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Test 2 - Cell Cycle+ Replication 2

The document discusses the roles of DNA and RNA polymerases in strand formation during DNA replication, highlighting the differences between leading and lagging strands. It also explains the function of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in regulating the cell cycle phases and checkpoints. Additionally, it contrasts eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA replication processes, noting the locations and origins of replication.

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sinhaaparajita07
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19 views2 pages

Test 2 - Cell Cycle+ Replication 2

The document discusses the roles of DNA and RNA polymerases in strand formation during DNA replication, highlighting the differences between leading and lagging strands. It also explains the function of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in regulating the cell cycle phases and checkpoints. Additionally, it contrasts eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA replication processes, noting the locations and origins of replication.

Uploaded by

sinhaaparajita07
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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47)

leading and lagging strands formed


by DNA
polymerase that reads the template strand from S'-3 .
.

are

attaches relation the nucleotides template


As it does so
,
it
complimentary bases in to on the

strand-constructing new strands.


- RNA polymerase
11 1 11
.

1 I leading strand
,
Si (111111111111 zia lagging strand

48 7
.

cyclins are proteins that act as activators for CDKs :


cyclin protein
: DE A B

overall , and
regulate cells
they help cell function CDK 1 6 2 1 ,1
2
:
,

(by activating degrading protins]· An example is

-
MPF :
this is the Mitosis Promoting Factor .
This

(made up of
subunit cell from G2to M Phase [mitosis).
allows
passage
CDK
unit cyclin
+

49 3 Eukaryotes hale DNA where replication happens the nucleus while


prokaryotes have circular
long in
.

DNA also has the strands


DNA that replicates in the
cytoplasm .
many origins
of replication along
while prokaryotes have a singular ori on the parent cell .
Finally , prokaryotes only utilize DNA po .
,
#
While Eukaryotes use a few (3) different types,
The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-
dependent kinases (CDKs):

G1 Phase: Cyclin D-CDK4/6 promotes cell growth and


prepares for DNA replication.
G1/S Transition: Cyclin E-CDK2 commits the cell to DNA
replication.
S Phase: Cyclin A-CDK2 drives DNA synthesis.
G2/M Transition: Cyclin B-CDK1 (MPF – Maturation
Promoting Factor) triggers mitosis.

Checkpoints:

G1 Checkpoint (Restriction Point): Ensures cell is


ready for DNA replication.

G2 Checkpoint: Verifies DNA replication completion


before mitosis.

Spindle Checkpoint (Metaphase Checkpoint): Ensures


chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle
before anaphase.

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