Tissues CBSE Class 9 Science Revision Notes Chapter 6

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Class 9 revision notes for Chapter 6 Tissues include the following topics:

Formation of tissues
Tissues of plants and animals
Class 9 revision notes for Chapter 6 Tissues include the following topics:
Formation of tissues
Tissues of plants and animals
Meristematic tissues
Permanent tissues
Epidermis
Stomata
Transpiration
Complex permanent tissues
Xylem and Phloem
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissues
Blood
Lymph
Bones
Haversian Canals
Cartilage
Ligaments
Tendons
Areolar tissues
Neuron anatomy

Quick Review of Chapter 6 Tissues

Living organisms in this world comprise cells.
There are unicellular as well as multicellular organisms present in this world.
In unicellular organisms, the single cell is capable of performing several functions such as
respiration, digestion and clearing of the cell.
In multicellular organisms, there is a division of labour. There are different types as well as groups
of cells that perform different functions in a multicellular organism.
 For Example, In animals muscle cells are responsible for causing movement, nerve cells are
responsible for carrying messages and signals from one part of the body to another and blood is
responsible for the transportation of food and oxygen to different parts of the body.
In plants, there are vascular tissues that are responsible for carrying food and water to two
different parts of a plant.

Free Revision Notes for Class 9 Science Chapter 6 Tissues

The Formation of Tissues

The cells form groups of cells to perform a single task.

This grouping of cells together to perform a function efficiently is called a Tissue.
For Example, Muscles and Blood.
The tissue cells have the same structure and they perform the same function.

Tissues of Plants and Animals

Plant Tissues Animal Tissues

Plants do not move so their tissues are predominantly Animals need more energy as compared to plants
the ones that provide support to them so that they can because they are not stationary. Their tissues are the
stand erect. ones that can support the movement.

These tissues are made up of dead cells because dead The tissues in the case of animals are made up of
cells can also provide mechanical strength to the plants living cells so that they can move and perform
and do not require much maintenance. several functions.

Only certain parts of the plant can grow. The tissues Cells in animals grow uniform early and not only in
present in such regions divide themselves and form new certain regions of the body.
tissues.

The structure of plant tissues is not very specialised as The organs and organ systems in animals are highly
compared to animals developed.

Plant Tissues
 Figure 1: Types of Plant Tissues

Meristematic Tissue
Only certain parts of a plant tend to grow. The tissues located in such parts are called
meristematic tissues.
They can divide themselves and form new tissues.
They have a thin cell wall made of cellulose.
They have a dense nucleus and cytoplasm but lack vacuoles.
They can further be classified differently based on the areas of the plants where they are located -
Apical
Lateral
Intercalary

Figure 2: Location of meristematic tissue

Apical Meristem Lateral Meristem Intercalary Meristem

 They are responsible for They are responsible for increasing the These tissues are present at
the growth of stems and circumference of the middle part of the internodes of stem regions between
roots in the plants stem and hence are found there. the places at which leaves attach.
They are found on the
tips of the roots and
stems.

Why are there no vacuoles in the intercalary meristem?

Vacuoles are responsible for the storage of food in the water. The intercalary tissues do not store
them. They are rather responsible for manufacturing them.
Moreover, vacuoles contain sap which provides rigidity to a cell. This property of vacuoles may not
allow the intercalary tissues to divide and manufacture new cells. Hence vacuoles are not present
in them.

Permanent Tissue
The cells that are formed by the meristematic tissues often have to take a certain role in the plant
and thus, they lose their ability to divide and form more cells. They then become the permanent
tissues of the plants.
Differentiation - The process by which cells of the meristematic tissues convert themselves into
permanent tissue by taking a fixed shape, size and function is called differentiation.
Types of Permanent Tissues:
Simple Permanent Tissues
Complex Permanent Tissues
Simple Permanent Tissues are of five types:
Parenchyma
Chlorenchyma
Aerenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

Figure 3: Simple Permanent Tissue

 Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

These tissues are responsible for These tissues are responsible for These tissues are
photosynthesis, storage of food, providing flexibility to the plants so responsible for making plants
gaseous exchange and floating of that they can bend easily. hard and rigid.
plants.

They are a group of living cells with a They are a group of living cells with They are made up of dead
cell wall made of cellulose. a cell wall made of cellulose and cells having a cell wall made
pectin. of lignin.

The parenchyma cells have large They have a little intercellular space The cells do not have any
intercellular spaces between them. in between them. intercellular spaces.

There are thin walls that surround each The cells present in these tissues The cells have a long
cell. are broad and irregularly thick at structure with thick walls.
corners.

They are found in leaves and newly They are present in the leaves and They are found in stems,
formed branches. stems of a plant. veins of the leaves and
coverings of nuts and seeds.

Chlorenchyma
These tissues are similar to that of parenchyma but they also contain chlorophyll in them.
Due to the presence of chlorophyll, they are capable of performing the process of photosynthesis
in plants.

Aerenchyma

They are found in aquatic plants.

They are also similar in structure to that of the parenchyma but they have large air cavities in
them.
These cavities allow the aquatic plants to float in water.

What is Lignin?

The cell walls of dead cells have a substance called lignin in them which provides rigidity to the cells. Lignin acts as
the cement for the cells.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of the cell is known as the Epidermis.

It covers the entire plant.
 It is a thin layer of single cells but in places with less water, the epidermis of the plants can
become thick in order to avoid frequent water loss.
The cells are flat and they have no intercellular spaces between them.
The outer walls of the epidermal cells are thick and the inner walls are thin.
The epidermal cells often have long hair-like structures in roots which facilitate the absorption of
water.
The main function of the epidermis is to protect the plants from fungi, water loss and any injuries
by secreting a wax-like water-resistant substance called a Cuticle on the surface of the plants
which protects the plants.

Figure 4: Epidermis

Stomata

Stomata are pore-like structures that are present in the epidermis of the leaves.
These pores are enclosed by two cells that have a similar shape as a kidney. These are
called Guard Cells of Stomata. Guard cells are modified epidermal cells.
Guard cells are responsible for the exchange of gases and transpiration.

Transpiration (OLYMPIAD)
 Figure 5: Transpiration

The plant cells sometimes have extra they lose it in the form of water that evaporates through stomata. This process
is called Transpiration.

Role of Transpiration in Plants – (OLYMPIAD)

Exchange of Gases - Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen through transpiration.
Prevent the Plants from Overheating - The leaves absorb sunlight during the process of
photosynthesis. Some of it is used in the photosynthesis process while the rest is radiated as Heat
Energy. We know that absorption of water causes cooling of the surrounding area. Therefore
transpiration keeps the leaves cool.
Transportation of Food and Water in Plants - The roots of the plants absorb minerals and water
present in the soil through transpiration and they are then distributed in the plant through the
transpiration stream.
Movement of Water in Plants – As plants lose water in the form of water vapours, the density of
water in leaves becomes low. So the water from the higher density areas such as the roots move
up to lower density areas through a force called Transpirational Pull.

Which gas is necessary for the process of photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide gas is necessary for the process of photosynthesis. Plants use carbon dioxide along with water and
sunlight to produce glucose in the process of photosynthesis. Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen as a
byproduct of the photosynthesis process.

Why do plants in desert areas have a waxy coating of cutting over them? (OLYMPIAD)

The epidermis cells of plants that are found in deserts have a waxy coating of cutting over them because it prevents
water loss from the surface of plants since water is already scarce in such areas.

Why are the branches of old trees different from the stems of a new plant?

As a plant grows older the meristematic cells start covering the upper layer of the plants instead of
the epidermis.
 These are the dead cells that have no special function in the plants but to provide rigidity. They
make the branches of the plants thick.
This is often called the Bark or the thick cork of the tree.
The bark of the trees contains a substance called Suberin which makes it waterproof and does not
allow gaseous exchanges. (OLYMPIAD)

Complex Permanent Tissues

Complex Permanent Tissues comprise different kinds of cells. These different types of cells coordinate with each
other and perform a common function in these tissues. Two Complex Permanent Tissues are - Xylem and Phloem.

Figure 6: Xylem and Phloem

Similarities between Xylem and Phloem

Their main function is to carry food and water in the plant.

Both have a vascular bundle which is a conductive tissue in plants that helps them survive in
different environmental conditions.

Xylem

Xylem is made up of dead cells having a thick cell lining. It consists of the following elements-
Tracheids and Vessels – They have a broad tubular structure so that we can allow transportation
of food and water in the plants vertically.
Xylem Parenchyma – It stores food and helps in the transportation of water horizontally in the
plants.
Xylem Fibres – They support transportation

Phloem
Phloem is made up of living cells and it allows the movement of food from leaves to other parts of the plant. It has the
following elements –

Sieve Tubes – Broad shaped cells with porous walls

Companion Cells – They facilitate the functions of the sieve tubes

Phloem Fibres – Provide flexibility to the phloem
Phloem Parenchyma – Stores starch and proteins

Characteristic Xylem Phloem

Made of Dead Cells Living Cells

Cell wall thickness Thick Thin

Cell wall material Lignin (rigid) Celluloses

Permeability Impermeable Permeable

Cytoplasm None Cytoplasm lining

Transports… Water & minerals Food

Carried to…. Leaves Growing parts & storage organs

Direction of flow Upwards Up & down

Tissue also has … Fibres Companion cells

Animal Tissue
 Figure 7: Types of Animal Tissues

1. Epithelial Tissue

They are the protective tissues of the human body. They cover many organs and cavities that are
present inside the body.
Where are the epithelial tissues found in the human body?
The lining of the blood vessels
The lining of the mouth
Kidney tubules
Skin
Lung alveoli
Structure and functions of the epithelial tissues -
The main function of the epithelial tissues is to act as a barrier and separate different organs
and systems from each other.
There is no space between the cells of epithelial tissues
The cells are permeable. This makes it possible for them to exchange materials between
different parts of the body and also between the body and the external environment.
The epithelial tissues remain separated from the tissues beneath them because of a thin
membrane over them.
 Figure 8: Types of Epithelium

Different Simple Stratified Columna Ciliated Cuboidal Glandular

types of Squamous Squamous r Columnar
epitheliu
m
tissues

Structur They have The They are Columnar They are cube- These are
e delicate cell epithelium the epithelial shaped cells special gland
lining and Squamous column- tissues which which are cells that can
possess a flat cells are like have Cilia involved in secrete
thin structure arranged in shape present on absorption and substances
several layers tissues them secretion.

Found Alveoli and Skin Intestine Respiratory Kidney tubules Sweat

in bowman’s system glands in the
capsule- skin
nephron in
the kidney

2. Connective Tissues

Structure and function of connective tissues

They are loosely bound cells present in an intercellular Matrix.
This matrix can be of different types – Dense, Rigid, Fluid or Jelly-like.
Depending upon the functionality of the connective tissue, the nature of the matrix varies.
Examples of Connective Tissues
 Figure 9: Connective Tissues

Blood

The main function of blood is to transport gases, food, waste materials and hormones in the body.

Therefore, blood has a fluid Matrix present in it which is called Plasma.

The plasma contains red blood cells, white blood cells and blood platelets.

The RBC has haemoglobin pigment which carries oxygen to tissues.

White blood cells fight diseases and platelets are involved in the clotting of blood when injured.

The plasma also contains proteins and hormones in it.

Lymph (OLYMPIAD)

Lymph is a colourless fluid that carries white blood cells throughout the human body in lymphatic vessels. There are
lymphoid organs present in the body that produce lymph and together form the lymphatic system. Some of them are
lymph nodes and tonsils.
 Figure 10: Lymph Capillaries

Lymph is similar to blood except for a few differences:

It contains only white blood cells.
It contains less amount of blood proteins, calcium and phosphorus but more glucose.
It flows in one direction only.
Lymph moves in the body through its normal function, unlike blood which is pumped by the heart.

Constituents of Lymph:
Lymph Plasma – Lymph Plasma carries infection-fighting proteins along with other substances such as water, calcium
and phosphorus.

Lymph Corpuscles – Lymph Corpuscles comprises white blood cells. Red blood cells and platelets are not present in
lymph.

Functions of Lymph:
It carries oxygen and minerals to the cells in the body and carries back carbon dioxide and waste
materials back into the blood.
It keeps the body cells moist.
It maintains the volume of the blood.
It helps in eliminating harmful bacteria and viruses from the body and hence is responsible for the
immunity of human beings.
It absorbs fats from the intestine and transports them throughout the body.

Bones

Bones form a framework of the body over which the muscles are wrapped together.
The bone tissue is strong and inflexible.
Therefore, the bone cells are present in a rigid matrix that is formed from calcium and phosphorus.

Haversian Canals (OLYMPIAD)

 Figure 11 Haversian Canal

The bones comprise microscopic tubes called Haversian Canals.

They are contained in osteons, rough cylindrical structures present along the axis of the bone.
They allow the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibres to travel through them.
These canals have concentric channels called Lamellae around them.
The Haversian canals communicate with bone cells through connections called Canaliculi.

Cartilage

Cartilage is present over the joints of the bones and provides them with a smooth structure.
For Example in the nose tip and ear pinna, trachea, larynx.
They contain a solid matrix made of protein and sugar. They have a homogenous matrix.
It provides support and flexibility to various parts of our body.

Ligaments

A ligament connects two bones together.

It has an elasticity that facilitates the connection.
The cells of ligaments have a little matrix.

Tendons

The tendon tissues are responsible for connecting bones and muscles together.
They have limited flexibility but very great strength.

Areolar

This tissue acts as a filter in between the spaces present inside the organs of the body.
 It helps in repairing other tissues as well.
It is found in the skin and bone marrow.

Components of the Areolar Connective Tissue

Figure 12 Components of the areolar connective tissue

1. Cells (OLYMPIAD)
Fat Cells (Adipocytes) – They are responsible for the secretion of lipids.
Fibroblasts – They are present in the highest amount in areolar tissues. They are responsible for
the secretion of fibres.
Mast Cells – They release histamine that plays a role in allergic reactions
Macrophages – They eat any germs or infectious cells in the body
Plasma Cells – They produce antibodies

2. Fibres
Collagen Fibres – They provide tensile strength to the tissue
Elastin Fibres – They provide elasticity to the tissue
Ground Substance – It is a fluid matrix that holds cells and fibres of the tissue

Adipose

Fats are stored in our body in the adipose tissues.

They are found below the skin and between the organs of the body.
Provides cushioning to the organs.

3. Muscular Tissue
 It is made up of muscle fibres which are long cells.
It allows movements in our bodies.
How can muscles cause movement?

They contain special proteins called Contractile Proteins. These proteins cause contraction and relaxation of the
muscles.

There are two kinds of muscles found in our body - Voluntary Muscles and Involuntary Muscles.

Figure 13: Muscular Tissue

Striated/ Skeletal/ Voluntary muscles Smooth/ Unstriated/Involuntary muscles

We can move them according to our own will We cannot start or stop the movement of
involuntary muscles.

They are also called Skeletal Muscles as they are attached They are also called Smooth Muscles.
to the bones.

They are also called Striated Muscles because of the They are also called Unstriated Muscles because
presence of dark and light bands over them they do not have any light or dark bands on
them.

The cells of voluntary muscles have more than one nucleus, The cells of the involuntary muscles are long and
do not have any branches, and have a long cylindrical have pointed ends.
structure.

For Example, Muscles of our hands and legs. For Example, The muscles in the alimentary
canal and the Iris of our eyes.
 Cardiac Muscles
These are special kinds of involuntary muscles.
The muscles of the heart are called Cardiac Muscles. They perform rhythmic contraction and
relaxation throughout our life.
They are cylindrical in shape, they have branches and there is a single nucleus.
Cardiac muscle consists of individual heart muscle cells connected by intercalated discs to
work as a single functional organ

4. The Nervous Tissue

How do we react to stimuli?
This is because of the nervous tissues present in our body. They are capable of transmitting
information quickly from the brain to different parts of the body and vice-versa.
Therefore nervous tissues are found in nerves, brain, and spinal cord.
Nervous tissue is made up of cells called the Nerve Cells or Neurons.
These neurons connect together to form the nerves of our body.
Structure of a Neuron
It is an elongated cell with a Cell Body that consists of some branch-like structure called
Dendrites.
There is a Nucleus present in the centre of the cell body.
The Nerve Endings of the cell are connected with the cell body via Axon.
A nerve cell can be up to 1 m long.

Figure 14: Structure of Neuron

The Structure of Neuron

1. Dendrites

They are tree-like extensions (highly-branched) at the beginning of a neuron.

They increase the surface area of the neuron.
They receive chemical signals from different neurons of the body.
They then convert these chemical signals into electrical signals and pass them to the neuron cell
body.
A neuron can have a single dendrite or multiple dendrites
2. Cell Body

Also called Soma.

The main function of the cell body and nucleus of the neuron is to maintain the functionality of the
cell.
It does not play an active role in the transmission of the signal.
It produces proteins that are required by different parts of the neuron to work properly.
It contains different cell organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi apparatus etc that perform various
functions of the cell.

3. Axon
Neurons have one axon in general.
It is a long structure that connects the cell body to the terminals and it also connects with other
neurons, cells and organs of the body through nerve terminals.
It allows for the fast transmission of signals. The larger the diameter of the axon the faster it will
transmit signals.
It is covered with a special insulating substance called myelin. It helps in the rapid transmission of
signals.

4. Schwann Cells (OLYMPIAD)

The Myelin sheath that covers the axon is produced by Schwann cells.
The Myelin sheath keeps the signal intact.