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Informe de Los S.G

This report explores geometric solids, specifically prisms, polyhedrons, and cylinders, detailing their definitions, characteristics, properties, and real-world applications. It discusses the classification of these solids, calculations for volume and surface area, and introduces Euler's formula, which relates vertices, faces, and edges of polyhedra. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding these shapes in fields like architecture, engineering, and design.

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Louis Bazan
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25 views6 pages

Informe de Los S.G

This report explores geometric solids, specifically prisms, polyhedrons, and cylinders, detailing their definitions, characteristics, properties, and real-world applications. It discusses the classification of these solids, calculations for volume and surface area, and introduces Euler's formula, which relates vertices, faces, and edges of polyhedra. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding these shapes in fields like architecture, engineering, and design.

Uploaded by

Louis Bazan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Full Report on Geometric Solids: Prisms, Polyhedrons

and Cylinders
In this report we will explore geometric solids, focusing on prisms,
polyhedrons and cylinders. Their definitions, characteristics,
classification, properties and some applications in the real world will
be presented.

1. Introduction:
Imagine a world without shapes: just emptiness. Now, imagine that
from that emptiness emerge objects with volume, with faces, with
edges that touch at points called vertices. These objects are
geometric solids! They are the three-dimensional shapes that give life
to our environment, from the boxes we use to the buildings we live in.
On this journey, we will explore the mysteries of prisms, cylinders and
polyhedrons, discovering their characteristics, properties and
applications in the real world. Get ready to discover the beauty and
utility of the shapes that surround us.

2. Definitions and Classifications:

Geometric Solids: Three-dimensional objects that occupy a volume in


space. They are characterized by their faces, edges and vertices.

- Polyhedrons (in general): Prisms are a type of polyhedron,


that is, they are geometric solids whose faces are flat
polygons. They are classified according to the number of
faces:

- Tetrahedron: 4 triangular faces.

- Hexahedron (cube): 6 square faces.

- Octahedron: 8 triangular faces.

- Dodecahedron: 12 pentagonal faces.

- Icosahedron: 20 triangular faces.

1. Prisms:Think of a shoebox. It has two identical bases (top and


bottom) and rectangular side faces connecting the bases. If the
bases are triangles, it is a triangular prism; if they are squares,
it is a square prism (or cube); if they are pentagons, it is a
pentagonal prism, and so on. The key is that the bases are
equal and parallel, that is, they are polyhedrons with two
congruent and parallel bases, connected by side faces that are
parallelograms. They are classified according to the shape of
their bases:

- Rectangular prism: Rectangular bases.

- Triangular prism: Triangular bases.

- Pentagonal prism: Pentagonal bases. Etc. The shape of


the base defines the name of the prism.
2. Cylinders: Imagine a soda can. It has two identical circular
bases and a curved surface connecting them. It is a cylinder,
that is, they are geometric solids with two congruent and
parallel circular bases, connected by a curved surface. A
cylinder can be:

- Right circular cylinder: The bases are circles and the


height is perpendicular to the bases.

- Oblique cylinder: The height is not perpendicular to the


bases.
3. Properties and Calculations:
2. 1. Prisms:

- Volume: You can calculate the volume of a prism by multiplying the


area of its base by its height. For example, if you have a rectangular
prism with a base of 5 cm x 4 cm and a height of 8 cm, its volume
would be 5 cm x 4 cm x 8 cm = 160 cm³.

- Surface area: To find the surface area of a prism, you


need to add up the area of all of its faces. In a rectangular
prism, you would have two rectangular bases (5 cm x 4
cm each) and four rectangular side faces (5 cm x 8 cm
and 4 cm x 8 cm each).

- Number of faces: A prism always has two bases plus the


number of lateral faces that correspond to the number of
sides of its base. Example: a triangular prism has 3 lateral
faces + 2 bases = 5 faces in total.
- Number of edges: A prism always has twice the number of
sides of its base plus the number of sides of the base.
Example: a triangular prism has 3 sides at the base x 2 +
3 sides at the base = 9 edges in total.

- Number of vertices: A prism always has twice the number


of sides of its base. Example: a triangular prism has 3
sides at the base x 2 = 6 vertices in total.

2.2. Cylinders:

- Volume: The volume of a cylinder is calculated by multiplying the


area of its circular base by its height. The formula is V = πr²h, where r
is the radius of the base and h is the height.

- Surface area: The surface of a cylinder consists of two circles (the


bases) and a curved side surface. The formula for surface area is AS =
2tr² + 2wh.

- Base radius: You can find the base radius if you know the diameter
(the distance across the center of the circle) by dividing the diameter
by 2.

- Height: The height of a cylinder is the perpendicular distance


between its bases.

2.3. Polyhedra (in general):

- Volume: Formulas for calculating the volume of polyhedra vary


depending on their type. For example, the volume of a tetrahedron is
(12/12) * a³, where a is the length of an edge.

- Surface area: Similar to volume, the formula for surface area


depends on the type of polyhedron.

- Number of faces, edges, and vertices: You can find these values by
counting the faces, edges, and vertices of the polyhedron. For some
regular polyhedra (such as the cube or tetrahedron), there are specific
formulas for calculating these values.
We emphasize that for each geometric solid, you can find its volume,
surface area, and in some cases, other characteristics such as the
number of faces, edges, and vertices. The specific formulas for
calculating these values depend on the type of solid.

4. Characteristics of Geometric Solids:


- Volume: The amount of space a solid occupies. It is calculated by
Specific formulas for each type of solid.

- Surface Area: The sum of the areas of all the faces of the solid.

- Edges: The line segments where two faces meet.

-Vertices: The points where three or more edges meet.

- Faces: The flat surfaces that form the solid.

5. What does Euler’s formula tell us about


geometric solids?
We can think of Euler’s formula as a magic rule for geometric solids. It
tells us that if you add the number of vertices (the little points where
the edges meet) and the number of faces (the flat surfaces), and
subtract the number of edges (the lines that form the borders), you
will always get the number 2.
That is to say:

Vertices + Faces – Edges = 2

In short, it is as if the shape of the solid is encoded in that simple


equation.

Here are some additional points to help you understand it


better:

- Applies to polyhedrons: Euler’s formula only works for


polyhedrons, that is, solids whose faces are all flat polygons. It does
not apply to cylinders, cones or spheres.

- Fundamental relationship: Euler’s formula reveals a fundamental


relationship Between the number of vertices, faces and edges of any
polyhedron. No matter how complex the polyhedron is, this
relationship always holds.

Examples:

- A cube has 8 vertices, 6 faces and 12 edges. 8+6-12-2

- A tetrahedron has 4 vertices, 4 faces and 6 edges. 4+4-6-2.

- An octahedron has 6 vertices, 8 faces and 12 edges. 6+8-12=2.

6. Real World Applications:


These geometric solids are found in numerous real-world objects and
structures:

- Prisms: Boxes, buildings, books, building blocks, etc. The prismatic


shape is very common in everyday objects.

- Cylinders: Cans, tubes, storage tanks, wheels, etc. The cylindrical


shape is ideal for containing liquids or gases.

- Polyhedrons: Crystals, molecular structures, architectural designs


(although they are often approximations), dice, etc. Nature itself uses
polyhedrons in its structures,

7. Conclusions:

Prisms, polyhedrons, and cylinders are fundamental geometric solids


with diverse real-life applications. Their study is essential for
understanding three-dimensional shapes and their properties, which
has implications in fields such as architecture, engineering, design,
and science. Knowledge of their surface areas and volumes enables
accurate calculations for construction, design, and practical problem
solving.

The study of geometric solids is fundamental to understanding the


three-dimensional shapes that surround us. Their classification,
characteristics and applications are essential in fields such as
architecture, engineering, design and science. Knowledge of their
volumes and surface areas allows for precise calculations for
construction, design and solving practical problems.

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