John BEDINI

Scalar Beam Generator

John Bedini's "Scalar Beam" device

Here's a suggestion for "scalar" experiments from a conversation with John Bedini.
Mr. Bedini encourages everyone to try this experiment, but warns us that this
device is patent applied for, so you should only build a single unit for your own
use.

_______
|\ \
| \ \
|\ \ \
| \ \ _______\ S
\ \ | | Obtain two Radio Shack ceramic magnets and
\ \|_______| N glue their north pole faces together.
\ | |N
\|_______|
S

_______ Wind the magnets with about 50 turns

|\ \\\ \ of #30 magnet wire. Wire gauge is not
| \ \\\\ \ critical.
|\ \ \\\\ \
| \ \ _\\\\__\
\ \ | |||| |
\ \|__||||_|
\ | |||| |
\|__||||_|
\ | ________
| | [ small, ]
| -----[ noisy ]----------o
| [_motor__] 6v to 12v power supply
|
|____________________________o
The brush noise from the DC motor provides a pulse signal to the coil, which
modulates the 'colliding' field pattern of the magnets and creates interesting scalar
effects within a narrow pencil-beam pattern which extends from each face of the
magnet out to a few inches.

_______
|\ \\\ \
| \ \\\\ \
|\ \ \\\\ \
<<<<<<<<<<<\ \ _\\\\__\>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> scalar effect comes from
the
<<<<<<<<<<<<<\ | |||| |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> joint between magnet faces
\ \|__||||_|
\ | |||| |
\|__||||_|
\ |
| |
| |
| |

Mr. Bedini suggests these experiments:

Purchase two identical music CDs. Listen to both to verify that they are identical.
Now let the "scalar beam" play all over the surface of one of the CDs for about one
minute. You may want to build a simple rotating platform to make this process
more convenient. Now play the two CDs and compare them again. Hear any
difference? (Note, this process is patent pending, so do not use it for any other
purpose except to demonstrate the reality of the effect)

Connect a small probe-coil to an oscilloscope, then move it around in the beam and
observe the waveforms.

Taste some wine, then put it in a small airtight container and place it against the
magnet face for a few (minutes? hours?) Taste it again. Improvements? Try it
with and without the power supply connected to verify that any changes are caused
by the scalar beam and by just the magnetic field.

FROM : Some tests I intend to try (but as yet have not!):

Place various foodstuffs in the beam then compare flavor with untreated samples.

Grow two collections of plants, water one with normal water, water the other with
water that's been treated by several minutes??hours?? exposure to the beam. As a
control, use water which was held nearby identical magnets but without the coil.
Aim the beam directly at a plant for many days, compare it with another untreated
plant as a control. (Shield the magnet, or place a similar magnet-block near the
control plant.)

Sprout two groups of seeds, one treated and one untreated, and look for differences
in number, health, growth rate, etc., between the two groups.

Measure the growth of the tip of a plant stem by using a tiny lever, mirror, and
laser beam. Graph the growth rate, then treat the plant with the scalar beam and
look for changes in the growth rate. (Note that this method can also be used to
observe plants' realtime response to numerous stimuli both conventional and
"weird." Fertilizer? Light? Music? Magnetism? Pyramids? Good/Bad thoughts?)

Observe microscopic lifeforms in pond water, then expose them to the beam and
see if their behavior changes while it is operating. Or, expose the water to the beam
for several minutes??hours??, then compare the number and activity of lifeforms in
the water with an untreated bottle. Or, compare the effects of adding treated or
untreated water to the slide under the microscope.

Use an opamp buffer and an audio amplifier to listen to the noise output of a
capacitor which is shielded in a thick copper box, (or does a resistor or transistor
work better?) then aim the beam at the box and listen for signals, or monitor
changes to component values. See: http://amasci.com/freenrg/grav3.txt,
Hodowanec's capacitor-based gravity detector, for more info.

Apparatus and method for reducing electronic relaxation noise present

information recording medium
US5487057

A method and apparatus is provided for reducing relaxation noise in a conducting

medium. The device is fabricated by affixing two magnets at like, repelling poles;
wrapping said magnets with a coil of wire in an orientation orthogonal to the
interface between the joined magnets and the like poles of the magnets to form a
magnetic unit; connecting said coil to a motor means, an electrical power supply
means and a switch means; attaching a spindle to said motor means. The spindle
receives said conducting medium. The apparatus can be in a housing. The
conducting medium is placed on said spindle. By activating the device, a
modulated magnetic electromagnetic field is created simultaneous to the spinning
of the conducting medium. The information recording medium rotates through the
modulated electromagnetic field, thereby reducing the relaxation noise.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to the general field of playback of recorded conducting media
or conductors, more specifically, an apparatus and method that reduces electronic
relaxation noise, also known as "linger noise", that exists in information recording
medium.

2. Description of Related Art and Information

The utility of the present invention is based on fundamental laws of nuclear and
electronic physics at the electron level, particularly with respect to electron gas
relaxation phenomena in conductors immediately preceding the initiation of normal
current flow per ohms law.

For current to flow through a medium conductor or a conducting plate (conductor)

that involves electromagnetic (EM) effects in recording and playback, and in
transmission of signals, and thus to provide signals through normal circuitry,
conducting plates, etc., a finite time is required before the flow is established, and
before stability, referred to as a "stable signal" or stable flow pattern, can be
established. This time delay is referred to as electron gas relaxation time.

The relaxation phenomenon involves at least three major stages, all of which must
be substantially completed before the relaxation time is actually complete, and
coherent signals or patterns are being transmitted in the conductor. Further, the
relaxation time involves damped oscillations.

The first stage in the relaxation time is the relaxation of the electrical charge
density. Electrons initially distributed throughout the conductor are "excited" by
taking on excess energy in the form of potential gradients across them. They are
now substantially involved in working their way to the surface, since most of the
current flow must occur on the surface of the conductor, not in its interior. If the
total charge is not zero, a very highly non-linear first phase results, and the division
between first and second stages is substantially blurred.

A simplifying assumption is made, that the initial charge is zero, so that the
compensated charge fluctuations may be described by linear equations. Then the
relaxation of electrical charge density can be assumed to be mostly independent of
the initial conditions and of the size and shape of the conductor.

Treating the Drude electron gas model as applicable, and assuming each electron is
independent of the rest, damped harmonic oscillator equations result for the
relaxation. This yields a short relaxation time for stage 1. This erroneously short
relaxation time basically results from assuming that the electrons move rather
independently and are de-coupled. With coupling remaining as is almost always the
case, a combination of stage 1 and stage 2 actually applies immediately, and
sometimes an extra combination of stage 3 as well Much "noise" known as small
field perturbations in random directions, is present during phase 1. This is because
of the random motion of the electrons in all directions, as the addition of the excess
energy to them essentially results in an increase in the average electron's kinetic
energy and increases the violence and frequency of their collisions with the lattice
and with each other.

The second stage is the expulsion of the electric and magnetic fields to the exterior
of the conductor, and the expulsion of the excited electrons as axial currents (on the
average) to the surface. This electron movement during the second stage is still
immersed in the midst of a great collision/violence among the electrons in the
electron gas in the conductor. Accordingly, there are erratic electric and magnetic
fields from the erratically moving charges, whose violent movements are, in fact,
expelling these fields from the conductor and in all directions in the conductor.
Consequently, there is much noise, distortion and scattering going on in this stage.

In the third stage, the electrons reach the skin of the conductor, resulting in a
marked decrease in collision frequency and violence. The relaxation process
terminates with the slower ohmic and radiative damping of the surface currents.

As an end result of the three relaxation stages, a sinusoidal charge disturbance is

formed and propagated in the conductor with a phase velocity Vp of roughly
1.times.10@8 cm/sec, or roughly 10@6 meters per second. Further, this
disturbance is extremely noisy. It is also moving far slower than the speed of light,
hence "lingers" in a circuit after each and every stimulation, directly adding noise
to slightly succeeding "signal stimuli." The "signal" moves down the conductor at
nearly C, the velocity of light in space.

The net result in a continual digital process is that the 3-stage relaxation
phenomena continually generates lingering noise signals in a circuit. This noise is
continually produced both when signals are initially recorded on a conductor,
increasing the noise in the signal actually recorded, and again when the conducting
medium is later optically re-stimulated to detect the recorded "signal and noise".
Examples of conducting media are audio compact disc, CD-ROM (read only
memory), video laser disc, photo-CD and photgraphic film. The net result is that
continual relaxation noise is added to both the recording and playback stages of any
recording process utilizing such a conducting medium. Relaxation noise is also
added to any signal translated down or in a conductor and through circuits.

In searching prior art that disclosed magnetic and/or modulated EM devices

designed for processing or clarifying conducting media for the purpose of reducing
relaxation noise, no references were located that either disclosed or anticipated the
present invention.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The device is a housed magnetic unit that, when electrically activated by a switch
and motor means, creates a modulated EM beam or field that dampens and reduces
electron relaxation or linger noise in a recorded conducting medium as the
conducting medium passes through the EM field.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a device that produces a permanent magnet

magnetic field.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the outside of a housing for the apparatus.

FIG. 3 is an inside view of the bottom half of the housing and components.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the orientation of the conducting medium

(compact disc), to a molded spindle.

FIG. 5 is an inside view of the top half of the housing and components.

FIG. 6 is a side view of the housing and components.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The method and apparatus or device of the present invention is discussed

hereinafter in terms of 3-stage relaxation noise actually introduced to all signal
conducting media by the recording process, and again introduced in the playback
from such recorded conducting media.

First, the sharp distinction between the first and second relaxation stages is
removed. The moment the charges present in the electron gas in a conductor are
excited with excess energy from the leading part of the incoming signal stimulus,
excess fields exist on the electrons, directly combining with the E- and B-fields
already in existence. Consequently, stages 1 and 2 are considered combined. In
other words, even in stage one, a strong component of the excited fields is
attempting to axially eject or expel electrons from the conductor, while other strong
fields oriented within the conductor are affecting the entire electron gas, increasing
its collision frequency and noise. Axially, there is less collision damping, so on the
average an axial movement toward the surface results. Axial expulsion is a radial
effect.

Next is the effect of an additional magnetic field from an external magnetic pole,
which is what the present invention provides. The magnetic pole, for example, may
be fairly localized in the case of recording signals and replaying signals, or it may
be distributed in a "cover" or "blanket" covering the outside surface of the
conductor. In the case of flat conducting plates, the blanket may cover both sides.

When any field element attempts to emerge from the conductor, or can be
decomposed into longitudinal and axial components where the axial component
attempts to emerge, it is directly coupled to one or more axially (on the average)
moving electrons within the plate, which constitutes the source or sources of the
fields. The source electrons are also attempting to move to the surface themselves.
However, the strength of the electron-associated magnetic field will be altered,
affected and resisted by the externally introduced modulated EM field of the
present invention.

The net effect of the magnetic field, as produced by the present invention, is to
induce damping and "magnetic braking" of the electrons and damping of their
fields. In addition, a moving electron in a magnetic field is forced to turn away
from its path, again increasing damping. In the externally introduced modulated
EM field of the present device, the axially (on the average) moving electron is
forced to develop an electric field gradient at right angles to its (on the average)
axial movement, and "back against" the "linger noise" stimulus. In short, the
electron develops a "back EMF" from all of the other electrons in the gas, which
resist its movement and damp it. This dampens the electron's axial component,
consequently its movement and concomitant relaxation "stage 1" and "stage 2"
noise, resulting in a materially reduced relaxation noise.

The result of the use of the present invention, is that as the electrons continue to
violently alter their directions due to collisions, they are continually damped by the
modulated EM field created by the device. Consequently, the erratic movement of
the electrons are constrained, their velocities are lowered, their collision frequency
is diminished, and relaxation noise is reduced, compared to the situation where no
external EM field is present. The net result is a reduction of relaxation or linger
noise resulting in clarifying of audio and/or visual signals from the conductor.

When the external modulated EM field of the present invention crosses the
relaxation excitation E-fields of the conductor, longitudinal components on the
electrons, in either direction, are produced which contribute to the overall damping.
The fundamental principle is that, as the electrons increase their kinetic energy
during stage 1 and stage 2 of the relaxation time, that increase is being resisted by a
magnetic braking/damping effect, and the axial ejection and noise components that
continually develop are damped by the introduced EM field.

This results in a reduction in the production of both immediate and linger noise. It
is the mirror symmetry of the "magnetic brake" effect. The excited electrons try to
move faster, in effect creating "eddy currents" in the conductor. Moving in the
fixed magnet's modulated EM field, these "eddy currents" exert a magnetic
repulsion force upon the magnetic pole, which in turn exerts a braking effect back
upon the "eddy currents" themselves. This latter effect constitutes noise reduction
in the conductor.

The end total result of the use of the device of the present device is:

1. Reduction of the velocity and kinetic energy of the electrons during coupled
phase 1 and phase 2;

2. introduction of substantial additional damping upon the harmonic damped-

oscillation relaxation noise that results in phases 1, 2 and 3,; and

3. substantial reduction of the overall relaxation noise in the system, in the resulting
conducting medium, and in the resulting playback from the conducting medium.

The device directly reduces the relaxation noise in all conducting media which
involve EM effects in recording and playback, and in transmission of signals. In
any operating system, whether recording or playback as such is being performed or
not, the present device directly reduces the continuously-forming "lingering
relaxation noise" from signals that have previously occurred, and that are actually
slower-moving charge disturbances constituting relaxation noise in the system's
operation. The relaxation noise is also a power loss from the signal. Reduction of
the signal power being lost in the system constitutes effective enhancement of the
noise-free power transmitted by the system.

Application of the device increases the signal-to-noise ratio by dramatically

reducing the lingering relaxation noise that is continually produced in: 1) systems
operation; 2) the conducting medium; and 3) detection, amplification, and playback
from the conducting medium. Media conductors or conducting plates that the
apparatus may be applied to are audio compact discs, CD-ROM discs, photographic
compact discs, video laser discs, motion picture and still-camera film of all types,
x-ray film, optical media, and other medium which involve EM effects in recording
and playback and in the transmission of signals through normal circuitry and
conducting plates. Video, audio and digital tapes also benefit from the present
invention but conducting tape must be treated with the device before recorded
upon.

The systems may be any EM system such as electrical, electro-optical, magnetic,

and magneto-optical systems. The continuously-formed lingering relaxation noise
is a direct part of the so-called "standard noise" in the system.

When the device is applied to a conductor, such as an audio compact disc (CD) that
normally produces playback distortion as a result of relaxation noise, the distortion
is reduced and there is an improvement in sound quality with improved clarity and
sharpness of the music or other such sounds. When the apparatus is applied to a
medium that has a visual expression, such as a CD-ROM, Photo-CD, video laser
disc or photogaphic film, there is improved visual effects with greater clarity,
sharpness and color to the resultant pictures and photographs.

One embodiment of the invention is a device comprised of a pair of permanent

magnets in an orientation in which their like poles, i.e., north or south, are in a
facing and repulsing relationship. A coil of wire is then wound around the pair of
fixed magnets in an orientation orthogonal to both the interface between the facing
magnets and their north and south poles.

A motor means and electric supply means is provided for creating a pulsed current
characterized by sharp voltage spikes to the coil of wire creating a modulated EM
field while also producing a means for spinning the conducting medium when
placed on a spindle that is driven by the motor means. A far greater effect is given
by the brushes of the motor means when DC current is applied at a constant rate. At
the same time, the motor means provides a more constant means of maintaining
optimum rotation of the spindle thus exposing the conductor to the constant effect
of the EM field.

The molded spindle allows for improved centering and stability during rotation of
the conducting medium. The conducting medium is oriented to the device so that
its plane is parallel to a plane running through the north pole orientation of the
magnets. As the conducting medium passes through the modulated EM field, the
electrons of the conductor are effected by the field, thus reducing the relaxation
noise.

The device is housed in a container, such as a molded plastic housing, to maintain

magnetic unit placement and to allow for greater penetration of the modulate
magnetic field by the magnetic unit and with greater effect on the conductor.
One application of the device of the present invention is in clarifying sounds
emitting from an audio compact disc. Compact discs are comprised of an aluminum
surface encased in a plastic coating. The disc itself is composed of a very thin piece
of stamped aluminum, which is the conducting medium, encased in plastic. The
thin aluminum layer is the active ingredient that contains the recorded data.

A second application is in the clarification of compact discs such as video laser

discs, photo-CDs and CD-ROMs. Processing of visual compact discs produces a
clearer, sharper, brighter and more colorful image both on the computer screen and
in a photo image.

A third application is in the clarifying of photographic films of all types. Exposed

film that has been clarified before developing the film produces a consistantly
clearer image than film that is unclarified.

Referring first to FIG. 1, 10 is a device comprised of a magnetic unit 12 which is

further comprised of a pair of permanent magnets 14 and 16 orientated with like
poles in a facing, contacting and repelling relationship and fused with an adhesive
means 18 forming a seam with joined magnets 14 and 16 producing a shaped
magnetic field 22. Magnets 14 and 16 are oriented with their north poles in an
abutting relationship, although the magnets may be abutted using their south poles.

FIG. 1 further shows a coil of wire 20 wound around magnets 14 and 16 of the
magnetic unit's out facing poles with coil 20 having an orientation
perpendicular to the plane of the interface between magnets 14 and 16. Coil 20
may consist of 150 to 300 turns of a #34 enamel-insulated high temperature
wire, with 250 turns preferable. Magnetic field 22 is shown emitting above
adhesive seam 18 of magnetic unit 12.

Also shown in FIG. 1 is circuitry 3 for providing an electrical supply to coil 20

of magnetic unit 12 used in apparatus 10. Circuitry 3 is comprised of a DC
motor 5, a controlling switch 7, either a 9 volt DC battery or a DC power
supply 9 and connecting wire 11 to coil 20. DC motor 5 also provides a means
for rotating spindle 33 seen in FIG. 2. In the alternative, electrical power may
be provided by a 120 volt AC power supply 13 which is reduced to 9 volts by
passing through a 9 volt AC to DC convertor or power step-down unit 15.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a housing 31 which contains apparatus 10 and

its components. Seen emerging from the top of housing 31 is spindle 33 for the
placement and orientation of conducting medium 24. Spindle 33 emerges from
the top side of housing 31 for ease of placement of the conducting medium.
Closure of switch 7 creates a modulated EM field 22 simultaneous to the
spinning of conducting medium 24. As the conducting medium spins, it passes
through field 22 thus producing the desired effect on the conductor.
FIG. 3 is an inside view of the bottom half of housing 31 showing
compartments, A-1 and B-1 separated by a divider 35. Compartment A-1 is
adapted to fit over compartment A-2 of the top half of housing 31, seen in FIG.
5. Compartment B-1 contains a 9 volt DC battery or DC power supply 9, space
for switch 7 and space for motor 5.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing the orientation of conducting medium 24

to spindle 33 and motor 5.

FIG. 5 is an inside view of the top half of housing 31 showing compartments A-

2 and B-2 separated by divider 37. Compartment A-2 contains magnetic unit
12 with connecting wire 11 from coil 20. Wire 11 passes through a recess in
divider 37 and into compartment B-2 to connect to motor 5 and switch 7.
Compartment B-2 contains motor 5 and a side wall of B-2 contains a recess for
switch 7. Beneath motor 5 and on the roof of the top half of housing 31 is an
opening for the emergence of spindle 33.

FIG. 6 is a side view of housing 31 showing the relationship of the various

elements to each other. Magnetic unit 12 is located in compartment A-2 of
housing 31. Connecting wires 11 connect coil 20 to a 9 volt battery or AC to
DC convertor 9 and motor 5. Spindle 33 is connected to motor 5 and emerges
through the top of housing 31 to accept conducting medium 24. Conducting
medium 24 is shown in close proximity to magnetic unit 12 and oriented in a
plane perpendicular to the plane of intersection of magnets 14 and 16 so that
when apparatus 10 is activated, the rotating conductor 24 will pass through
the modulated EM field 22.

EXAMPLE I

An analysis of an audio compact disc was carried out with the test completed using
a Schlumberger 1510 Audio Spectrum Analyzer to display real-time fast fourier
transform (FFT) spectra of the sound, a Tektronix 465B dual-trace oscilloscope to
display phase differences between left and right stereo channels as well as
waveform shapes, and a Leader LMV-185A 2 channel AC Millivoltmeter to
simultaneously read the amplitude of the left and right stereo channels. The
spectrum analyzer has a frequency range of up to 25 khz, a dynamic range of 70 db,
and an absolute range of 100 db using attenuators, and an accuracy of 0.1 db and
1/256 of the frequency range selected. All measurements were made using the 25
khz range. The oscilloscope has an upper frequency range of 100 mhz. The test CD
was played on the Denon DCD-1500 II compact disk player connected directly to
the above instrumentation.

The test CD, CDP 7 46446 2, DIDX 2249 Stereo, UK: CD-PCS 7078,
manufactured by Capitol Records, otherwise known as the Beatles: Abbey Road
album originally recorded in 1969 and digitally re-mastered in 1987 for CD, was
subjected to the above equipment and technique. Spectral measurements at a 00:24
interval was made on track #7, a selection known as "Here Comes the Sun".

Track #7, at a 24 second interval, is exhibited in Example I as a series of bar graphs

in diagrams 1-8. The bar graphs simultaneously show the relative loudness in
decibels "before" and "after" clarifying of the device. Each pair of bars represents
the relative loudness of frequencies between 100 hertz and 25600 hertz of Track #7
time 24 seconds of the audio CD analyzed.

Diagram 1 shows the entire spectrum from 100 to 25600 hertz in 8 frequency bands
as labeled at the bottom of the diagram. It is noted that each frequency range except
for 200 to 400 hertz is about 1 or 2 decibels louder after processing by the device.

Diagrams 2-8 display the same data in more detail showing a larger number of
smaller frequency ranges in intervals of only 100 hertz each. Because frequency
ranges are smaller there are more variations in the data, however, the readings show
the trend of being 1 to 2 decibels louder after processing.

It is noted that each of the spectral differences as well as the average spectrum
difference follow a profile demonstrates the effect that clarifying by the instant
device has on the CD.

EXAMPLE II

An analysis of an audio compact disc was carried out by first recording "The Best
of Mike Olfield--Elements", track "Portsmouth" without clarifying the CD, on a
hard drive using a WAV file of Voyetra's WINDAT software with a sound card
connected to a CD-ROM's audio output. The recording was in mono at a sample
rate of 44100.

Following the first recording, the CD was then clarified, using the device, by
placing the CD in the modulated electormagnetic field of the present device for 10
seconds on each side followed by again recording the CD using the above
technique.

Using the WINDAT program, the "before" clarifying and "after" clarifying
recordings were trimmed so that application of the device could be easily compared
with non-application. Ten second and 0.25 second excerpts were used. The ten
second excerpts were measured from the point where sound began to come off of
the CD. The 0.25 second excerpts were taken from a consistent point within the
body of the recording.

The sound files were converted into graphics using two Shareware programs:
Screen Thief and Blaster Master. The recordings were loaded into Blaster Master
individually and the graphical representation of each recording was captured using
Screen Thief. The graphics of the sound files were then laid down and compared
using Deluxe Paint II Enhanced.

The graphical representation of the sounds, in Diagrams 9-11, is based on

amplitude and time. The left side of the graphic is the beginning of the recording,
and right side is the end. The beginning of the graphic is defined as the point where
sound began showing up on the graphic.

Diagram 9 illustrate a 10 second comparison of the unclarified with the clarified

CD. The waveform represents amplitude. It is noted that waveform A, the
unclarified sample, is taller than waveform B, the clarified sample.

Diagram 10 is of the same recording but compares exclusively unclarified, partial

waveform C, unique to waveform A, and clarified partial waveform D, unique to
waveform B. That is, all of the points in the unclarified graph, waveform A, that
correspond to points in the clarified graph, waveform B, have been erased resulting
in waveform C, and all of the points in the clarified graph, waveform B,
corresponding to the unclarified graph, waveform A, have been erased, resulting in
waveform D. This technique leaves a graph showing the data that is unique to the
recording in question. Thus, in Diagram 10, the graph labelled "Exclusively
Clarified", the visible lines show data that is unique to the clarified recording, and
the "Exclusively Unclarified" graph shows sound or noise that was no longer
present after clarification.

Diagram 11 illustrates a 0.25 second comparison of the unclarified CD, waveform

E, with the clarified CD, waveform G. Waveform F is the exclusively clarified and
shows what is unique to waveform G. A graphic of an exclusively unclarified
waveform was eliminated because interest was in the clarified waveform and what
is unique to it.

Three criteria were used in analyzing the graphs of Diagrams 9-11: Response Time,
Noise level and Density. Response Time refers to "when the sound starts", a key
factor because the CD excerpt recorded was timed from the moment that sound
began recording off of the CD. The position of the remaining material recorded is
dependent on the accuracy of the starting point. In the ten second excerpt of
Diagrams 9 and 10, there were no measurable time discrepancies, as the graphs
matched up as represented in the Diagrams with the peaks in the sound occurring in
the same places throughout the sample.

The 0.25 second excerpts showed a lag time between unclarified waveform E with
clarified waveform G. As many of the peaks of waveforms E and G as possible
were matched-up and then compared to how much "extra" sound was left at the
beginning. By comparing the length of the sound to the length of the whole sample,
it was determined that the unclarified 0.25 second excerpt was lagging behind the
clarified excerpt by about 0.01 second. A small discrepancy at the starting point
would not be visible on the ten second scale, but on the 0.25 second scale is
noticeable.

In terms of Noise Level, the unclarified sample was "noisier" in both excerpts, ten
second and 0.25. By noise level is meant, that overall, the unclarified sample
consistently had several peaks where the volume line went further than the
corresponding volume line in the clarified sample. This lower level in the clarified
sample is the result of a reduction of "noise" level in the clarified sample.
Extraneous noise makes the overall signal noisier and less clear. The clarified
sample has an improved and smoothed out dynamic because of a reduction in noise
level.

Density is defined as the solidity of the volume or amplitude lines rather than the
range of the lines. Comparison of the volume lines of waveform A, unclarified,
with waveform B, clarified, shows waveform B to have a much more consistent
volume level than waveform A. Increased Density gives greater consistency to the
CD, producing a much fuller sound.

EXAMPLE III

In Example III, the identical technique used in Example II was duplicated. An

analysis of the audio compact disc, "The Cross of Changes" by Enigma, track
"Return to Innocence" was carried out by first recording, without clarifying the CD,
on a hard drive using a WAV file of Voyetra's WINDAT software with a sound
card connected to a CD-ROM's audio output. The recording was in mono at a
sample rate of 44100. Following the first recording, the compact disc was then
clarified, using the device, by allowing the CD to spin for 10 seconds on each side
followed by again recording the CD using the above technique. The analysis
technique as described in Example II was then completed.

Diagram 12 illustrates a ten second excerpt comparison of waveform A,

unclarified, with waveform D, clarified. Waveform B is exclusively unclarified,
and unique to waveform A. Waveform C is exclusively clarified and is what is
unique to waveform D of the sound track. Waveform A, the unclarified sample, is
significantly different than waveform D, the clarified sample.

Diagram 13 illustrates a 0.25 second comparison of the same recording of

unclarified waveform E with clarified waveform G of the CD. It also shows
exclusively clarified waveform F, demonstrating the unique difference between
waveforms E and G.

Response Time, Loudness and Density were analyzed. In the 0.25 graphic of
Diagram 13, the Response Time of waveform G is slightly ahead of waveform E,
indicating that sound from the recording began sooner than in waveform E. The
amplitude lines of waveform G are slightly reduced overall in comparison with
waveform E, resulting in a reduction of Noise Level. The Density of waveform G is
much greater than in waveform E, especially in the last one-third segment of
Diagram 13.

EXAMPLE IV

A Photo-CD was analyzed both "before" and "after" passing the CD through the
modulated eletromagnetic field of the device to determine specific changes in the
retrievable data from the CD. The method and steps used to derive and quantify the
effect that clarifying had on the conductor was determined using the following
method and steps:

1. A demonstration Photo-CD sampler, produced by Kodak, was down loaded to

the hard drive of an Apple Centris 650, 25 HRZ, 6800040 motherboard and a new
file created and properly designated as "before". The photo-CD had not been
clarified by the device. Images were transferred to a commercial graphics software
program, PhotoShop, developed by Adobe Software.

2. The Photo-CD was removed from the ROM and treated with the present device
by spinning the CD on each side for 15 seconds. The CD was then down loaded to
the hard drive and a second new file created and properly designated as "after". The
images created were transferred to the PhotoShop graphics software program with
file separation maintained at all times.

3. Print number 3 of the Photo-CD list, contained in the "before" or unclarifyied,

was brought to the screen and a text translator was used to convert the picture to
post script computer language. Picture number 3 represented a photo image that
measured 21/2.times.13/4 inches, using 132 LPI, 72 DPI and utilized
approximately 250K of memory. Following the text translation process to convert
the small image to post script, it was then saved to a new file. Following the
conversion, there were 360 pages of post script computer language created to
describe the image number 3.

4. The identical process as described above was used to create a post script file for
the image following use of the device on the photo-CD. The "after" or clarifying
effect resulted in 348 pages of post script computer language.

5. The first 16 pages of post script language was specific to language to program
the printer. The balance of the pages in both cases was post script language to
describe the specific image that was converted. The first 4 pages of both files were
then converted into text files using Wordperfect 6.0. The process of converting the
post script files to text files was for the specific purpose of utilizing a specialized
software program that could compare the text language of both files. The process of
converting the first 4 pages of both post script files to text files took 25 minutes and
resulted in the generation of 101 pages of new text language. The ratio of pages of
text converted from post script is approximately 1 to 25. If the entire post script
files (354 pages average) were converted to text file using the same ratio, it would
require approximately 8,850 pages of text file to fully describe a single
21/2.times.13/4 inch colored image.

6. The software used to simultaneously compare the text in the two files,
DocuComp II, version 1.05, is a product of Advance software, Inc.

7. The first 4 pages produced a total of 101 pages of text file. When placed into the
DocuComp file, it resulted in the following summary of information changes: The
4 pages represent slightly more than 1% of the total data available from each
image. If the entire 708 pages were converted and analyzed, it would take
considerable memory capacity and about 37 hours (4 pages of each file takes 25
minutes) of computer running time to analyze 708 pages of post script computer
language.

8. Four pages from each file generated a total of 56 material changes, on the
average, resulting in over 5,000 changes for the entire image when "before"
clarifying was compared to "after" clarifying.

9. The "before" unclarified file, resulted in 53,336 bytes of information The "after"
clarified file version, generated 50,521 bytes of information. The comparison
represents a difference in information retrieved equal to 5.7% less for the clarified
file.

Clarifying the Photo-CD with the device realigns the data into a tighter format by
reducing superfluous data. Each Pixel has a "halo" or influence zone. Exposing the
pixel to a modulated EM field reduces the halo by suppressing electron activity or
relaxation noise thus causing the pixel to be sharper with improved clarity. The
photo-CD manufacturing process can produce residual color around each individual
pixel referred to as pixel residual or bleeding. When a pixel, represented by post
script and text script, is sharper, it does not require as much information to
accurately describe or define it. When a pixel halo or influence zone is reduced, it
requires less information to describe the data. In Example IV, 5.7% less
information was required following clarifying by the device, at the same time
improving the image to describe the same segment of the picture.

The analysis process of converting each image to post script and then to text is
accurate. Changes created by treating a photo-CD with the present device can be
demonstrated by a computer comparison of the information generated from both
images.

Diagram 14 is a Summary of Post Script Changes with a list of differences between

the "before" and "after" application of the device to the photo-CD.
EXAMPLE V

Using the identical technique and steps as described in Example IV, steps 1-9, a
second Photo-CD, Nature's Way, published by Gazelle Technologies and produced
by Kodak, was tested "before" and "after" application of the present device. In this
Example, the original bytes numbered 74,151 before clarifying with the device.
After clarifying, the number of bytes were reduced to 70,214 resulting in a 5.6%
byte reduction.

Diagram 15 is a Summary of Post Script Changes with a list of differences between

the "before" and "after" application of the device to the photo-CD.

Diagrams 16 and 17 are black and white, "before" and "after", copies of color
pictures of the photo image of the photo-CD, demonstrating the effect that
clarifying the conducting medium has on the comparable results.

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