A. Batch inference follows a synchronous execution mode, whereas real-time inference follows an
asynchronous execution mode
B. Real-time inference follows a synchronous execution mode, whereas batch inference follows an
asynchronous execution mode
C. Batch inference follows an API-based invocation, whereas real-time inference follows a schedule-
based invocation
D. Real-time inference is used for applications requiring immediate predictions with low latency,
whereas batch inference is used for processing large volumes of data at once, often with higher latency
E. Real-time inference processes data in large batches at scheduled intervals, while batch inference
processes individual data points immediately as they arrive
Answer: B, D
Explanation:
Correct options:

Real-time inference is used for applications requiring immediate predictions with low latency, whereas
batch inference is used for processing large volumes of data at once, often with higher latency
Batch inferencing, also known as offline inferencing, generates model predictions on a batch of
observations. Batch inference is a good option for large datasets or if you don't need an immediate
response to a model prediction request. Use Cases: High throughput applications like data warehousing,
ETL pipelines, periodic reports, and predictive maintenance.

Real-time inference is ideal for inference workloads where you have real-time, interactive, low-latency
requirements. Use Cases: Low latency applications like recommendation systems, chatbots, fraud
detection, and autonomous vehicles.

Real-time inference follows a synchronous execution mode, whereas batch inference follows an
asynchronous execution mode

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Synchronous execution means that a request is made, and the process waits for the response before
proceeding. The client (e.g., a user, application, or service) sends a request to the inference system and
waits for the prediction result to be returned immediately. The execution of the task is completed in a
single, continuous operation.

Asynchronous execution means that the request and the response are handled independently. The client
sends a request to the inference system, which processes the request at its own pace and returns the
results at a later time. The execution of the task is decoupled from the initial request, allowing the client to
continue with other tasks.

Summary of Key Differences

Real-time inference (synchronous execution) - Interaction: Direct and immediate. Operation: Blocking;
the client waits for the result. Use Cases: Applications where immediate feedback is required (e.g.,
chatbots, real-time recommendations, online fraud detection).

Batch inference (asynchronous execution) - Interaction: Indirect and delayed. Operation: Non-blocking;
the client can perform other tasks while waiting for the result. Use Cases: Applications where immediate
feedback is not necessary, and processing can be done in bulk (e.g., nightly data analysis, periodic
reporting, large-scale data processing).

via - https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/architecture/batch-inference-at-scale-with-amazon-sagemaker/

Incorrect options:

Real-time inference processes data in large batches at scheduled intervals, while batch inference
processes individual data points immediately as they arrive - Real-time inference processes individual
data points as they arrive, providing immediate predictions. Batch inference processes data in large
batches at scheduled intervals.

Batch inference follows an API-based invocation, whereas real-time inference follows a schedule-based
invocation - For real-time inference, the typical invocation modes are - REST API, gRPC, WebSockets, and
Serverless Functions. For batch inference, the typical invocation modes are - Batch processing frameworks
(Spark, Flink, Hadoop), Cloud Batch Services (AWS Batch), and scripted jobs on a schedule.

Batch inference follows a synchronous execution mode, whereas real-time inference follows an
asynchronous execution mode - The execution modes for real-time inference vs batch inference are
reversed in this option, so it is incorrect.

Reference:
https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/architecture/batch-inference-at-scale-with-amazon-sagemaker/

Question: 17

Which of the following is correct regarding admin controls and guardrails in Amazon Q Business? (Select
two)

A. Amazon Q Business chat responses can be generated using model knowledge and enterprise data,
or enterprise data only

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B. Amazon Q Business never allows the end users to upload files in chat to generate responses from
those uploaded files
C. Amazon Q Business guardrails support topic-specific controls to determine the web application
environment's behavior when it encounters a mention of a blocked topic by an end-user
D. Amazon Q Business guardrails do not support topic-specific controls to determine the web
application environment's behavior when it encounters a mention of a blocked topic by an end-user
E. Amazon Q Business chat responses can be generated using only model knowledge
Answer: A, C
Explanation:
Correct options:

Amazon Q Business chat responses can be generated using model knowledge and enterprise data, or
enterprise data only

Amazon Q Business chat responses can be generated using only enterprise data or your application
environment can also use its underlying large language model (LLM) to generate responses when it
can’t find answers in your enterprise data. So, you can use the application environment level controls for
controlling the sources that your application environment uses to generate responses (model knowledge
and enterprise data, or enterprise data only). Global controls also define and control blocked phrases
within your application environment.

Amazon Q Business guardrails support topic-specific controls to determine the web application environment's
behavior when it encounters a mention of a blocked topic by an end-user Amazon Q Business allows you to
use topic-specific controls to determine the web application environment's behavior when it encounters a
mention of a blocked topic by an end user.

via - https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazonq/latest/qbusiness-ug/guardrails-concepts.html

Incorrect options:

Amazon Q Business chat responses can be generated using only model knowledge
Amazon Q Business guardrails do not support topic-specific controls to determine the web application
environment's behavior when it encounters a mention of a blocked topic by an end-user
These two options contradict the explanation provided above, so these are incorrect.

Amazon Q Business never allows the end users to upload files in chat to generate responses from those
uploaded files - Amazon Q Business lets you control whether end users can upload files in chat to
generate responses from uploaded files.

References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazonq/latest/qbusiness-ug/guardrails.html
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazonq/latest/qbusiness-ug/guardrails-concepts.html

Question: 18

Which of the following are correct regarding model evaluation for Amazon Bedrock? (Select two)

A. Human model evaluation provides model scores that are calculated using various statistical
methods such as BERT Score and F1

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B. Human model evaluation is valuable for assessing qualitative aspects of the model, whereas,
automatic model valuation is valuable for assessing quantitative aspects of the model
C. Automatic model evaluation provides model scores that are calculated using various statistical
methods such as BERT Score and F1
D. Automatic model evaluation is valuable for assessing qualitative aspects of the model, whereas,
human model valuation is valuable for assessing quantitative aspects of the model
E. For human model evaluation, you can use either built-in prompt datasets or your own prompt
datasets
Answer: B, C
Explanation:
Correct options:

Model evaluation is the process of evaluating and comparing model outputs to determine the model that is
best suited for a use case. You can choose to create either an automatic model evaluation job or a model
evaluation job that uses a human workforce.

Human model evaluation is valuable for assessing qualitative aspects of the model, whereas, automatic
model valuation is valuable for assessing quantitative aspects of the model

Automatic model evaluation jobs allow you to quickly evaluate a model's ability to perform a task. You
can either provide your own custom prompt dataset that you've tailored to a specific use case, or you
can use an available built-in dataset. These datasets consist of associated metrics that offer a
consistent, objective means to measure model performances.

Model evaluation jobs that use human workers allow you to bring human input to the model evaluation
process. They can be employees of your company or a group of subject-matter experts from your
industry. This can include tasks like open-ended conversations, answering questions, generating text, or
other specific use cases. Human evaluators can give qualitative feedback on aspects such as coherence,
relevance, accuracy, and the overall quality of the model's outputs.

Automatic model evaluation provides model scores that are calculated using various statistical methods
such as BERT Score and F1

For automated model evaluation job report cards, you get details on model scores that are calculated
using various statistical methods such as BERT Score and F1. For example, for text summarization task
type - BERT Score is calculated using pre-trained contextual embeddings from BERT models. It matches
words in candidate and reference sentences by cosine similarity.

Incorrect options:

Automatic model evaluation is valuable for assessing qualitative aspects of the model, whereas, human
model valuation is valuable for assessing quantitative aspects of the model - This option contradicts the
explanation provided above. Human evaluators can give qualitative feedback on the overall quality of the
model's outputs.

Human model evaluation provides model scores that are calculated using various statistical methods
such as BERT Score and F1 - As mentioned earlier, it is only for automated model evaluation job report
cards, you get details on model scores that are calculated using various statistical methods such as
BERT Score and F1.

For human model evaluation, you can use either built-in prompt datasets or your own prompt datasets -

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Questions & Answers PDF Page 21

To evaluate a model's performance for automatic model evaluation jobs, you can use either built-in
prompt datasets or your own prompt datasets. For model evaluation jobs that use workers, you must use
your own dataset. So, this option is incorrect.

References:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/bedrock/latest/userguide/model-evaluation.html
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/bedrock/latest/userguide/model-evaluation-report-programmatic.html

Question: 19

Which of the following use cases is NOT the right fit for Amazon Rekognition?

A. Searchable media libraries

B. Celebrity recognition
C. Face-based user identity verification
D. Enable multilingual user experiences in your applications
Answer: D
Explanation:
Correct option:

Enable multilingual user experiences in your applications

Amazon Translate is a text translation service that uses advanced machine learning technologies to
provide high-quality translation on demand. You can enable multilingual user experiences in your
applications by integrating Amazon Translate.

Amazon Rekognition cannot be used to create multilingual user experiences.

Incorrect options:

Face-based user identity verification

Searchable media libraries
Celebrity recognition

Face-based user identity verification, searchable media libraries, and celebrity recognition are classic
use cases of Amazon Rekognition.

Reference:
https://docs.aws.amazon.com/translate/latest/dg/what-is.html

Question: 20

An AI practitioner trained a custom model on Amazon Bedrock by using a training dataset that contains
confidential data. The AI practitioner wants to ensure that the custom model does not generate inference
responses based on confidential data.
How should the AI practitioner prevent responses based on confidential data?

A. Delete the custom model. Remove the confidential data from the training dataset. Retrain the
custom model.

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B. Mask the confidential data in the inference responses by using dynamic data masking.
C. Encrypt the confidential data in the inference responses by using Amazon SageMaker.
D. Encrypt the confidential data in the custom model by using AWS Key Management Service (AWS
KMS).
Answer: A
Explanation:

When a model is trained on a dataset containing confidential or sensitive data, the model may
inadvertently learn patterns from this data, which could then be reflected in its inference responses. To
ensure that a model does not generate responses based on confidential data, the most effective
approach is to remove the confidential data from the training dataset and then retrain the model.

Explanation of Each Option:

Option A (Correct): "Delete the custom model. Remove the confidential data from the training dataset.
Retrain the custom model."This option is correct because it directly addresses the core issue: the model
has been trained on confidential data. The only way to ensure that the model does not produce
inferences based on this data is to remove the confidential information from the training dataset and then
retrain the model from scratch. Simply deleting the model and retraining it ensures that no confidential
data is learned or retained by the model. This approach follows the best practices recommended by
AWS for handling sensitive data when using machine learning services like Amazon Bedrock.

Option B: "Mask the confidential data in the inference responses by using dynamic data masking."This
option is incorrect because dynamic data masking is typically used to mask or obfuscate sensitive data
in a database. It does not address the core problem of the model being trained on confidential data.
Masking data in inference responses does not prevent the model from using confidential data it learned
during training.

Option C: "Encrypt the confidential data in the inference responses by using Amazon SageMaker."This
option is incorrect because encrypting the inference responses does not prevent the model from
generating outputs based on confidential data. Encryption only secures the data at rest or in transit but
does not affect the model's underlying knowledge or training process.

Option D: "Encrypt the confidential data in the custom model by using AWS Key Management Service
(AWS KMS)."This option is incorrect as well because encrypting the data within the model does not
prevent the model from generating responses based on the confidential data it learned during training.
AWS KMS can encrypt data, but it does not modify the learning that the model has already performed.

AWS AI Practitioner References:

Data Handling Best Practices in AWS Machine Learning: AWS advises practitioners to carefully handle
training data, especially when it involves sensitive or confidential information. This includes
preprocessing steps like data anonymization or removal of sensitive data before using it to train machine
learning models.

Amazon Bedrock and Model Training Security: Amazon Bedrock provides foundational models and
customization capabilities, but any training involving sensitive data should follow best practices, such as
removing or anonymizing confidential data to prevent unintended data leakage.

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Question: 21
A loan company is building a generative AI-based solution to offer new applicants discounts based on
specific business criteria. The company wants to build and use an AI model responsibly to minimize bias
that could negatively affect some customers.
Which actions should the company take to meet these requirements? (Select TWO.)

A. Detect imbalances or disparities in the data.

B. Ensure that the model runs frequently.
C. Evaluate the model's behavior so that the company can provide transparency to stakeholders.
D. Use the Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation (ROUGE) technique to ensure that the
model is 100% accurate.
E. Ensure that the model's inference time is within the accepted limits.
Answer: A, C
Explanation:

To build an AI model responsibly and minimize bias, it is essential to ensure fairness and transparency
throughout the model development and deployment process. This involves detecting and mitigating data
imbalances and thoroughly evaluating the model's behavior to understand its impact on different groups.

Option A (Correct): "Detect imbalances or disparities in the data": This is correct because identifying
and addressing data imbalances or disparities is a critical step in reducing bias. AWS provides tools like
Amazon SageMaker Clarify to detect bias during data preprocessing and model training.

Option C (Correct): "Evaluate the model's behavior so that the company can provide transparency to
stakeholders": This is correct because evaluating the model's behavior for fairness and accuracy is key
to ensuring that stakeholders understand how the model makes decisions. Transparency is a crucial
aspect of responsible AI.

Option B: "Ensure that the model runs frequently" is incorrect because the frequency of model runs
does not address bias.

Option D: "Use the Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation (ROUGE) technique to ensure
that the model is 100% accurate" is incorrect because ROUGE is a metric for evaluating the quality of
text summarization models, not for minimizing bias.

Option E: "Ensure that the model's inference time is within the accepted limits" is incorrect as it relates
to performance, not bias reduction.

AWS AI Practitioner References:

Amazon SageMaker Clarify: AWS offers tools such as SageMaker Clarify for detecting bias in datasets
and models, and for understanding model behavior to ensure fairness and transparency.

Responsible AI Practices: AWS promotes responsible AI by advocating for fairness, transparency, and
inclusivity in model development and deployment.

Question: 22

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An AI practitioner is using an Amazon Bedrock base model to summarize session chats from the
customer service department. The AI practitioner wants to store invocation logs to monitor model input
and output data.
Which strategy should the AI practitioner use?

A. Configure AWS CloudTrail as the logs destination for the model.

B. Enable invocation logging in Amazon Bedrock.
C. Configure AWS Audit Manager as the logs destination for the model.
D. Configure model invocation logging in Amazon EventBridge.
Answer: B
Explanation:

Amazon Bedrock provides an option to enable invocation logging to capture and store the input and
output data of the models used. This is essential for monitoring and auditing purposes, particularly when
handling customer data.

Option B (Correct): "Enable invocation logging in Amazon Bedrock": This is the correct answer as it
directly enables the logging of all model invocations, ensuring transparency and traceability.

Option A: "Configure AWS CloudTrail" is incorrect because CloudTrail logs API calls but does not
provide specific logging for model inputs and outputs.

Option C: "Configure AWS Audit Manager" is incorrect as Audit Manager is used for compliance
reporting, not specific invocation logging for AI models.

Option D: "Configure model invocation logging in Amazon EventBridge" is incorrect as EventBridge is

for event-driven architectures, not specifically designed for logging AI model inputs and outputs.

AWS AI Practitioner References:

Amazon Bedrock Logging Capabilities: AWS emphasizes using built-in logging features in Bedrock to
maintain data integrity and transparency in model operations.

Question: 23

A company is implementing the Amazon Titan foundation model (FM) by using Amazon Bedrock. The
company needs to supplement the model by using relevant data from the company's private data
sources.
Which solution will meet this requirement?

A. Use a different FM
B. Choose a lower temperature value
C. Create an Amazon Bedrock knowledge base
D. Enable model invocation logging
Answer: C
Explanation:

Creating an Amazon Bedrock knowledge base allows the integration of external or private data sources

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Questions & Answers PDF Page 25

with a foundation model (FM) like Amazon Titan. This integration helps supplement the model with
relevant data from the company's private data sources to enhance its responses.

Option C (Correct): "Create an Amazon Bedrock knowledge base": This is the correct answer as it
enables the company to incorporate private data into the FM to improve its effectiveness.

Option A: "Use a different FM" is incorrect because it does not address the need to supplement the
current model with private data.

Option B: "Choose a lower temperature value" is incorrect as it affects output randomness, not the
integration of private data.

Option D: "Enable model invocation logging" is incorrect because logging does not help in
supplementing the model with additional data.

AWS AI Practitioner References:

Amazon Bedrock and Knowledge Integration: AWS explains how creating a knowledge base allows
Amazon Bedrock to use external data sources to improve the FM’s relevance and accuracy.

Question: 24

A company needs to choose a model from Amazon Bedrock to use internally. The company must
identify a model that generates responses in a style that the company's employees prefer.
What should the company do to meet these requirements?

A. Evaluate the models by using built-in prompt datasets.

B. Evaluate the models by using a human workforce and custom prompt datasets.
C. Use public model leaderboards to identify the model.
D. Use the model InvocationLatency runtime metrics in Amazon CloudWatch when trying models.
Answer: B
Explanation:

To determine which model generates responses in a style that the company's employees prefer, the best
approach is to use a human workforce to evaluate the models with custom prompt datasets. This method
allows for subjective evaluation based on the specific stylistic preferences of the company's employees,
which cannot be effectively assessed through automated methods or pre-built datasets.

Option B (Correct): "Evaluate the models by using a human workforce and custom prompt datasets":
This is the correct answer as it directly involves human judgment to evaluate the style and quality of the
responses, aligning with employee preferences.

Option A: "Evaluate the models by using built-in prompt datasets" is incorrect because built-in datasets
may not capture the company's specific stylistic requirements.

Option C: "Use public model leaderboards to identify the model" is incorrect as leaderboards typically
measure model performance on standard benchmarks, not on stylistic preferences.

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Questions & Answers PDF Page 26

Option D: "Use the model InvocationLatency runtime metrics in Amazon CloudWatch" is incorrect
because latency metrics do not provide any information about the style of the model's responses.

AWS AI Practitioner References:

Model Evaluation Techniques on AWS: AWS suggests using human evaluators to assess qualitative
aspects of model outputs, such as style and tone, to ensure alignment with organizational preferences

Question: 25

A company wants to deploy a conversational chatbot to answer customer questions. The chatbot is
based on a fine-tuned Amazon SageMaker JumpStart model. The application must comply with multiple
regulatory frameworks.
Which capabilities can the company show compliance for? (Select TWO.)

A. Auto scaling inference endpoints

B. Threat detection
C. Data protection
D. Cost optimization
E. Loosely coupled microservices
Answer: B, C
Explanation:

To comply with multiple regulatory frameworks, the company must ensure data protection and threat
detection. Data protection involves safeguarding sensitive customer information, while threat detection
identifies and mitigates security threats to the application.

Option C (Correct): "Data protection": This is correct because data protection is critical for compliance
with privacy and security regulations.

Option B (Correct): "Threat detection": This is correct because detecting and mitigating threats is
essential to maintaining the security posture required for regulatory compliance.

Option A: "Auto scaling inference endpoints" is incorrect because auto-scaling does not directly relate to
regulatory compliance.

Option D: "Cost optimization" is incorrect because it is focused on managing expenses, not compliance.

Option E: "Loosely coupled microservices" is incorrect because this architectural approach does not
directly address compliance requirements.

AWS AI Practitioner References:

AWS Compliance Capabilities: AWS offers services and tools, such as data protection and threat
detection, to help companies meet regulatory requirements for security and privacy.

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