INTRODUCTION

The inter roga tion of a pers on susp ecte d for an

offense may not be easie r toda y than before, due to som e
legal requ irem ents in the cond uct of cust odia l inve stiga tion.
The hum an race has alon g histo ry of devi sing meth ods for
dete rmin ing whe n a pers on is lying and whe n he or she is
teJHn.g the truth early societies used tortu re; state men ts
mad e by a pers on· on the rack were cons idere d espe ciall y
belie vabl e ther e was also a trial by ordeal.
Dr. Han s Gros s (19t h cent ury) lmow n as the Fath er
of Crim inali stics once said "Tha t sear ch for truth as the
basi s and goal of all crim inal inve stiga tion. This theo ry of
Gro ss was cited also by Hogan (200 0 Crim inal
Inve stiga tion) state d that "Investigation is a battl e of lies
agai nst lies; (PCC r.Ins truct iona l Module1996).
Toda y mos t police inve stiga tor appl ied diffe rent
stro kes for diffe rent folks unde r inve stiga tion, mos t polic e
agen cies are now usin g state of the art equi pme nts in
dete cting dece ption and that is POLYGRAPH Inst rum ent.
Poly grap h is now widely used in som e foreign coun tries
eith er for Emp loym ent or for Crim inal inve stiga tion
purp oses . Poly grap h (pop ularl y Iqiown as Lie Detector) is an
inst rum ent that mea sure s and reco rds seve ral phys iolog ical
resp onse s such as bloo d pres sure , puls e rate , resp irati on,
bre~ thin g rhyt hms , body temp eratu re and skin cond uctiv ity
while the subj ect is aske d and answ er a serie s of ques tion s.
The poly grap h mea sure s phys iolog ical chan ges
caus ed by the sym path etic nerv ous system duri ng
ques tion ing, poly grap h exam inati on also •referre d to as
psyc ho - physiological dete ction of dece ptio n (POD)
exam inat ion (Mat te, 1996 ).
In the Phil ippin es Polygraph inst rum ent's also
adm inist ered to test the truth fuln ess of the susp ect but
wha t ever the resu lt is inadmissible in cour t as evidence
(Carpo vs. Cou rt of Appeals); Although the National Bur eau
of Investigation consider it as an aid in thei r investigations.
 Method of Detecting Deception.
Rf•tol'Y of Bar1Y
t time our forefather or ancestor have a
In the ear li es . th th
t 0 detect person tellmg e tru or not and
practice on how . and inhuman practice. The issue of lie
this i~ a ~bS::~ man himself back in the anci~t titnes,
detection isthan. ·ustice courts used various techniques to
rulers and eir J th
a liar and establish the tru • . .
catch . ·ca1 chronicles and anetent wntten records
H1ston
.d
• al d
about complex ntu s an sop 1sticated
h. ·
carry evt ence . . • · " o
rnnse known as "divine Justice . d ne of the
ordeals othe~ .....
ractices is Trial by Combat an accuse may take
known P
• hallenge in order for him
•
• to prove h.1s innocence like
thJS C th . gl .th
for instance the accused may. be ~ent to JUn . e W1 . out
any weapon to defend himself agamst the wild anrmals tf he
retum's alive to the tribe he is judged innocent based on
the belief that person not harmed by wild animals he or she
is protected by his guardian angel.
The first collection of civil regulation in Ancient Rus'
known as "Russkaya Pravda" or Russian Truth the law of
Rus would be a more accurate translation during the rule of
Yaroslav the Wise Grand Prince of Kiev, legalized the used
of ordeals in disputes between the individuals, saying that
"plaintiff can... require that the dependant proved his
innocence through iron test... Whereas if the claim is less
than a half of grivna, then a water test could be used."
(Troville 2009) Furthermore, he also said that such
barbarian techniques for exposing the truth were used not
only in Russia, but in other countries of the medieval
Europe as well Ordeals were also used in cultures other
than E1;1ropean and until now the ordeals are used. Aside
from this early practice they have also a method of Trial by
Ordeal and this are:

Red Hot Iron Ordeal thi kin

the Hill Tribe . - s_ d of test was used among
India wh hof Ra.lahmal m the North of Bengal part of
ere t e accu d .
innocence b a . se .was apt to be told to prove ~1s
times if hi. y pp1ymg his tongue to Red Hot Iron nme
s tongue bum h.
judged as guilty. or 15 mouth becomes dried he will
 Ordeal of Balanc e - This type of practic e of testing the
veracit y of the accuse d by placing him on one s~e of
balance . In one scale. the accuse d was in the other side a
counte r balance the accuse d then stepped out of the scale
listen to a judge deliver to an exhorta tion to the balanc e
and get back in if he were found to lighter than before he
will judge innocen ce.

Boilin g water Ordea l - as a test of decepti on of this ordeal

was used in modern Africa, this type of test is the person
will told to immers e his arm to a big pot with a full of water
if his arm will not burst he is innocen ce.

Ordea l of Rice Chewin g - This practic e started in India,

the accuse d will be given a concen trated rice grains and he
will told chew -and swallow the said rice if the accuse d not
able to swallow a single grain he will be judge as guilty and
this by their belief that no person able to swallow the gift of
god.

Ordea l of the Red Water - the accuse d fast for twelve

hours swallow the small amoun t of rice grains then imbibe s
the dark colored water someti mes as a gallon as an emetic
and if the suspec t ejects all the rice given to him he is
consid ered as innoce nt.

The Sacre d ass or Donke y's tail ordea l - the donkey will
be placed to one room alone and observ ed if the donkey will
cried a judge of guilty will given becaus e of the guidin g
princip le that innoce nt person always protec ted by his
guardi an angel.
However the history tells us about other less brutal
ways of search for the truth, back in the ancien t times
people noticed that whene ver a suspec t was being
interro gated, the fear of possib le exposu re caused certain
chang es in his physiological functio ns (Torville 2009).
 J&arlg Bc isn t:l flc m et ho d
of de te ct in g de ce pt io n

in te sti ng fo r lo ca tin g th e
su sp ec t
Tr ut h Se ru m - it is us ed
an d th e sto len ite ms .
tia m _ an ac t of in du ci ng hy pn os is to dazzle 0 r
H- ,1n no .
ov er co me by su gg es tio n.

at io n - th e ba sic pr ac tic e is to pr es en t or an
W or d as so ci
a gr ou p of wo rd s ea ch wo rd sufficient1~
or vis ua lly
th at su bj ec ts re sp on se
d tim e fro m th e ot he rs so
se pa ra te in
to it.
a m od em sc ie nt ifi c m et ho d of de tec tin g
Po ly gr ap hy - bj ec t is te lli ng th e tru th
io n te ch ni qu e w he th er th e su
de ce pt
or not.

K in ds of Li es
1. WH ITE OR BE NI GN LIE
2. BLACK LI E
3. RE D LI E
4. MALICIOUS LI E

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Two KINDS OF LIAR

1. PROFESSIONAL LIAR
2. PATHOLOGICAL LIAR .
S ~ pl e of th is Pathologi•cal. lia ·
un re al is tic r m ak es st on es seem too
dramatic or em to se1:'e no purpose
es s pe o -1~ th e he s ~e
except to im pr detected.
P and the lies ca n ea si ly be
 Re as on s wh y pe op le lie
tro ub le wi th th e law.
De fe ns e m ec ha ni sm us ed to avoid
Not hu rt som.e on es feeling
Th ey lie be ca us e th ey ga in from
it
To av oi d em ba rra ss m en t an d
Fo r a go od la ug h or a jo ke
of Po ly gr ap h
Pe rs on Be hi nd th e De ve lo pm en t
al wa ys co nc er ne d
Th e pr ob le m of de te ct in g lie s ha s
m an s; th er ef or e hi sto ry of th e po ly gr ap h, al so kn ow n
of hu
lie de te ct or in st ru m en t ha s de ep hi sto ric al ro ot s. Si nc e
as
e da w n of civ ili za tio n tn an ki nd ha s so ug ht wa ys t0
th th os e in di vi du al s w~ o
th fu ln es s fro m ly in g in
di sti ng ui sh tru . •
of m ak in g wr on g do in gs
ar e su sp ec te d
in ve nt iv e te ch ni qu es fo r th e ve rif ica tio n of
Various_ be en tri ed ov er
de te ct io ns of de ce pt io ns ha ve
tr ut h an d th e be in g rid ic ul ou s an d
ur ie s, lll an y of th es e
th e pa st ce nt ch te ch ni qu es w as
th ei r pr im iti ve ne ss ea
cr ue l. De sp ite e for 111 of ph ys io lo gi ca l
as su m pt io ns th at so m
ba se d on th e he n co nf ro nt ed w ith
ed wi th in a pe rs on w
re ac tio n oc cu rr ifi c ev en t un de r
re ga rd in g a sp ec
ce rta in st im ul i
ga tio n an d th at th is ph ys io lo gi ca l re ac tio n w oa jd in
in ve sti
tn an ife st ed in ce rta in re co gn iz ab le ex te rn al
tu rn be y or de ce pt io n. •
th at we re in di ca tiv e of ho ne st
sy in pt oi ns ic at io n ba se d up on _
th e sc ie nc e of tru th ve rif
Po ly gr ap hy as ly 10 0 ye ar s 019 .. •
l an al og ue s is ba re
ps yc ho pH ys io lo gi ca
(Torville 20 09 ).
ffgure 2. Analog Polygraph

Fear - Is an emotional response to specific danger that

appears to beyond a person's defensive power.
Stimulus - A force of emotion reaching the organism and
excite the deceptors. In short is a force that arouses the
organism of any part to activity.
Reaction - It is an action in mental attitude evokes by
external influence.
Deception - Is an act of deceiving or misleading usually
accompanied by lying.
Detection - An act of discovery existence pressure or fact of
something hidden or obscure.
Lying - Is an uttering or conveying falsehood or creating a
false statement.
Response - any -activity or in division of previous activity of
an organism or as affector organ, or part of the organism
resulting from stimulation.
Specific Response - Any deviation from the normal tracing
of a subject.
Normal Response - A tracing on the chart where in the
subject answer in the irrelevant question.
Polygraph Examiner - Refers to a person who conducts the
test or administers the examination.
Chart or Polygrams _ Refers to the composite records of the
Pneumograph, Galvanograph,. and Cardiosphymog raph
tracing recorded from a senes of questions. ( PCCr
Instructional module on polygraph 1996).