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The Future of Optical Fiber Sensors

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 The Future of Optical Fiber Sensors 1

1
The Future of Optical Fiber Sensors

Dr. Niteshkumar Agrawal, PhD

MES’s Pillai College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai- 410206, Maharashtra, India
Prof. Jayesh Rane,
MES’s Pillai HOC College of Engineering and Technology, Raigad- 410207, Maharashtra, India
Dr. Lokendra Singh, PhD
Department of ECE, Koneru Lakshmaiah Educational Foundation (KLEF), Vaddeswaram-522302,
Andra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
The worldwide optical fiber sensors (OFSs) market will reach $4.9 billion by 2025,
exceeding $2.9 billion in 2020 with a compound annual growth rate of 10.9%. Today’s
advancements are focused on improving, developing, and perfecting novel sensing
principles and transducers while reducing sensors cost. The current study aims to
cover a wide range of contemporary OFSs based applications, with special emphasis
on health tracking. The work describes and critiques the exceptional types of OFSs
and their maximum applications in diverse areas. Researchers will gain a deeper
understanding of OFSs generation and an outline of the demanding situations that
arise within the deployment of evolved technology. The study also focused on the impact
of various nanomaterials on the development of OFSs. The purpose of this chapter is
to give a comprehensive review of fiber-based sensing in various fields. Also, the novel
work on OFSs reported from 2017 to 2022, has been discussed. Studies about OFSs
revealed they can be used for a wide variety of applications ranging from environmental
monitoring to biosensing.
Keywords: Optical fiber sensors, plasmonics, nanomaterial, nanotechnology, biosensors.

Introduction
Today’s businesses require faster, more secure, and higher-capacity
communication systems to operate their networks. Fiber optic technology
plays a substantial role in this development. From Research and Markets
study, it is predicted that the fiber optic market will grow by 8.5% by
2025. This means that more industries will look for fiber-based solutions.
 2 Sensors and Fiber Optics: Recent Trends

The fiber cable industry is proving to be a critical component of engineering

infrastructure from healthcare systems to the marine environment
(Burnett and Carter 2017). The optical fiber industry has experienced a
tremendous amount of progress since the remarkable fiber revolution of
the 1970s (Agrawal 2016). Researchers around the world are increasingly
interested in optical fiber sensors (OFSs), because they offer numerous
advantages, including remote sensing, low-cost, light-weight, easy
use, and small size (Wu et al. 2020). Further, sensors based on optical
fiber have features, for instance: i) flexible installation - that is, you can
easily install them in confined spaces such as between machines, ii)
detection of extremely small targets - a compact sensor head makes it
easy to detect even extremely small targets, and iii) excellent resistance
to environmental factors - since no electric current flows through the
optical fiber cable, the sensor is not affected by noise (Johny, Amos, and
Prabhu 2021). In addition to this, high-temperature environments can
be detected using fiber units with heat-resistance (Bolotsky et al. 2019).
The use of fiber technology-based sensing devices can be applied to
a wide range of applications ranging from environmental monitoring
to medical diagnosis (Correia et al. 2018). As result of their unique
characteristics, like chemical inertness, multiplexing, immunity to
electromagnetic (EM) fields, and higher sensitivity, optical fiber sensors
(OFSs) have been extensively studied and used in a variety of applications
(Roriz et al. 2020a). OFSs are being used increasingly in the real world
as a result of all such benefits, especially in medical diagnostics (Sun et
al. 2014). A large class of OFS are based on their i) working modes, ii)
functions, iii) modulation methods, and iv) physical dimensions (Liu
2019). Fiber-based sensor units are available in the following versions: i)
standard mounting fiber sensor units, ii) small focused beam fiber sensor
units (best for detecting small objects), iii) transparent object detection
i.e., beam is passing through the transparent target, iv) thin profile
sensor (used for installation where space is limited), v) Environment-
proof fiber sensing unit (this type of sensor unit is mostly oil/ chemical/
heat resistant), and vi) dedicated application (such as masurment of
area, vacuum, liquid level detection etc.) (Novotný et al. 2021, Agrawal
et al. 2021).
In conjunction with different research groups, OFSs have been carefully
studied and utilized in the detection of temperature, flow, torsion, bending,
vibration, pressure, chemical, humidity, and refractive index (RI) (Tian
et al. 2008, Chack et al. 2013). Point sensors, quasi-distributed sensors,
and full distributed sensors are classified in measurable spatial scope-
 The Future of Optical Fiber Sensors 3

based OFSs, whereas changes in phase, polarization, and wavelength

are classified in modulation process-based OFSs (Roriz et al. 2020b).
Briefly, optical fiber gratings, interferometry, distributed sensors,
surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and localized SPR (LSPR) are all
working principle-based OFS. They can also be subcategorized as fiber
Bragg grating (FBG), long-period grating, chirped FBG (CFBG), tilted
FBG (TFBG), Fabry-Pérot, Sagnac, Michelson, high birefringence loop
mirror sensor, Mach-Zehnder, multimode interferometer and OFS based
on Raman scattering, Rayleigh scattering and Brillouin scattering (Guo
et al. 2017, Singh, Agrawal, Saha, and Kaushik 2022). Recent times have
seen widespread adoption of a variety of OFSs for biosensing applications,
and they have been categorized by their application, modulation process,
working principle, and spatial region of measurement (Bosch et al. 2007b,
Singh, Agrawal, Saha, Singh, et al. 2022). A unique characteristic of
P-OFSs, which are fast and consistent in their detection characteristics,
has made them particularly impactful in laboratory and clinical research.
In the development of P-OFSs for biosensing applications, researchers,
scientists, and experts from various disciplines are involved (Figueira
et al. 2021). As shown in Fig. 1, the P-OFS have applications from
environmental monitoring to biomolecule/chemical sensing, owing to
the features described above.

Fig. 1: The different applications areas of plasmonic fibre-optic sensors

(Aruna Gandhi et al. 2019)
 4 Sensors and Fiber Optics: Recent Trends

In principle of plasmonic OFSs, metal-dielectric surfaces produce

surface plasmons (SPs) when electromagnetic radiation is emitted (Wang
et al. 2017). These SPs are usually divided into two groups known as
propagating SPs (PSPs) and localized SPs (LSPs), based on the type of
metallurgical process (Mogale and Matizamhuka 2020, Agrawal, Zhang,
Saha, Kumar, Pu, et al. 2020).
Sensors that generate signals using plasmon shapes are referred to as
plasmonic sensors. SPR and LSPR are optical-plasmonic sensors which
rely extensively on PSPs and LSPs plasmonic phenomena (Duan et al.
2021). Recent years have seen extensive exploration, studies, and reports
devoted to these two plasmonic techniques and their applications in
various engineering and science fields (Yu et al. 2019). Biosensors are
found to demonstrate the best results and applications in the field of
biosensing, which allows the study of biomolecular binders (Mehrotra
2016). Moreover, it can analyze different body fluids in real-time and
without labeling (Bhalla et al. 2016).
In a P-OFS, the fiber-guided light is modulated by variations in
environmental conditions around the fiber surface to efficiently transmit
light in the optical spectrum from visible to near-infrared (NIR) (Li
2020, Cennamo et al. 2011). There is a brief discussion of some notable
developments in plasmonic nanomaterials (NMs), such as metallic
nanoparticles (NPs), colloidal, hybrid, and bimetallic NPs, as well as
their applications in chemical and biomedical fields. Presented here are
the main components of OFSs, their functions, performance parameters,
as well as a detailed description of the P-OFS, including a description
of how easy the initial stages are. The one-of-a-kind additives which
help inside the development of the overall performance of P-OFSs i.e.,
sensitivity, and selectivity, high- resolution optical characterization
methods, and environmental elements had been an essential a part of
the e book chapter.

Structural Development
Lasers and low-cost optical fibers have been two of the most
significant scientific breakthroughs in recent years that have enabled
the development of optical-fiber sensors (Addanki, Amiri, and Yupapin
2018). Optical fiber technology has recently gained more prominence in
sensors. Increasingly, they are used in clinical, pharmaceutical, industrial,
and military applications as probes or sensing elements (Zhu et al.
2020, Agrawal, Saha, Kumar, Singh, Zhang, and Kumar 2020). Sensors
 The Future of Optical Fiber Sensors 5

that use optical fibers benefit from the excellent light delivery, the long
interaction length, the low cost, and the ability to capture light emitted
by target molecules, in addition to capturing the excitation light from
the targets (Agrawal, Zhang, Saha, Kumar, Kaushik, et al. 2020, Chack,
Agrawal, and Raghuwanshi 2014). A fiber’s transmission of light is
based on the principle of total internal reflection (TIR) (Pospíšilová,
Kuncová, and Trögl 2015). As a transducer, fiber optic devices serve as
analytical devices with fiber optic sensors (Bosch et al. 2007a). In case
of optical biosensors, a chemical or biological element reacts with a
chemical or biochemical and thereby generates a signal proportional to its
concentration (Marazuela-Lamata and Moreno-Bondi 2002, Naresh and
Lee 2021). There are various types of spectroscopic techniques that can
be combined with OFSs, e.g. absorption, fluorescence, phosphorescence,
SPR, etc (Cennamo et al. 2011).
To recognize the proper functioning of OFSs, numerous structural
trends and advancements in the development of OFSs were reviewed
and mentioned in this section. The optical fiber sensor systems consisting
of bent (Wang and Liu 2018), U-shaped (Chen et al. 2018), D- shaped
(Melo et al. 2018), heterocore (Alemdar et al. 2013), fiber ball (Tosi et al.
2021), tapered (Korposh et al. 2019), gratings (i.e., fiber Bragg grating,
lengthy-duration grating, chirped FBG, tilted FBG) (Jasjot, Neena, and
Divya 2020), Fabry-Pérot (Tseng and Chen 1988), Michelson (Murphy
et al. 1991), excessive birefringence loop mirror sensors (Liu et al. 2005),
Mach-Zehnder (Zhang et al. 2018), and multimode interferometer (Kun et
al. 2021) are used for development of OFSs, as available in open source and

Fig. 2: Schematic of SMF-MMF-SMF fiber structure (heterocore design)

(Roriz et al. 2020b).
 6 Sensors and Fiber Optics: Recent Trends

Fig. 3: Schematic configuration of the bragg gratings fiber structure

(heterocore design) (Roriz et al. 2020b).

stated by means of other reseacrhers. Some of the recent novel

structucral developments over OFSs i.e., heterocore, bragg gratings,
tatpered-in-taper, and SMF-MCF-MMF-SMF structure are represented
in Fig. 2-5, respectively.

Fig. 4: Schementic of tapered-in-taper structure optical fiber probe

(Kaur, Kumar, and Kaushik 2022).

Fig. 5: Schementic of SMF-MCF-MMF-SMF structure optical fiber sensor (Li et al. 2021).
 The Future of Optical Fiber Sensors 7

Recent Development, and Major Challenges

Now, OFSs are widely used across many industries, including medical
diagnostics, automotive, space, engineering, manufacturing, and energy
(Agrawal, Saha, Kumar, Singh, Zhang, Jha, et al. 2020). It is possible to
measure more than 60 parameters with OFSs like temperature, pressure,
displacement, deflection, liquid level, etc (Deng and Cai 2007, Mignani and
Baldini 1996). The ability of OFSs and based structures has been discussed
well in above sections. it is clear that applied studies is wanted to make
the technique easy and powerful for implementation as a next-generation
sensing device (Poeggel et al. 2015). For the far-flung tracking and automation
reason its time to combine the sensing device with smartphones or other
remotely tracking devices (Saher and Anjum 2021). The use of OFSs is
greatly improved in biosensig software in latest beyond. Besides the various
structural developments over OFSs discussed above, NMs such as metals,
semiconductors, and 2D NPs play an important role in producing highly
sensitive and selective OFSs. The some of the widely used NMs (gold
NPs, graphene oxide, MoS2-NPs) for the development of SPR and LSPR
phenomenon-based OFSs are indicated in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6: Different nomaterials used in the development of OFSs (Li et al. 2021).

Fig. 7: Experimental setup for the detection of L-Glutamate using OFSs

(Wang et al. 2021).
 8 Sensors and Fiber Optics: Recent Trends

The latest studies over optics and nanotechnology opens the door for the
development of rather touchy OFSs (Park, Cho, and Kim 2022, Vigneshvar
et al. 2016). Specifically, within the biosensing subject fiber optic sensors are
reported for the detection of L-Glutamate (as shown in Fig. 7), creatinine
(as shown in Fig. 8) in current time, triacylglycerides sensor (as shown in
Fig. 9), DNA (nuclic acid) detection (as shown in Fig. 10).

Fig. 8: Typical experimental setup for measurement of creatinine solution (Li et al. 2021)

Fig. 9: The LSPR-based biosensor for triacylglycerides detection (Anjli et al. 2017).
 The Future of Optical Fiber Sensors 9

Fig. 10: The experimental setup for DNA detection (Yang et al. 2019).

Advancements in microfabrication technologies have accelerated

the development of OFSs with biocompatibility, field enhancement, and
high surface-to-volume ratio, as well as biocompatible two-dimensional
materials (Ollé, Farré-Lladós, and Casals-Terré 2020). These developments
have accelerated the development of optical sensors for early detection
of cancer and other diseases (Kaur, Kumar, and Kaushik 2022).  

Conclusion
Fiber optic sensing emerged from the limitations and obstacles
of traditional sensing technologies. The thickness of optical fibers is
equivalent to the thickness of a human hair. They are lightweight,
passive, unobtrusive and passive. Optical fiber-based sensing strategies
has recently emerged as a critical sensing device to enhance the overall
performance of OFSs, many researchers have pronounced the adjustments
in sensor systems viz. fiber tapering, U-formed, D-shaped, heterocore,
gratings, fiber ball, and splicing of various fibers. apart from this use of
different NMs viz. gold/ silver/ zinc-oxide/ cupper-oxide/ graphene-
oxide/ others are significantly imfluence the overall performance of
optical sesnsors. as an instance, in the improvement of coating materials
of LSPR sensor, and their researches show that the shape and material of
nanoparticles (NPs) have a terrific have an effect on on sensitivity. using
novel NMs inside the development of OFSs are taken into consideration
ability nanoprobes for detecting biosensing packages. recently, they have
got attracted top notch attention as optical probes for detecting several
biomolecules, bacteria, cells, virus, and DNA/RNA because of their strong
absorption band, which could be very sensitive to the particle length,
form, and relative permittivity of the neighborhood surroundings, in
the seen location of light. AgNPs-based totally optical sensors are said
for the detection of insecticides, organic dyes, tablets, micro-organisms,
nitro-aromatics, biomolecules, and mycotoxins.
10 Sensors and Fiber Optics: Recent Trends

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