QUESTION BANK

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY

 TOPIC: HALOGEN DERIVATIVE

1 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Explain the preparation of isopropyl chloride using the following reagents:

i. CL2 ii. HCl iii. SOCl2 iv. PCL3 v. PCL5
2. Convert the following : phenylethene to 1- bromo-2-phenylethane
3. Convert the following : Ethyl bromide to ethyl iodide
4. Convert the following : Ethyl bromide to ethyl fluoride
5. What is meant by stereoisomerism?
6. What is chiral carbon atom?
7. Convert the following using appropriate reagent: Ethyl bromide to Ethanol
8. Convert the following using appropriate reagent: Methyl iodide to Dimethyl ether
9. Convert the following using appropriate reagent: Ethyl bromide to Ethyl Acetate
10. Convert the following using appropriate reagent: Methyl chloride to Methylamine
11. Convert the following using appropriate reagent: 2- Chloropropane to 2-
Methylpropanenitrile
12. Convert the following using appropriate reagent: Ethyl Bromide to Ethyl isocyanide
13. Convert the following using appropriate reagent: Chloroethane to ethyl nitrite
14. Convert the following using appropriate reagent: Iodomethane to nitromethane
15. Convert the following using appropriate reagent: Ethyl bromide to ethyl methyl ether
16. What is resonance?
17. Explain the following reactions with respect to chlorobenzene: Halogenation
18. Explain the following reactions with respect to chlorobenzene:Nitration
 19. Explain the following reactions with respect to chlorobenzene: Sulfonation

2 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Why phosphoric acid is preferred to H2SO4 to prepare HI in situ?

2.
3. How are haloalkanes prepared from alcohols by reaction with thionyl chloride?
4. State Markovnikov’s rule and explain it with the help of an example.
5. Write a note on halogen exchange reactions.
6. Write a note on sandmeyer’s reaction.
7. Convert the following : Aniline to chlorobenzene
8. For Isomeric Alkyl halides, boiling point decreases with increased in branching. Explain
with help of example.
9. Arrange the following compounds in order of increasing boiling points: bromoform,
chloromethane, dibromomethane, bromomethane.
10. Write a note on : Optical isomerism
11. What are enantiomers or enantiomorphs? Give one example.
12. What is racemic mixture?
13. Write four salient features of SN1 mechanism.
14. Distinguish between SN1 and SN2 mechanism of substitution reaction.
15. Complete the following reactions giving major product.
𝐻𝐵𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑐.𝐾𝑂𝐻
CH3 – CH = CH2 → A→ B
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒
16. What is Grignard reagents? How it is prepared?
17. Explain Wurtz reaction.
18. Give reasons: Haloarenes do not undergo SN1 or SN2 mechanisms.
19. Explain the following reactions with respect to chlorobenzene: Friedel-Craft’s reaction.
20. Write a note on trichloromethane.
21. Write a note on tetrachloromethane.
22. Write a note on Iodoform.
3 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Explain the classification of monohalogen compounds.

2. Explain optical isomerism in 2-chlorobutane.
3. Complete the following reaction sequences by writing the structural formulae of the
organic compounds ‘A’ , ‘B’ and ‘C’.
𝑎𝑙𝑐.𝐾𝑂𝐻
i. 2-Bromobutane → A→ B→ C
𝑏𝑟2 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝐻2

∆
ii. Isopropyl alcohol → A → B
𝑁𝐻3 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑃𝐵𝑟3
4. Mention the salient features of SN2 mechanism.
5. State and explain the saytzeff’s empirical rule with a suitable example.
6. Explain Wurtz- Fittig reaction. Also comment on Fittig reation.
7. What are Freons? State uses and effects of Freons.
8. Give a brief idea about DDT.
  TOPIC: ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS

1 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. What are alcohols?

2. How will you synthesize: 1- Phenylethanol from a suitable alkene?
3. How will you synthesize: Cyclohexylmethanol using an alkyl halide?
4. How will you synthesize: Pentan-1-ol using a suitable alkyl halide?
5. How are alcohols prepared from Grignard reagent?
6. Write balanced chemical equation for the following reactions : Action of
phosphorous trichloride on propan-2-ol.
7. Write balanced chemical equation for the following reactions : Action of mixture
of NaI and phosphoric acid on ethanol.
8. Write balanced chemical equation for the following reactions : Action of Lucas
reagent on 3-methylbutan-2-ol.
9. Write the action of Cu on: Primary alcohol
10. Write the action of Cu on: Secondary alcohol
11. Write the action of Cu on: Tertiary alcohol
12. What happens when phenol is treated with the following : Br2 in water
13. What happens when phenol is treated with the following : Br2 in CS2
14. What happens when phenol is treated with the following : Dilute HNO3
15. What happens when phenol is treated with the following : Conc. HNO3
16. What is the action of hot HI on methyl-n-propyl ether?
17. What is the action of hot HI on isopropyl methyl ether?
18. Write the following conversion: Ethoxyethane into ethanol.
19. Write two uses of the following : Alcohols
20. Write two uses of the following : Phenols
21. Write two uses of the following : Ethers

2 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. What are aromatic hydroxyl compounds? How are they classified?

2. Explain preparation of alcohols by: hydrolysis of alkyl halides.
3. Explain preparation of alcohols by: Acid catalyzed hydration of alkenes
4. Explain preparation of alcohols by: Hydroboration – oxidation of alkenes
5. Explain preparation of alcohols by reduction of aldehydes and ketones.
 6. How is phenol prepared from the following: Chlorobenzene
7. How is phenol prepared from the following: Cumene
8. How is phenol prepared from the following: Benzene sulphonic acid
9. How is phenol prepared from the following: Aniline
10. Explain why lower alcohols are highly soluble in water, while higher alcohols are
sparingly soluble.
11. Methanol is more soluble in water than propan -1-ol. Explain.
12. Give a simple chemical test to distinguish between ethanol and ethyl bromide.
13. How are primarily secondary and tertiary alcohols identified by using Lucas
Reagent?
14. What happens when phenol is treated with the following : Conc.H2SO4
15. Explain : Reimer – Tiemann reaction
16. Explain : Kolbe reaction
17. Write a note on Williamson’s synyhesis of ethers.
18. Write chemical equations for the preparation of following ethers as major
product by Williamson synthesis: Benzyl isopropyl ether
19. Write chemical equations for the preparation of following ethers as major
product by Williamson synthesis: Cyclopentyl ethyl ether
20. Write chemical equations for the preparation of following ethers as major
product by Williamson synthesis: Ethyl Phenyl ether
21. Explain following properties of ethers : Physical states
22. Explain following properties of ethers : Boiling Point
23. Explain following properties of ethers : Polarity
24. Explain following properties of ethers : Solubility
25. What happens when ethers are exposed to atmospheric oxygen?
26. What happens when aryl alkyl ethers are treated with hot HI?
27. What is the action of Br2 in acetic acid on anisole?
28. Explain: Friedel craft alkylation
29. Explain: Friedel craft acylation of anisole

3 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Why is phenol more acidic than ethyl alcohol?

2. Write a note on esterification reaction.
3. Identify ‘X’ , ‘Y’ and ‘Z’ in the following sequence of reactions and rewrite the
𝑁𝑎 𝐶2𝐻5−𝐵𝑟 𝐻𝑜𝑡 𝐻𝐼
complete equation. C2H5 – OH → ‘X’ → ‘Y’ → ‘Z’ + H2O
4. Write chemical reactions of following reagents on methoxyethane:
i. hot HI ii. PCL5 iii. Dilute H2So4
  TOPIC: IONIC EQUILIBRIA

1 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Label the conjugate acid- base pair in the following reactions:

i. HCL + H2O ⇌ H3O + CL-

ii. C𝑂32− + H2O ⇌ OH- + HC𝑂3−

2. Why cations are Lewis acids?
3. Write a reaction in which water acts as a base.
4. What is the value of Kw at 298 K?
5. Why is KCL solution neutral to litmus?
6. Define: Acidic buffer solution.
7. How are basic buffer solution.
8. Write one property of a buffer solution.
9. Define the term: Solubility.
10. What is molar solubility?
11. What is the relationship between molar solubility and solubility product for the
following salts? AgBr
12. What is the relationship between molar solubility and solubility product for the
following salts? pbI2
13. What is the relationship between molar solubility and solubility product for the
following salts? Al(OH)3
14.
15. Write is the relationship between molar solubility and solubility product for the
following componds: BaF2
16. Write is the relationship between molar solubility and solubility product for the
following componds: CuS
17. Write is the relationship between molar solubility and solubility product for the
following componds: Ag2S
18. The dissociation of H2S is suppressed in the presence of HCL. Name the
phenomenon.
19.

2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. How are electrolytes classified?
2. What are acids and bases according to Arrehenius theory?
3. What are the limitations of Arrehenius theory?
4. Give a brief account of Bronsted- Lowry theory of acids and bases.
5. Ammonia serves as a Lewis base whereas ALCL3 is Lewis acid. Explain.
6. Explain the amphoteric nature of water.
7. Derive an expression of Ostwald’s dilution law for weak acid.
8. Derive Ostwald’s dilution law for weak base BOH.
9. A weak monobasic acid is 0.05% dissociated in 0.02 M solution. Calculate
dissociation constant if the acid.
10. Acetic acid is 5% ionised in its decimolar solution. Calculate the dissociation
constant of acid.
11. Dissociation constant of acetic acid is 1.8 × 10-5. Calculate percent dissociation of
acetic acid in 0.01 M solution.
12. Calculate [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] in 0.1 mol dm-3 solution of acetic acid.
[𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝐾𝑎 (𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻)=1.8×10−5 ].

13. Derive an expression for ionic product of water.

14. Derive the relation pH + pOH= 14.
15. Calculate the pH of 0.01 M Sulphuric acid.
16. Calculate the pH of 0.006 M NaOH solution.
17. pH of a solution is 3.12. Calculate the concentration of H3O+ ion.
18. The pH of a solution is 6.06. Calculate its H+ ion concentration.
19. The pH of a solution is 5.85. Calculate in H2O+ ion concentration.
20. In NaOH solution [𝑂𝐻 − ] is 2.87 × 10-4. Calculate the pH of solution.
21. The pH of monoacidic weak base is 11.2. Calculate its percent dissociation in
0.02 M solution.
22. The pH of monoacidic weak base is 11.2. Calculate its percent dissociation in
0.02 M solution.
23. The pH of NH4OH solution is 10.72 in 0.015 M solution. Calculate its percent
dissociation.
24. Why it is necessary to add H2SO4 while preparing the solution of CuSO4?
25. Classify the following buffers into different types:
i. CH3COOH + CH3COONa
ii. NH4OH + NH4CL
iii. Sodium benzoate + benzoic acid
iv. Cu(OH)2 + CuCL2
 26. Explain buffer action with the help of sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer.
27. Give the application of buffer solution.
28. Give the application of buffer solution.
29. Define the relationship between solubility and solubility product for a general
salt BxAy.
30. Explain the relation between ionic product and solubility product to predict
whether a precipitate will form when two solutions are mixed?
31. Solubility product of BaCO3 is 2.6 × 10-9. Estimate its molar solubility.
32. What is common ion effect? Explain with an example.
33. Dissociation of HCN is suppressed by the addition of HCL. Explain.
34. Solubility of a sparingly soluble salt get affected in presence of a soluble salt
having one common ion. Explain.
35.

3 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Explain the Lewis acid-base theory with suitable examples.

2. Derive Ostwald’s dilution law for CH3COOH.
3. The pH of rain water collected in a certain region of Maharashtra on particular
day was 5.1. Calculate the H+ ion concentration of the rain water and its percent
dissociation.
4. pH of a weak monobasic acid is 3.2 in its 0.02 M solution. Calculate its
dissociation constant.
5. Aqueous solution of sodium carbonate is alkaline whereas aqueous solution of
ammonium chloride is acidic. Explain.
6. What is meant by hydrolysis? A solution of CH3COONH4 is neutral. Why?
7. Calculate the pH of buffer solution composed of 0.1 M weak base BOH and 0.2 M
of its salt BA.
8. Calculate the pH of buffer solution composed of 0.04 M weak base BOH and 0.05
M of its salt BA.
9. Explain solubility product with suitable example.
10. The solubility product of AgBr is 5.2 × 10-13. Calculate its solubility in mol dm-3.
(Molar mass of AgBr= 187.8 g mol-1)
 11. Solubility product of AgCl is 1.8 × 10-10. Calculate its molar solubility and
solubility in g dm-3. Molar mass of AgCL is 143.5 g mol-1.
12. Sulphides of cation of group II are precipitated in acidic solution (H2S + HCL)
whereas sulphides of cations of group IIIB are precipitated in ammoniacal
solution of H2S. Comment on the relative values of solubility product of
sulphides of these.

4 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Derive the relationship between degree of dissociation and dissociation constant

in weak electrolytes.
2. Define pH and pOH. Derive the relationship between pH and pOH.
  TOPIC: CHEMICAL KINETICS

1 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Define: Average rate of reaction

2. Identify the molecularity of following elementary reaction: NO(g) + O3(g)

→NO3(g)+O(g)
3. What is the activation energy of a reaction?
4. Write Arrehenius equation and explain the terms involved in it.
5.

2 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Write the rate law for the reaction, A+B→ P from the following data:

2. For the reaction 2A + B → products, find the rate law from the following data.

3. Consider, A+B→ P If the concentration of A is doubled with (B) being constant, the

rate of the reaction doubles. If the concentration of A is tripled and that of B is

doubled, the rate increases by a factor 6. What is order of the reaction with respect
to each reactant? Determine the overall order of the reaction.
4. Define the following terms giving one example of each.
i. Elementary reactions
ii. Complex reactions
5. Distinguish between order and molecularity of a reaction.
6. Obtain the relationship between the rate constant and half life of a first order
reaction.
 7. Derive the expression for half life of zero order reaction.
8. Write the relationships between rate constant and half life of first order and zeroth
order reactions.
9. How will you represent zeroth order reaction graphically?
10. Distinguish between zero order reaction and first order reaction.
11. Show that time required for 99.9% completion of a first order reaction is three times
the time required for 90% completion.
12. With reference to the following plot for a reaction, calculate the value of activation
energy (Ea).

3 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. How is instantaneous rate of reaction determined?

2. For the reaction 2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g) in liquid bromine N2O5 disappears at
a rate of 0.02 mol dm-3 sec-1 . At what rate NO2 and O2 are formed? What
would be the rate of reaction?
3. Derive the integrated rate law for first order reaction.
4. How will you represent first order reactions graphically?

5. Derive the integrated rate law for the first order reaction, A(g) → B(g) + C(g) in
terms of pressure.
6. What are pseudo-first order reactions? Give one example and explain why it
is pseudo-first order.
7. In a first order reaction, the concentration of reactant decreases from 20
mmol dm-3 to 8 mmol dm-3 in 38 minutes. What is the half life of reaction?
8. A first order reaction takes 40 minutes for 30% decomposition. Calculate its
half life.
9. The half life of a first order reaction is 0.5 min. Calculate time needed for the
reactant to reduce to 20% and the amount decomposed in 55s.
10. The half life of a first order reaction is 1.7 hours. How long will it take for
20% of the reactant to react?
11. Explain graphically the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction.
12. What fraction of molecules in a gas at 300 K collide with an energy equal to
activation energy of 50 kJ/mol?
 13. The rate constant for the first order reaction is given by log10 k= 14.34 – 1.25
× 104 T. Calculate activation energy of the reaction.
14. The energy of activation for a first order reaction is 104 kJ/mol. The rate constant at
25 ◦C is 3.7 × 10-5 s-1. What is the rate constant at 30◦C? (R=8.314 J/K mol)
15. What is the energy of activation of a reaction whose rate constant doubles when the
temperatures changes from 303 K to 313 K?
16. How catalyst increases the rate of reaction? Explain with the help of potential energy
diagram for catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions.
17. One of the nuclear waste products is 90Sr with a half life of 6.93 years. If 1 μg
of 90Sr was absorbed in bones of newly born baby in place of calcium, how
much amount of time, in years, is required to reduce it by 90 %, if it is not lost
metabolically.

4 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. What is zeroth order reaction? Derive its integrated rate law. What are the units of
rate constant?
2. What are requirements for the colliding reactant molecules to lead to products?
3. How will you determine activation energy:
i. Graphically using Arrehenius equation
ii. From rate constants at two different temperatures?
  TOPIC: COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
1 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Name the lewis acids and bases in the complex [𝑷𝒕𝑪𝑳𝟐(𝑵𝑯𝟑) ].
𝟐

2. Define the following term: Coordination sphere

3. Define the following term: Complex ion
4. Define the following term: Counter ion
5. Is the complex [𝐶𝑜𝐹6 ] cationic or anionic if the oxidation state of cobalt ion is
+3?
6. Write the formulae for the following coordination compound :
Tetraamineaquachlorocobalt(III) chloride
7. Write the formulae for the following coordination compound :
Potassium tetrahydroxozincate (II)
8. Write the formulae for the following coordination compound :
Dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III)
9. Write the formulae for the following coordination compound :
Tetracarbonylnickel(0)
10. Write the formulae of the following coordination compound :
Tris(ethylenediamine)chromium(III)chloride
11. Write the formulae of the following coordination compound :
Amminebromochloronitritoplatinate(II)
12. Write the formulae of the following coordination compound :
Dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)platinum(IV)nitrate
13. Write the formulae of the following coordination compound:
Iron(III)hexacyanoferrate(II)
14. Write the formulae of the following complexes:
Calcium hexacyanoferrate(II)
15. Write the formulae of the following complexes:
Pentamminecarbonatochromium(III)chloride
16. Write the formulae of the following complexes:
Diammineethylenediamminenickel(II) acetate
17. Using IUPAC norms, write the formulae of the following:
Tetrahydroxozincate(II)
18. Using IUPAC norms, write the formulae of the following:
Potassium tetrachloroplantinum(II)
19. Using IUPAC norms, write the formulae of the following:
 Diamminedichloroplatinum(II)
20. Using IUPAC norms, write the formulae of the following:
Potassium tetracyanonickelate(III)
21. Using IUPAC norms, write the formulae of the following:
Hexaamminecobalt(III) sulphate
22. Using IUPAC norms, write the formulae of the following:
Potassium trioxalatochromate(III)
23. Using IUPAC norms, write the formulae of the following:
Hexaammineplatinum(IV)
24. Using IUPAC norms, write the formulae of the following:
Tetrabromocuprate(II)
25. Using IUPAC norms, write the formulae of the following:
Pentaamminenitrocobalt(III)
26. Write formulae of the following complex: Potassium
amminetrichloroplatinate(II)
27. Write formulae of the following complex: Dicyanoaurate(I) ion
28. Find out the EAN of: Zn in〔Zn(NH3)4〕2+
29. Find out the EAN of: Fe in 〔Fe(CN)6〕4-
30. What are isomers?
31. Draw geometric isomers of 〔PtCL2(en)2〕2+
32. Draw enantiomers of 〔Cr(ox)3〕3-
33. Draw enantiomers and cis and trans isomers of 〔Cr(H2O)2(ox)2〕- (where ox=
c2 𝑜42− )
34. Draw isomers of Pt(NH3)2CINO2
35. Draw isomers of Ru(NH3)4CL2
36. Draw isomers of 〔Cr(en2)Br2〕+
37. Draw geometric isomers and enantiomers of the following complex:
〔Pt(en)3〕4+
38. Draw geometric isomers and enantiomers of the following complex:
〔Pt(en)2CLBr〕2+

2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What is the coordination number and oxidation state of metal ion in the complex
[𝑃𝑡(𝑁𝐻3 )𝐶𝑙5 ]-?
2. What is difference between a double salt and a complex? Give an example.
 3. Write the postulates of werner theory of coordination complexes.
4. Sketch a diagram representing classification of isomers in coordination
compounds.
5. Predict whether the 〔Cr(en)2(H2O)2〕3+ complex is chiral. Write structures of
its enantiomers.
6. 〔COCl4〕2- is tetrahedral complex. Draw its box orbital diagram. State which
orbitals participate in hybridization.

3 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What are cationic, anionic and neutral complexes? Give one example of each.
2. State and explain: Effective atomic number (EAN) rule
3. Explain cis-trans isomers in square planar complexes.
4. Explain cis-trans isomers in octahedral complexes.
5. Explain the factors which affect the stability of coordination compounds.
6. Explain the structure of octahedral low spin complex, 〔Co(NH3)6〕3+
7. Explain the structure of octahedral high spin complex, 〔CoF6〕3-
8. Explain the structure of tetrahedral complex: 〔NiCl4〕2-
9. Explain the structure of square planer complex: 〔Ni(CN)4〕2-
10. Give VBT description of bonding in each of following complex: 〔ZnCl4〕2-
11. Give VBT description of bonding in each of following complex:〔Co(H2O)6〕2+
12. Give VBT description of bonding in each of following complex:〔Pt(CN)4〕2-
(square planar)
13. Give VBT description of bonding in each of following complex:〔CoCl4〕2-
(tetrahedral)
14. Give VBT description of bonding in each of following complex:〔Cr(NH3)6〕3+
15. Based on the VBT predict structure and magnetic behavior of the
〔Ni(NH3)6〕3+ complex.
16. Give valence bond description for the bomding in the complex 〔VCl4〕-. Draw
box diagrams for free metal ion. Which hybrid orbitals are used by the metal?
State the number of unpaired electrons.
17. What are the assumptions of crystal field theory?
18. What are strong field and weak field ligands? Give one example of each.
19. Explain the formation of octahedral complexes using crystal field theory.
20. With the help of crystal field energy level diagram explain why the complex
〔Cr(en)3〕3+ is coloured.
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What are ligands? What are their types? Give example of each type.
2. Explain in brief the application of coordination compounds with examples.
  TOPIC: SOLID STATE
1 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Sketch a tetrahedral void.
2. Sketch an octahedral void.
3. Classify the following semiconductors into n- or p-type: Si doped with B
4. Classify the following semiconductors into n- or p-type: Si doped with As
5. Classify the following semiconductors into n- or p-type: Si doped with P
6. Classify the following semiconductors into n- or p-type: Ge doped with In
7. Classify the following semiconductors into n- or p-type: Ge doped with Bi
8. Classify the following semiconductors into n- or p-type: Si doped with Ga
9. What are ferromagnetic substances?

2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Give four examples of amorphous solids.
2. Distinguish between crystalline solids and amorphous solids.
3. Explain the term with examples: Isomorphous
4. Explain the term with examples: Polymorphous
5. Give four examples of the following: Ionic crystals
6. Give four examples of the following: Covalent network crystals
7. Give four examples of the following: Molecular crystals
8. Give four examples of the following: Metallic crystals
9. Classify the following solids into different types:
i. Silver ii. P4 iii. Diamond iv. NaCl
10. Identify the types of the following solids.
i. K2SO4 ii. SO2 iii. Sodium iv. Silica
11. Explain with the help of diagram: Simple cubic (sc) unit cell
12. Explain with the help of diagram: Body- centred cubic (bcc) unit cell
13. Explain with the help of diagram: Face-centred cubic (fcc) unit cell
14. Calculate the number of particles in primitive or simple cubic unit cell.
15. Calculate the packing efficiency of metal crystal that has simple cubic structure.
16. A compound is formed by two elements A and B. The atoms of element B form
ccp structure. The atoms of A occupy 1/3 rd of tetrahedral voids. What is the
formula of the compound?
 17. In an ionic crystalline solid atoms of element Y form hcp lattice. The atoms of
element X occupy one third of tetrahedral voids. What is the formula of the
compound?
18. Write the consequences of Schottku defect with reasons.
19. Explain the following terms: Substitutional impurity defect
20. Explain the following terms: Interstitial impurity defect
21. Explain metal deficiency defect with example.
22. When ZnO is heated it turns yellow and returns back to original white colour on
cooling. What could be the reason?
23. Write a short note on diamagnetic substances.
24. What are paramagnetic substances? Give examples.
25. Write a short note ferromagnetic substances.

3 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Calculate the packing efficiency of metal crystal that has bcc structure.
2. Calculate the packing efficiency of metal crystal of metal crystal that has fcc
structure.
3. What are n-type semiconductors? Why is the conductivity of doped n-type
semiconductor higher than that of pure semiconductor? Explain with diagram.
4. What are p-type semiconductors? Why is the conductivity of doped p-type
semiconductor higher than that of pure semiconductor? Explain with diagram.

4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain with diagram, Frenkel defect. What are the conditions for its formation?
What is its effect on density and electrical neutrality of the crystal?
2. Explain in detail the two types of metal excess defect.
  TOPIC: SOLUTIONS
1 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. State Raoult’s law for a solution containing a nonvolatile solute.
2. Define: Relative lowering of vapour pressure.
3. What is elevation of boiling point?
4. Define: Ebullioscopic constant and write its units.
5. What is freezing point of a liquid?
6. What is depression in freezing point?
7. What is cryoscopic constant?
8. Write the SI unit of cryoscopic constant.
9.

2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. State and explain Henry’s law.
2. Give reason: Gases like NH3 and Co2 do not obey Henry’s law.
3. State and explain Raoult’s law of vapour pressure.
4. Differentiate between ideal and nonideal solutions.
5. Show that relative lowering of vapour pressure is a colligative property.
6. Derive the relationship between relative lowering of vapour pressure and molar
mass of solute.
7. Derive the mathematical expression between molar mass of a non- volatile
solute and elevation of boiling point?
8. Obtain the relationship between freezing point depression of a solution
containing nonvolatile- nonelectrolyte solute and its molar mass.
9. Define the term: Osmosis.
10. What are isotonic and hypertonic solutions?
11. How molar mass of a solute is determined by osmotic pressure measurement?
12. What is van’t factor Hoff factor?
13. How is van’t Hoff factor related to formula mass and observed molar mass?
14. Which of the following solution will have higher freezing point depression and
Why? i. 0.1 m NaCl ii. 0.05 m Al2(SO4)3
15. Which of the following solutions will have maximum boiling point elevation and
which have minimum freezing point depression assuming the complete
dissociation? i. 0.1 m KCl ii. 0.05 m NaCl iii. 1 m AlPO4 iv. 0.1
m MgSO4

3 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain reverse osmosis.
2. Derive the relationship between degree of dissociation of an electrolyte and
van’t Hoff factor.

(NOTE: DO ALL SUMS FROM CLASS NOTES)