DISEASE TREND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

GICHOHI JOHN NDUNGU

CIT-221-018/2020

BIT2303: PROJECT RESEARCH PROPOSAL

MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY OF KENYA

The project documentation is submitted as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
Bachelors of Science in Information Technology at Multimedia University of Kenya.

FEBRUARY 2024
 Declaration And Approval

STUDENT APPROVAL

I, Gichohi John Ndungu, declare that this proposal is my original work and that it has not
been presented in any other university or institution for academic credit.

Name: Gichohi John Ndungu

Signature…………………………………... Date…………………………………
Reg. No: CIT-221-018/2020

SUPERVISOR’S APPROVAL

This research proposal has been submitted for examination with my approval as University supervisor.
Name: Dr. Nick Ishmael

Signature….………………………… Date…….…………………………
Faculty of Computing and Information Technology

UNIVERSITY HOD’S APPROVAL

This research proposal has been submitted for examination with my approval as University Head of
Department.
Name : Ndithi Henry

Signature :….………………………… Date : …….………………………………

Faculty of Computing and Information Technology

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 Acknowledgement

I extend my heartfelt gratitude to all those who have contributed to the realization of this research
proposal. Special thanks to my supervisor Dr. Nick Ishmael for your invaluable guidance,
unwavering support, and insightful feedback throughout the research process. Your mentorship
has been instrumental in shaping the trajectory of this study.
I express my sincere appreciation to the participants and contributors who generously shared their
expertise, experiences, and time, enriching the depth and quality of this research. The
collaborative spirit within the academic community has been a constant source of inspiration.
I am grateful to my friends and family for their encouragement, understanding, and patience
during the demanding phases of this research journey. Their unwavering support provided the
necessary foundation for my academic pursuits.
Lastly, I want to acknowledge the influence of previous research and the collective wisdom of
scholars whose work has paved the way for this study. Their dedication to advancing knowledge
has been a guiding light.

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 Dedication

In appreciation, this research is dedicated to the unwavering heroes of our healthcare system, the
health workers of Kenya. Their tireless dedication, resilience, and compassionate service stand as
a beacon of hope and inspiration. Through long hours, challenging circumstances, and selfless
commitment, they embody the epitome of humanity's noblest virtues.
To the doctors, nurses, paramedics, and all healthcare professionals who tirelessly and
courageously navigate the front lines of our nation's well-being, this work is a tribute to your
indomitable spirit. In the face of adversity, you are the guardians of health, healers of wounds, and
comforting voices in times of distress.
May this dedication serve as a token of gratitude for your sacrifices, acknowledging the countless
lives you touch and the immeasurable impact you make on the health and resilience of our
community. Your dedication echoes far beyond the walls of hospitals; it resonates within the
hearts of those you care for and reverberates throughout the fabric of our society.
With profound respect and deepest thanks, this research stands as a testament to the remarkable
health workers of Kenya, whose compassion and commitment illuminate the path toward a
healthier and more resilient nation.

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 Abstract
This research proposal presents a comprehensive study aimed at transforming
disease trend reporting and surveillance practices in Kenya's healthcare landscape.
Faced with the challenges of diverse health threats and limited resources, the need
for real-time, predictive disease trend reporting has never been more urgent. The
lack of efficient disease trend reporting systems in healthcare hinders the ability to
proactively manage and prevent the spread of diseases. Limited access to real-time
data analysis and predictive insights often results in delayed responses to disease
outbreaks. Addressing this gap is crucial to enhancing the effectiveness of public
health interventions and enabling timely decision-making by healthcare authorities.
This research seeks to develop an innovative disease trend reporting system that
leverages data analytics, predictive modeling, and geospatial analysis to provide
comprehensive insights into disease patterns, enabling proactive management and
prevention strategies. This paper delves into the context of Kenya's healthcare
centers, highlighting the existing gaps in disease reporting and the repercussions of
delayed responses during outbreaks. Motivated by these challenges, this research
introduces a transformative Disease Trend Reporting System. Rooted in advanced
data analytics and predictive modeling, the system empowers healthcare
professionals with real-time insights into disease patterns. By anticipating outbreaks,
healthcare centers can allocate resources efficiently, implement targeted
interventions, and, most importantly, save lives. This proactive approach addresses
the pressing need for timely, actionable information, ensuring a swift response to
emerging health threats. The research methodology employs a systematic approach,
integrating quantitative data analysis and geospatial technologies tailored to the
unique challenges faced by Kenyan healthcare centers. In conclusion, through a
rigorous analysis of historical and real-time data, the system identifies disease trends
and provides visual representations for easy interpretation. The research aligns
seamlessly with Kenya's national health goals, emphasizing the importance of data-
driven decision-making within the healthcare sector. Through this comprehensive
approach, this research aims to make significant contributions to the field of disease
trend reporting, fostering proactive and data-driven healthcare strategy.

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 Table of Contents
Declaration And Approval ............................................................................................................................. 1
STUDENT APPROVAL ........................................................................................................................... 1
SUPERVISOR’S APPROVAL ................................................................................................................. 1
UNIVERSITY HOD’S APPROVAL ........................................................................................................ 1
Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................................... 2
Dedication ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................... 5
Definition of Key Terms ................................................................................................................................ 9
CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Motivation and Background of the Research....................................................................................... 1
1.3 Background of the Research ................................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Aim of Research .................................................................................................................................. 3
1.6 Objectives of the Research .................................................................................................................. 3
1.6.1 Main Objective of the Research....................................................................................................... 3
1.6.3 Specific Objectives of the Research ................................................................................................ 4
1.7 Justification of Research ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.8 Scope of Research................................................................................................................................ 5
1.9 Research Organization ......................................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................................. 6
LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................................. 6
2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 History of the Research Topic ............................................................................................................. 6
2.3 Review of Related Work ..................................................................................................................... 7
2.4 Review of Related Prototypes and Disease Trend Reporting Systems ................................................ 8
2.5 Emerging Trends and Patterns in Disease Trend Reporting Field ..................................................... 10
2.6 Research Gap to be Filled by This Research ..................................................................................... 11
2.7 Chapter Summary .............................................................................................................................. 11
CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................................ 12

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................. 12
3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 12
3.2 Methodology for Literature Review .................................................................................................. 12
3.3 Methodology for requirement specification, data collection and analysis techniques ................... 14
3.3.1 Requirement Specification............................................................................................................. 14
3.3.2 Data Collection methods ............................................................................................................ 15
3.3.3 Interviews ................................................................................................................................... 17
3.3.4 Use of Questionnaires................................................................................................................. 17
3.3.5 Observation ................................................................................................................................ 17
3.4 Methodology for System Analysis (current system); DFD, Context diagram, flow charts ............... 17
3.4.1 Data Flow Diagram (DFD) ............................................................................................................ 17
3.4.2 Flowchart .................................................................................................................................... 18
3.4.3 Database design ............................................................................................................................. 19
3.5 Methodology for System Design .................................................................................................... 20
3.5.1 Data Flow Diagram........................................................................................................................ 20
3.5.2 Flowcharts .................................................................................................................................. 21
3.5.3 Use Case Diagrams..................................................................................................................... 22
3.5.4 Design of the User Interface ....................................................................................................... 23
3.5.5 Design of the Database ............................................................................................................... 24
3.6 Methodology for System implementation; back end, front end and database technologies to be
used 24
3.6.1 Back end Technologies .................................................................................................................. 24
3.6.2 Front end Technologies .............................................................................................................. 25
3.6.3 Database Technologies ............................................................................................................... 26
3.7 Methodology for system testing; testing plan, testing techniques .................................................. 27
3.7.1 Methodology for System Testing .................................................................................................. 27
3.7.2 Testing Plan ................................................................................................................................ 28
3.8 Methodology for System Deployment ............................................................................................... 30
CHAPTER FOUR........................................................................................................................................ 33
SYSTEM ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................. 33
4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 33
4.2 Description of the Current System: Strengths and Weaknesses ........................................................ 33
4.2.1 Strengths ........................................................................................................................................ 33

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 4.2.2 Weaknesses .................................................................................................................................... 34
4.3 Feasibility Study & Its Conclusion .................................................................................................... 34
4.4 Data I/O Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 35
4.4.1 Data Captured by the Current System: .......................................................................................... 35
4.4.2 Relationship Between the Data ...................................................................................................... 36
4.4.3 Outputs from the System ............................................................................................................... 36
4.5 Process logic design of the current system ........................................................................................ 37
4.6 Chapter Summary .............................................................................................................................. 37
CHAPTER FIVE ......................................................................................................................................... 39
SYSTEM DESIGN ...................................................................................................................................... 39
5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 39
5.2 Description of the Proposed System .................................................................................................. 39
5.2.1 Strengths: ....................................................................................................................................... 39
5.2.1 Weaknesses .................................................................................................................................... 39
5.3 Requirement Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 40
5.3.1 Functional Requirements ............................................................................................................... 40
5.3.2 Nonfunctional Requirements ......................................................................................................... 40
5.3.3 User Requirements......................................................................................................................... 41
5.3.4 Usability Requirements ................................................................................................................. 41
5.4 Conceptual Architecture .................................................................................................................... 41
5.5 Process Logic Design ........................................................................................................................ 42
5.5.1 Logical Data Design ...................................................................................................................... 42
5.5.2 Flowchart Diagram ........................................................................................................................ 43
CHAPTER 6 ................................................................................................................................................ 44
IMPLEMENTATION SYSTEM & TESTING ........................................................................................... 44
6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 44
6.2 System Screenshot ............................................................................................................................. 44
6.3 Development Environment ................................................................................................................ 50
6.4 System Components .......................................................................................................................... 51
6.4.1 System user Components ............................................................................................................... 51
6.4.2 System Administrator .................................................................................................................... 52
6.5 Testing Plan ....................................................................................................................................... 52
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 52

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 Quality Objectives .................................................................................................................................. 54
TYPES OF TESTING ............................................................................................................................ 54
TEST METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 54
Suspension Criteria and Resumption Requirements ............................................................................... 54
Test Data ................................................................................................................................................. 55
6.6 Evaluation Plan .................................................................................................................................. 59
6.7 Chapter Summary .............................................................................................................................. 59
CHAPTER 7 ................................................................................................................................................ 60
CONCLUSIONS, FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................... 60
7.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 60
7.2 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 60
7.3 Challenges Encountered .................................................................................................................... 60
7.4 Future Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 61
7.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 62
References .............................................................................................................................................. 64
APPENDIX I ............................................................................................................................................... 65
APENDIX II ................................................................................................................................................ 66
DISEASE TREND REPORTING SYSTEM GANTT CHART.............................................................. 66
APPENDIX II BUDGET ............................................................................................................................. 67

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 Definition of Key Terms

Clinical Coders - All Health Records and Information Officers who take part in clinical

coding or disease and medical procedure classification

Data Standards - The set rules throughout the data management for informing decisions

and providing informative codes

Disease Classification - A system used to classify morbid entities based on pre-established

criteria
Public Hospitals - Health facilities moderated by the government (hospitals and health
centers)
Extensive ICD system - The use of ICD system either frequently (monthly) or always

(more than once a month) as indicated by each participant

ICD system The utilization of ICD system fewer than once every quarter as

indicated by each participant.

ICD - Could be as basic as having been implemented or moresophisticated
than this.

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The healthcare landscape in Kenya, like many other developing countries, faces significant
challenges in disease surveillance and management. In this chapter we shall major in solving
these major gaps in Kenya's healthcare system lies in disease trend reporting. Historically,
the reporting process has been manual and retrospective, hindering timely interventions. This
lag in response has severe consequences, especially during outbreaks. Understanding the
patterns and predicting the outbreaks in advance can substantially improve the efficacy of
interventions, minimize the impact on communities, and save lives. However, the lack of a
robust, real-time disease trend reporting system inhibits the healthcare centers' ability to
respond swiftly and allocate resources effectively. By harnessing the power of advanced data
analytics and predictive modeling, this research aims to revolutionize disease surveillance
practices. This research holds immense local relevance and impact.

Moreover, this research aligns with Kenya's national health goals, emphasizing the
importance of data-driven decision-making and technology integration within the healthcare
sector. By bolstering disease trend reporting mechanisms, this research contributes directly
to the country's vision for a healthier, more resilient nation.

1.2 Motivation and Background of the Research

The motivation behind this research is deeply rooted in the urgent need for a transformative
shift in disease trend reporting within Kenya's healthcare centers. By harnessing the power
of advanced data analytics and predictive modeling, this research aims to revolutionize
disease surveillance practices. The goal is to empower healthcare professionals in Kenyan
healthcare centers with tools that provide real-time insights into disease patterns. With a
proactive approach, these professionals can anticipate outbreaks, allocate resources
efficiently, and implement targeted interventions, thereby significantly improving public
health outcomes

The motivation behind proposing a comprehensive Disease Trend Reporting System stems
from a fundamental acknowledgment of the critical role data plays in shaping effective public

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health strategies. In recent times, the global healthcare landscape has faced unprecedented
challenges, underscoring the need for advanced tools to monitor and respond to evolving
disease patterns. This research proposal seeks to address this need through the development
of a robust and adaptive system for disease trend reporting. The backdrop against which this
proposal unfolds is marked by the pervasive impact of diseases on a global scale. The
COVID-19 pandemic has exemplified the vulnerabilities of existing disease surveillance and
reporting systems. The inability to swiftly detect, analyze, and respond to emerging health
threats has highlighted the imperative of reimagining how we approach disease trend
reporting.

Within the context of Kenya, the motivation is amplified by the unique challenges faced by
the healthcare system. Limited resources, coupled with a diverse range of diseases,
necessitate a paradigm shift towards a more sophisticated and data-centric approach.
Traditional methods of disease reporting often fall short, hindering the ability to implement
timely interventions and allocate resources effectively.

Advancements in information technology provide an unprecedented opportunity to

revolutionize disease trend reporting. The integration of electronic health records, mobile
technology, and data analytics holds the promise of creating a dynamic and responsive
reporting system. This proposal recognizes the transformative potential of harnessing these
technologies to enhance the accuracy, speed, and comprehensiveness of disease trend
reporting.

The primary motivation behind this research proposal is to catalyze positive outcomes in
public health. A robust Disease Trend Reporting System has the potential to empower
healthcare professionals, policymakers, and communities with actionable insights. By
facilitating early detection of disease outbreaks, monitoring trends, and informing evidence-
based decision- making, the proposed system aims to contribute significantly to improved
public health outcomes.

In conclusion, the motivation behind this research proposal lies in the recognition of the
transformative potential of advanced technologies to reshape disease trend reporting. By
addressing the existing gaps, this proposal aspires to lay the foundation for a more resilient,
proactive, and data-driven approach to public health, with far-reaching benefits for both

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 global and local healthcare contexts.

1.3 Background of the Research

The healthcare landscape in Kenya is marked by both promise and challenge. With a diverse
population spread across varied geographic regions, the country experiences a wide spectrum
of health issues, ranging from communicable diseases prevalent in densely populated urban
areas to endemic diseases in rural regions. The existing disease surveillance methods,
primarily reliant on historical data and manual reporting, often struggle to keep pace with
the dynamic nature of these health threats.

Kenyan healthcare centers, the frontline providers of medical services, play a pivotal role in
disease management. However, the reactive nature of disease reporting in these centers
hampers the effectiveness of interventions. Delayed responses during disease outbreaks,
coupled with limited resources and inadequate infrastructure, exacerbate the impact on
communities. The consequences are not only measured in terms of increased morbidity rates
but also in the strain placed on healthcare resources.

1.4 Problem Statement

The existing disease trend and surveillance systems are predominantly reactive, responding
after diseases have already affected a significant population. This reactive nature leads to
delayed responses, increased morbidity rates, and strained healthcare resources. The problem
statement highlights the critical need for a proactive Disease Trend Reporting System
capable of predicting outbreaks, enabling early interventions, and optimizing resource
utilization.

1.5 Aim of Research

The primary aim of this research is to develop a robust Disease Trend Reporting System that
leverages data analytics and predictive modeling to proactively identify, analyze, and report
disease trends. By forecasting outbreaks and visualizing trends in real-time, the system aims
to enhance healthcare preparedness, facilitate timely interventions, and ultimately contribute
to the reduction of disease-related morbidity and mortality rates.

1.6 Objectives of the Research

1.6.1 Main Objective of the Research

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 To develop a Disease trend management system.

1.6.3 Specific Objectives of the Research

i. To enable real-time visualization and interpretation of individual patients record.

ii. Attach each patient’s data with unique identifier in the schema for effective traceability.

iii. Implement predictive analytics to forecast potential disease outbreaks based on previous data
trends.

iv. Compare disease trends from individual disease records for productive reports generation.

1.7 Justification of Research

This research is rooted in a thorough examination of existing literature on disease trend

reporting and surveillance systems, revealing specific gaps that require scholarly attention.
Prior studies in disease surveillance have indeed made significant progress, however, there
exists a notable work of research focusing on the intricacies of disease reporting within
Kenyan healthcare centers (Kimenyi, 2023) . While developed nations have made significant
strides in real-time predictive modeling, its implementation in Kenyan healthcare remains
relatively unexplored territory. Furthermore, the existing literature often lacks the necessary
contextualization for developing countries, particularly regarding the distinct challenges
posed by limited resources, diverse disease profiles, and specific geographic influences in
Kenya.

This research project aims to address these gaps by zeroing in on Kenyan healthcare centers,
offering tailored solutions to the challenges faced by professionals in these environments.
By integrating advanced real-time predictive models and geospatial technologies, this study
endeavors to provide a comprehensive and contextually relevant approach to disease trend
reporting. The outcomes of this research will not only enrich the academic discourse but will
also provide pragmatic and timely solutions, empowering healthcare professionals in Kenya
with the necessary tools for proactive disease management and, ultimately, enhancing public
health outcomes in the region.

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1.8 Scope of Research

This research encompasses the development of the Disease Trend Reporting System,
focusing on specific diseases with significant public health impact. The research will be
conducted within a specific geographic region, ensuring the system's applicability and
relevance to the local healthcare context. . As our research focuses on the challenges and
nuances of disease reporting, this case study sheds light on the interplay between officially
reported statistics and the experiential perspectives derived from discussions with healthcare
practitioners actively engaged in the field.

1.9 Research Organization

The structure of this research comprises several interconnected chapters. Chapter 2 provides
an in-depth literature review, contextualizing the research within the existing body of
knowledge. Chapter 3 outlines the research methodology, detailing the data collection,
analysis, and system development processes.

Through this comprehensive approach, this research aims to make significant contributions
to the field of disease trend reporting, fostering proactive and data-driven healthcare
strategies.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
In the field of disease trend reporting, this chapter serves as navigation through the vast
landscape of existing knowledge and scholarship. As we embark on this intellectual journey,
the background to our study unfolds, revealing the nuanced contours of the global discourse
on disease trends and surveillance. Within the expansive realm of literature, gaps and
uncharted territories emerge, providing the impetus for our focused exploration. This chapter,
akin to a compass guiding our scholarly voyage, introduces the specific topic and aims that
will anchor our research in the rich sea of pre-existing studies. With a discerning lens, we
delve into the historical evolution of disease trend reporting methodologies, tracing the
footsteps of pioneers and the evolution of techniques that have shaped this field. As we
narrow our focus to the unique context of Kenya, the literature review takes on a vital role in
illuminating the gaps and specific challenges within this geographical and healthcare
landscape. This chapter, with its panoramic overview of related work, emerges as a strategic
vantage point, enabling readers and reviewers to understand why our research topic is not
only worth reading about but essential for advancing the discourse on disease trend reporting.
Through the lens of the literature, we aim to not only bridge existing gaps but to contribute
a distinct and substantive puzzle piece to the broader understanding of disease surveillance.

2.2 History of the Research Topic

The historical trajectory of disease trend reporting unveils a multifaceted journey that has
evolved in response to the dynamic landscape of public health. In laying the groundwork for
this research, a retrospective examination of the literature reveals pivotal milestones in the
field. Early efforts, such as the development of surveillance systems and epidemiological
studies, provided foundational insights into tracking and understanding disease patterns.
Research works by Proteomic analysis and identification of new biomarkers and therapeutic
targets for invasive ovarian cancer pioneered methodologies that contributed to the
establishment of robust disease surveillance frameworks (Jones, 2002).

As the field matured, the integration of technological advancements became a defining

feature. The utilization of data analytics, machine learning, and real-time reporting emerged

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 as transformative elements, as exemplified by the work of adequate disease surveillance and
reporting team in Nairobi county back in 2016 (Mwatondo, A. J., Maina, C., Makayotto,
L.,Mwangi, M., Njeru, I., & Arvelo, W., 2016). These studies not only underscored the
importance of technological innovation but also illuminated the challenges and opportunities
associated with integrating these advancements into traditional surveillance systems.

Despite these advancements, a critical analysis of the literature reveals persistent gaps,
particularly in the context of disease trend reporting in Kenya. Limited studies have delved
into the unique challenges faced by the Kenyan healthcare system, including issues of data
accessibility, infrastructure constraints, and the need for tailored surveillance strategies. This
discernible gap in the literature forms the backdrop against which this research is poised,
aiming to contribute a nuanced perspective that addresses the contextual intricacies of
disease trend reporting within the Kenyan healthcare landscape.

In strengthening this historical overview, a case study that echoes the methodology outlined
by early disease surveillance system in the examination of foodbanks in the UK becomes
pertinent. This morning, a debate unfolded on the role of foosdbanks, invoking figures from
the Trussell Trust, a major charity involved in foodbanks, indicating the provision of
something under 1.2 million meals last year. Concurrently, anecdotal information from a
local foodbank worker suggested the distribution of 2,000 food parcels within the same
period. This anecdotal figure, while not formally published, presents a parallel to related
work, shedding light on the practical dynamics of a critical issue. As this debate mirrors the
essence of disease trend reporting, where officially published figures may be complemented
by real-world experiences, it serves as a poignant illustration of the relevance of both
published and unpublished sources in understanding complex issues.

2.3 Review of Related Work

In the official realm of disease incidence figures for a specific region in Kenya, references
abound in the works of malaria trend analysis by Akinyi and Kaimenyi in the year 2023.
(Kimenyi, 2023), whose studies contribute quantitative data to the discourse. However, the
narrative gains depth through informal conversations with healthcare professionals,
exemplified by the accounts of practitioners working in the regions under scrutiny (Atkins,
K., Musau, A., Mugambi, M., Odhyambo, G., Tengah, S. A., Kamau, M., ... & Were, D. ,

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 2022)). These dialogues not only enrich the statistical landscape but also unveil nuanced
challenges in data collection, variations in reporting practices, and the intricate influence of
socio-economic factors on disease trends.

It is crucial to recognize the significance of incorporating diverse perspectives. The dissonance between
officially reported figures and on-the-ground experiences prompts reflection on the limitations of
quantitative data alone. Cognizant of the qualitative intricacies, the case study becomes a form of related
work, contributing a narrative layer that. complements quantitative findings. In the realm of disease trend
reporting in Kenya, where the convergence of formal and informal channels is pronounced, this case
study serves as a realistic and multi-faceted illustration. It underscores the imperative of embracing both
published and unpublished sources to construct a comprehensive and accurate portrayal of the evolving
health landscape in Kenya.

2.4 Review of Related Prototypes and Disease Trend Reporting Systems

The disease trend reporting system discussed in Torok and Anderson's article, "Introduction
to Public Health Surveillance," from the University of North Carolina (UNC), provides a
comprehensive overview of field epidemiology (Marx, 1997). The authors delve into the
significance of public health surveillance, emphasizing its role in monitoring and analyzing
disease trends to inform timely interventions. UNC's commitment to advancing public health
is evident in their exploration of surveillance methodologies and their implications for
effective epidemiological practices. This resource serves as a valuable guide for students and
professionals alike, offering insights into the essential role of surveillance in safeguarding
community well-being.

Figure 2.1 : University Of North Carolina Disease Surveillance System:

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Professor Pal's disease trend reporting and surveillance system incorporates cutting-edge
methodologies, leveraging his diverse background encompassing pharmacy, business
administration, and a doctoral degree (Pal, 2010). His research endeavors focus on the
intersection of pharmaceutical practices and public health, providing a comprehensive
framework for understanding and addressing emerging health challenges. This innovative
system not only emphasizes data accuracy but also explores the strategic implementation of
surveillance findings in shaping health policies and interventions. Professor Pal's leadership
at St. John’s University underscores his commitment to fostering a multidisciplinary
approach to healthcare, bridging the gap between pharmacy administration and public health
for the benefit of both academia and practical healthcare applications.

Figure 2.2: Professor Pal’s Disease Trend System

The World Health Organization (WHO) has been at the forefront of global efforts to combat
the COVID-19 pandemic, and they have implemented a comprehensive system for
monitoring and displaying diverse growth rates of the virus across countries (World Health
Organization.
, COVID-19 virological surveillance). This system serves as a crucial tool in understanding
the varying trajectories of the pandemic worldwide. By leveraging real-time data and

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 employing sophisticated analytics, the WHO's platform allows policymakers, healthcare
professionals, and the general public to visualize and compare COVID-19 growth rates in
different regions. This initiative not only facilitates informed decision-making but also
promotes transparency and global collaboration in the face of a complex and dynamic public
health crisis.

Figure 2.3: WHO Covid 19 Surveillance System

2.5 Emerging Trends and Patterns in Disease Trend Reporting Field

In disease trend reporting, several emerging trends and patterns are reshaping the way
healthcare data is analyzed and utilized. The continued advancements in information and
computing technologies are fostering a paradigm shift in disease surveillance and reporting.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms are increasingly employed to
analyze vast datasets, enabling more accurate prediction and early detection of disease
outbreaks. Mobile health applications and wearable devices are becoming integral in real-
time data collection, providing a comprehensive view of individuals' health status.
Additionally, the integration of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology allows for
spatial analysis, identifying regional disease patterns and aiding in targeted public health
interventions. Collaborative efforts in data sharing and interoperability are fostering a more
connected and responsive healthcare ecosystem. As the field evolves, the emphasis on

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 privacy and ethical data use remains paramount, ensuring that technological advancements
align with ethical standards. Overall, these emerging trends mark a transformative era in
disease trend reporting, promising enhanced precision, accessibility, and timeliness in
monitoring and addressing public health challenges.

2.6 Research Gap to be Filled by This Research

This research on the Disease Trend Reporting System aims to address critical gaps in the
existing body of knowledge. Despite the progress made in leveraging technology for disease
surveillance, there remains a distinct need for comprehensive systems that seamlessly
integrate data from various sources, including hospitals, clinics, and public health records.
The current gap lies in the lack of a unified and efficient platform that not only collects
diverse health data but also employs advanced analytics to identify emerging trends and
patterns. Furthermore, the integration of geographical information and real-time reporting is
an area that requires focused attention. Existing systems often fall short in providing
actionable insights at both individual and population levels, hindering the effectiveness of
timely interventions. This research endeavors to bridge these gaps by developing a robust
Disease Trend Reporting System that not only consolidates diverse health data sources but
also employs cutting-edge analytics and visualization tools. By doing so, it aspires to
contribute significantly to the advancement of disease surveillance capabilities and enhance
the responsiveness of public health systems.

2.7 Chapter Summary

This review chapter encompasses a broad spectrum, considering global and local perspectives
on technological applications for healthcare data analysis. Key themes explored include the
use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms in disease prediction, the
integration of mobile health applications and wearable devices for real-time data collection,
and the role of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology in spatial analysis for
identifying regional disease patterns. The literature review also highlights the evolving
landscape of collaborative data sharing initiatives and the ethical considerations surrounding
health data usage.

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 CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter delves into the intricate process of research methodology, a crucial phase in the
exploration of disease trend reporting both within the Kenyan context and on a global scale.
This chapter outlines the systematic approach employed to gather, analyze, and interpret
data, shedding light on the methodologies chosen to unravel the complexities of disease
trends. As we embark on this methodological journey, the focus is on ensuring the robustness
and reliability of the investigation, aligning with the overarching goal of contributing
valuable insights to the understanding and reporting of diseases. The chapter unfolds with a
comprehensive overview of the chosen research design, methods of data collection, and the
analytical tools employed to decipher the patterns and dynamics of disease trends, providing
a solid foundation for the subsequent chapters.

3.2 Methodology for Literature Review

Embarking on the journey to develop the Disease Trend Reporting System,as a Kenyan
developer, the methodology for the literature review will not just be a procedural step but a
deliberate immersion into the whole field of healthcare in Kenya. Here's how my methodology
unfolds in these following steps:

Connect with Local Health personnel’s

Initiate heartfelt conversations with healthcare professionals, administrators, and IT
specialists within Kenya. Also Seek to understand the intricacies of disease reporting from
those at the forefront, emphasizing local perspectives and the challenges faced in healthcare
information systems.

Gather data from Kenyan Healthcare Literature Sources

Dive into literature that specifically addresses healthcare and data systems within the Kenyan
context. Prioritize studies, articles, and reports that provide insights into the healthcare
landscape, technological infrastructure, and regulatory frameworks within the country.

Engage with Kenyan Health Tech Communities

Interact in forums, conferences, or online communities dedicated to health technology in
Kenya. Tap into the collective wisdom of local developers, healthcare practitioners, and

12
policymakers to gain a holistic understanding of the ecosystem. User experience insights from
Kenyan healthcare centers
Gather user experience insights by sharing a cup of chai with potential end-users, considering
their preferences and expectations. Tailor the literature review to include studies that
illuminate successful user interface designs and user engagement strategies in the Kenyan
healthcare setting.

Address kenya-specific healthcare ethical considerations on disease trends

Delve into literature discussing ethical considerations in the use of healthcare data within
Kenya. Ensure that the proposed system aligns with local ethical guidelines, respects patient
privacy norms, and upholds stringent data security standards.

Evaluate Technologies in Kenyan Disease Trend Projects

Immerse yourself in case studies or literature detailing the use of technologies like React.js,
Node.js, and MySQL in Kenyan health projects. Learn from local implementations,
celebrating successes and learning from challenges to ensure that chosen technologies align
seamlessly with the Kenyan context.

Understand Cultural Factors Impacting Healthcare Globally

Dive into literature that unveils the cultural factors influencing healthcare practices in Kenya.
Integrate cultural considerations into the system design to ensure it harmonizes with the rich
tapestry of diverse cultures present in the country.

Continuous Dialogue with Local Health Experts on Disease trend to point out likely
requirements to manage data.

Establish an ongoing dialogue with local experts, incorporating their vibrant feedback and
insights into the literature review. Emphasize the importance of continuous refinement based
on the evolving understanding of Kenya's dynamic healthcare landscape

This methodology, rooted in the Kenyan context, serves not just as a roadmap for the literature
review but as a commitment to crafting a Disease Trend Reporting System that is not only
functional but deeply resonates with the heartbeat of healthcare in Kenya.

13
 3.3 Methodology for requirement specification, data collection and analysis techniques

3.3.1 Requirement Specification

The Requirement Specification will serve as the cornerstone for the design and verification of
the Disease Trend Reporting System. It encompasses a comprehensive collection of
requirements essential for the system's functionality, user interactions, and the overall success
of the project. Below is an elaboration of the key components within this document:

Functional Requirements
Patient Registration: The system will facilitate the seamless registration of patients, capturing
essential information such as personal details, medical history, and demographic data.

Disease Data Entry: It shall allow healthcare professionals to input disease-specific data, including
diagnosis, treatment plans, and relevant medical notes.

Data Storage: The system shall efficiently store and manage patient and disease data, ensuring
secure and organized retrieval when needed.

User Interaction Requirements

Intuitive User Interface: The system shall feature a user-friendly interface, prioritizing ease of
use for healthcare professionals inputting data and administrators retrieving information.

Accessibility: I’ll ensure that the system is accessible to users with varying levels of technical
expertise, fostering inclusivity and widespread adoption.

Data Security and Privacy Requirements

Encryption: The system shall implement robust encryption mechanisms to safeguard sensitive
patient and disease data, ensuring compliance with data protection regulations.

Access Control: Define and enforce strict access controls, granting specific permissions based
on user roles to protect the confidentiality of medical information.

Reporting and Analysis Requirements

Graphical Representation: The system must provide graphical representations such as charts
and graphs to depict disease trends over different time spans (months, weeks, and years).

14
Customizable Reports: Enable users to generate customizable reports based on specific parameters,
facilitating in-depth analysis and decision-making.

System Performance Requirements

Response Time: Ensure the system maintains optimal response times, especially during peak
usage periods, to guarantee swift access to critical healthcare information.

Scalability: Design the system to scale seamlessly as the volume of patient and disease data grows,
accommodating the evolving needs of healthcare facilities.

Integration Requirements
Compatibility: It will ensure compatibility with existing healthcare information systems and
databases to facilitate a smooth transition and integration into the current healthcare
infrastructure.

Interoperability: it will implement standards that support interoperability with other health
tech solutions, fostering a cohesive healthcare ecosystem.

Maintenance and Support Requirements

Upgradability: Design the system with considerations for future upgrades and enhancements
to adapt to evolving healthcare needs.

User Training: Develop training materials and resources to facilitate the continuous skill
development of healthcare professionals interacting with the system.

Documentation Requirements
Comprehensive Documentation: Provide detailed documentation covering system
functionalities, data flow, and troubleshooting procedures to assist users and administrators.

Feedback and Iteration Requirements

User Feedback Mechanism : Establish a feedback mechanism to collect insights from
healthcare professionals, administrators, and end-users, enabling iterative improvements to
the system.

3.3.2 Data Collection methods

In the development of the Disease Trend Reporting System data gathering will widely be

15
 done at Multimedia University of Kenya. Data collection will involve employing various
methods as follows :
Surveys, Quizzes, and Questionnaires
Online Survey: Designing an online survey distributed to students, faculty, and healthcare
providers. Questions will focus on awareness of disease reporting practices, current
challenges, and preferences for an improved system.
Knowledge Quizzes: Creating targeted quizzes to assess the understanding of prevalent health
conditions among students, offering insights into the areas that need emphasis in disease trend
reporting.

Interviews
One-on-One Interviews: Conducting individual interviews with healthcare professionals at
the university health center to gather insights into their experiences, challenges faced in
disease reporting, and expectations from a new system.

Group Interviews: Organizing group interviews with students to understand their perspectives
on the existing healthcare data collection processes and their suggestions for improvement.

Focus Groups
Diverse Focus Groups: Forming focus groups with a mix of students, faculty, and healthcare
providers to facilitate discussions on collective opinions and expectations regarding disease
trend reporting.
Specialized Focus Groups: Creating smaller, specialized focus groups to explore specific
themes such as user interface preferences or challenges in data reporting.

Direct Observations

On-Site Observations: Engaging in direct observations within the university health center and neighboring
health facilities. This involves witnessing the current disease reporting workflow, identifying points of
interaction, and noting any bottlenecks.

User Interaction Observations: Observing how students interact with the existing healthcare
reporting system (if any), noting user behaviors, and understanding pain points in the current
process.

Actively observing healthcare professionals and students in their natural environments provides

16
 valuable insights into the practical aspects of disease trend reporting. By witnessing real-
time interactions and behaviors, the development team can identify areas for enhancement
in the reporting process.
3.3.3 Interviews

Conducting one-on-one interviews with healthcare professionals and group interviews with
students allows for a nuanced understanding of their experiences and expectations related to
disease trend reporting. These interviews provide qualitative data that supplements
quantitative insights, ensuring a holistic perspective.
3.3.4 Use of Questionnaires
Creating a structured questionnaire to be distributed among students helps gather quantitative data
on their attitudes, experiences, and opinions regarding disease reporting. Questions would cover
aspects such as user satisfaction, perceived challenges, and suggestions for improvement.
3.3.5 Observation

Actively observing healthcare professionals and students in their natural environments

provides valuable insights into the practical aspects of disease trend reporting. By witnessing
real-time interactions and behaviors, the development team can identify areas for
enhancement in the reporting process.

By implementing these data collection methods, the Disease Trend Reporting System can be
tailored to the specific needs and expectations of the university community, fostering a more
effective and user-friendly healthcare reporting environment

3.4 Methodology for System Analysis (current system); DFD, Context diagram, flow charts
3.4.1 Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
This DFD illustrates the flow of data in the Disease Trend Reporting System, starting from patient
and disease registration, data storage, backend processing, and culminating in the generation of
informative reports with visualizations and recommendations.

17
Figure 3.1:Data Flow Diagram

3.4.2 Flowchart

This flowchart outlines the step-by-step process of the Disease Trend Reporting System. It
starts with inputting patient and disease details, followed by secure data storage. The backend
processing involves advanced analytics to identify trends, and the system generates visual
reports with recommendations for precautionary measures.

18
 Figure 3.2: Flow Chart

3.4.3 Database design

This schema includes tables for patients, diseases, a linking table for the many-to-many
relationship between patients and diseases, and a table for disease reports. You may need to expand
this schema based on specific requirements such as user authentication, roles, and any additional
features in your system.

19
Figure 3.3: Database Design

3.5 Methodology for System Design

3.5.1 Data Flow Diagram

This DFD illustrates the flow of data in the Disease Trend Reporting System, starting from patient
and disease registration, data storage, backend processing, and culminating in the generation of
informative reports with visualizations and recommendations.

20
Figure 3.4: Data Flow Diagram

3.5.2 Flowcharts

This flowchart outlines the step-by-step process of the Disease Trend Reporting System. It starts
with inputting patient and disease details, followed by secure data storage. The backend processing
involves advanced analytics to identify trends, and the system generates visual reports with
recommendations for precautionary measures.

21
Figure 3.4: Flowchart

3.5.3 Use Case Diagrams

This use case diagram provides a high-level overview of the interactions within the Disease
Trend Reporting System, emphasizing the key actors and their associated use cases. Additional
use cases and details can be added based on the specific functionalities and requirements of your
system.

22
Figure 3.5: Use-case Diagram

3.5.4 Design of the User Interface

The user interface prioritizes ease of use, data accuracy, and accessibility, catering to both
healthcare professionals and administrators interacting with the Disease Trend Reporting System.

Figure 3.6: User Interface Design

23
 3.5.5 Design of the Database

This schema includes tables for patients, diseases, a linking table for the many-to-many
relationship between patients and diseases, and a table for disease reports. You may need to
expand this schema based on specific requirements such as user authentication, roles, and any
additional features in your system.

Figure 3.7: Database Design

3.6 Methodology for System implementation; back end, front end and database technologies to
be used
3.6.1 Back end Technologies

In the development of the Disease Trend Reporting System, the choice of backend
technologies is crucial to ensure robust functionality, seamless data management, and efficient
communication between the system components. The following backend technologies are
proposed:
PHP
PHP is employed as the server-side scripting language to handle dynamic content generation and database

24
interactions. Its ease of integration with MySQL and compatibility with various web servers make it
suitable for developing robust web applications.
XAMPP
XAMPP is utilized as the local development environment, providing Apache as the web server, MySQL
as the database server, and PHP for server-side scripting. This facilitates rapid development and testing of
the DTMS in a controlled environment.
MySQL
MySQL serves as the relational database management system (RDBMS) for storing and managing
healthcare data. Its reliability, scalability, and support for complex queries make it well-suited for handling
diverse datasets within the DTMS.
Apache Server
Apache Server is utilized to host the DTMS on the local development environment. Its flexibility and
robust performance ensure reliable delivery of web content and seamless interaction with client-side
technologies.
3.6.2 Front end Technologies
In the development of the Disease Trend Management System (DTMS), the frontend technologies are
carefully chosen to ensure a seamless user experience and an intuitive interface. These technologies are
selected for their versatility, responsiveness, and capability to create an engaging user interface:
HTML
HTML provides the structure, CSS offers styling capabilities, and jQuery enhances interactivity. Bootstrap
is utilized for its responsive design framework, allowing for the development of a consistent and mobile-
friendly user interface.
JQuery
JQuery is integrated for DOM manipulation and event handling, enhancing the interactivity and
responsiveness of the DTMS interface. Its extensive library of plugins simplifies the implementation of
complex frontend features.
Bootstrap
Bootstrap is leveraged to create a responsive and visually appealing user interface. Its grid system, pre-
styled components, and responsive utilities streamline frontend development and ensure a consistent user
experience across devices.
AJAX

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AJAX is employed for asynchronous data exchange between the frontend and backend, enabling seamless
updates and interactions without page reloads. This enhances the performance and responsiveness of the
DTMS interface.
By incorporating these frontend technologies, the DTMS aims to provide healthcare professionals and
stakeholders with an efficient, user-friendly, and visually appealing platform for disease trend
management and reporting. The chosen technologies are selected to align with the specific requirements
of disease trend reporting, ensuring optimal performance and usability.
3.6.3 Database Technologies

In the development of the Disease Trend Reporting System, the choice of database
technologies is critical to ensure efficient data storage, retrieval, and management. The
selected database technologies are chosen for their scalability, flexibility, and ability to handle
diverse healthcare data:

MySQL
MySQL is employed as the relational database management system (RDBMS) for the Disease
Trend Reporting System. Its proven reliability, strong data integrity features, and support for
complex queries make it suitable for managing structured healthcare data.
XAMPP: XAMPP is utilized as the local development environment, providing Apache as the web server,
MySQL as the database server, and PHP for server-side scripting. This facilitates rapid development and
testing of the DTMS in a controlled environment.
MySQL: MySQL serves as the relational database management system (RDBMS) for storing and
managing healthcare data. Its reliability, scalability, and support for complex queries make it well-suited
for handling diverse datasets within the DTMS.
Apache Server: Apache Server is utilized to host the DTMS on the local development environment. Its
flexibility and robust performance ensure reliable delivery of web content and seamless interaction with
client-side technologies.

Database Monitoring and Performance Tuning

Tools for monitoring and performance tuning are integrated to ensure optimal database
performance. This includes monitoring query execution times, identifying bottlenecks, and
implementing adjustments for enhanced responsiveness.

By incorporating these database technologies, the Disease Trend Reporting System aims to

26
 establish a robust and secure foundation for healthcare data management. The chosen
technologies align with the specific requirements of disease trend reporting, ensuring
efficient storage, retrieval, and analysis of healthcare data in a relational database
environment.

3.7 Methodology for system testing; testing plan, testing techniques

3.7.1 Methodology for System Testing

As the developer responsible for testing the Disease Trend Reporting System, a
comprehensive software testing methodology will be crucial to ensure the reliability,
functionality, and security of the application. The testing process incorporates various
strategies and testing types to certify that the system meets client expectations. The following
testing methodologies are employed:

Functional and Non-functional Testing

Functional testing will ensure that each function of the Disease Trend Reporting System
operates as expected, while non-functional testing evaluates aspects such as performance,
security, and usability.
Unit Testing
Unit testing, the first level of testing, will be performed by me to validate individual
components or units of code. This ensures that each unit functions correctly in isolation before
integration.

Integration Testing
Integration testing will assess the interactions between integrated components or modules. It
verifies that different parts of the Disease Trend Reporting System work together seamlessly.

System Testing

System testing evaluates the entire system as a whole. It verifies that all components, including frontend,
backend, and database interactions, function cohesively to meet the specified requirements.

Acceptance Testing
Acceptance testing will ensure that the Disease Trend Reporting System meets the client's
expectations and requirements. It includes both alpha and beta testing to validate the
application in real-world scenarios.

27
Performance Testing

Performance testing will assess the system's responsiveness, scalability, and stability under different
conditions. This includes load testing, stress testing, and evaluating response times for critical
functionalities.

Security Testing

Security testing is conducted to identify and rectify vulnerabilities in the Disease Trend Reporting System.
It includes penetration testing, encryption assessments, and ensuring compliance with data protection
standards.

Usability Testing
Usability testing evaluates the user-friendliness and overall user experience of the application.
It ensures that the Disease Trend Reporting System is intuitive and accessible to its intended
users.

As the developer conducting the testing, each of these methodologies is meticulously applied
to detect and address potential issues, ensuring that the Disease Trend Reporting System meets
the highest standards of quality, functionality, and security. The testing process is iterative,
allowing for continuous improvement and refinement of the system's performance and
reliability.
3.7.2 Testing Plan

As the developer overseeing the testing phase of the Disease Trend Reporting System, the
Testing Plan will dynamically and essentially do a documentation that outlines the
comprehensive strategy and approach to ensure the system's quality and reliability. The
following components are incorporated into the Testing Plan:

Objective of Testing
The primary objective is to validate and verify that the Disease Trend Reporting System meets
client expectations, adheres to specified requirements, and functions seamlessly across all
components.

Testing Scope
The testing scope encompasses functional and non-functional aspects, including unit testing,

28
integration testing, system testing, acceptance testing, performance testing, security testing,
and usability testing.
Testing Schedule
A detailed schedule outlines the timeline for each testing phase. This includes specific dates
for unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and subsequent iterations based on testing
outcomes.

Testing Resources
Identifies the resources required for testing, including personnel responsible for each testing
phase, testing environments, and tools necessary for effective testing.

Testing Environment
Specifies the environments in which testing will be conducted, including development,
staging, and production environments. Ensures consistency across different testing stages.

Test Cases
Detailed test cases are developed for each testing phase. These cases cover functional
scenarios, edge cases, and real-world usage scenarios to thoroughly evaluate the Disease
Trend Reporting System.

Defect Reporting and Tracking

Establishes a mechanism for reporting and tracking defects. Utilizes tools and processes to document,
prioritize, and rectify identified issues throughout the testing process.

Communication Plan
Outlines a communication plan to ensure effective collaboration among the testing team,
development team, and other stakeholders. Regular updates and status reports are included.

Risk Management
Identifies potential risks associated with the testing process and outlines mitigation strategies.
This includes addressing unforeseen challenges that may impact the testing schedule or
results.

These Testing Plans will serve as a dynamic roadmap, guiding the testing process for the
Disease Trend Reporting System. It is regularly updated to reflect changes in requirements,

29
testing outcomes, and project timelines, ensuring a systematic and effective approach to
system validation.

Testing Techniques

As the developer responsible for conducting testing on the Disease Trend Reporting System,
two key testing techniques were employed to thoroughly assess the system's functionality and
integrity.

Black Box Testing

Black Box Testing will be conducted to evaluate the Disease Trend Reporting System's
functionality without delving into its internal code structure. Various scenarios will be tested
by providing different inputs to assess whether the system produced the expected outputs. This
technique will ensure that the system behaves according to the specified functional
requirements.

Integration Testing
Integration Testing will be implemented to examine the interactions between integrated
components or modules within the Disease Trend Reporting System. This will be verifying
that different parts of the system will work cohesively together, addressing potential issues
that may arise from the integration of various components. Integration Testing will ensure the
seamless collaboration of frontend, backend, and database functionalities.

Through the combination of Black Box Testing and Integration Testing, a comprehensive
evaluation was achieved, covering both individual functional units and the collaborative
integration of components within the system. These testing techniques played a crucial role in
identifying and addressing potential defects, ensuring the overall reliability and performance
of the Disease Trend Reporting System. The successful execution of these techniques
contributes to the delivery of a robust and effective system that aligns with specified
requirements and client expectations.

3.8 Methodology for System Deployment

In the deployment phase of the Disease Trend Reporting System, a structured methodology
will be followed to ensure a smooth and efficient transition from development to live
production. The chosen deployment platform for this system will be Hostinger. The

30
deployment process will involve the following key stages:

Coding
The initial phase will involve coding the Disease Trend Reporting System, where I will write

and review the code to implement the system's functionalities.

Building
The system will be built, compiling the code into executable files and preparing it for the
deployment environment.
Testing
Extensive testing will be conducted to validate the functionality, reliability, and performance
of the Disease Trend Reporting System before deployment.

Packaging
The system will then be packaged, bundling all necessary files and dependencies into a deployable
package.

Releasing
The packaged system will be released onto the deployment environment, making it accessible
for users.

Configuring
Configuration settings will be applied to ensure that the system aligns with the specific
requirements of the deployment environment.

Monitoring
Monitoring tools are implemented to track the system's performance, detect potential issues,
and ensure optimal functionality post-deployment.

POST-DEPLOYMENT TASKS
Choose a Schedule
A deployment schedule is chosen to minimize disruption and ensure that the system goes live during
periods of low user activity.

Apply Pre-Deployment Settings

Pre-deployment settings are applied to configure the system for optimal performance and
functionality in the live environment.

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Set a Reboot Policy

A reboot policy will be established to manage system updates, ensuring that necessary changes take effect
without compromising ongoing operations.

By following this deployment methodology, the Disease Trend Reporting System will be
effectively deployed on Hostinger. The systematic approach to coding, building, testing,
packaging, releasing, configuring, and monitoring, along with careful consideration of post-
deployment tasks, contributes to a seamless and reliable transition of the system into the live
production environment. This methodology ensures that the deployed system meets high
standards of performance, security, and user satisfaction.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

Chapter 4 of the Disease Trend Management System proposal delves into the implementation
and deployment of the system, aiming to address various aspects crucial for its successful
execution. This chapter begins with an examination of the current systems in place at Maxlo
National Hospital, assessing their strengths and weaknesses to provide context for the
proposed solution. Following this, a feasibility study is conducted to evaluate the practicality
and viability of implementing the Disease Trend Management System, with a conclusive
analysis of the findings.

4.2 Description of the Current System: Strengths and Weaknesses

The Disease Trend Management System implemented at Maxlo National Hospital embodies
a comprehensive approach to recording and managing disease trends while ensuring efficient
patient data management. This section outlines the strengths and weaknesses of the system,
providing valuable insights into its performance and areas for improvement.
4.2.1 Strengths

Robust Data Capture Mechanism: One of the system's notable strengths lies in its robust data
capture mechanism. Through an intuitive user interface, healthcare professionals can
effortlessly record patient information and disease trends, ensuring accurate and timely data
collection.

Real-time Analytics Generation: The system excels in generating real-time analytics reports,
empowering hospital administrators and healthcare practitioners with valuable insights into
disease trends. This capability enables informed decision-making and proactive interventions
to mitigate potential health risks.

Secure Patient Data Management: With stringent security measures in place, the system
ensures the confidentiality and integrity of patient data. Advanced encryption techniques and
access controls safeguard sensitive information, adhering to regulatory requirements and
maintaining patient privacy.

33
Scalability and Flexibility: Designed with scalability in mind, the system exhibits the
flexibility to accommodate future growth and evolving healthcare needs. Modular architecture
and adaptable features facilitate seamless integration of new functionalities and expansion of
data storage capacity.
4.2.2 Weaknesses

Limited User Training Resources: A significant challenge faced by the system is the lack of
comprehensive user training resources. While the interface is user-friendly, insufficient
training materials and support resources may hinder the effective utilization of advanced
features by healthcare professionals.

Dependency on Internet Connectivity: The system's reliance on internet connectivity poses a

potential vulnerability, particularly in environments with unreliable network infrastructure.
Instances of network downtime or connectivity issues may disrupt system functionality and
impede timely access to patient data.

Complexity in Data Interpretation: Despite the generation of comprehensive analytics reports,

healthcare professionals may encounter challenges in interpreting complex data sets.
Simplifying data visualization and providing contextual insights could enhance the usability
of analytics reports and facilitate data-driven decision-making.

Limited Patient Engagement Features: While the system offers articles and resources for
patients on the client-side interface, there is room for improvement in enhancing patient
engagement features. Incorporating interactive educational materials and personalized health
recommendations could promote active patient participation in disease management.

By critically assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the Disease Trend Management
System, we aim to refine and optimize system functionalities to better serve the needs of
healthcare practitioners and patients at Maxlo National Hospital. Through continuous
improvement and innovation, we strive to advance the capabilities of the system and
contribute to improved healthcare outcomes.

4.3 Feasibility Study & Its Conclusion

As the developer of the Disease Trend Management System, conducting a feasibility study
was essential to assess the viability and potential success of the project. This section outlines

34
the findings of the feasibility study and provides a conclusive analysis of the system's
feasibility.

Technical Feasibility: The technical feasibility assessment revealed that the development and
implementation of the Disease Trend Management System are technically viable. The
availability of robust development tools and technologies, coupled with the expertise of the
development team, ensured the successful execution of the project.

Financial Feasibility: A comprehensive financial analysis indicated that the project is

financially feasible, with the projected costs being within the allocated budget. The return on
investment (ROI) from improved disease management and healthcare outcomes outweighs
the initial investment in system development and maintenance.

Operational Feasibility: The operational feasibility assessment focused on evaluating the

system's usability and compatibility with existing workflows at Maxlo National Hospital. User
acceptance testing and feedback from stakeholders indicated a high level of operational
feasibility, with healthcare professionals expressing satisfaction with the system's
performance and functionality.

Legal and Regulatory Feasibility: Compliance with legal and regulatory requirements,
including data privacy and security regulations, was a crucial aspect of the feasibility study.
The system underwent rigorous compliance checks to ensure adherence to relevant laws and
standards, thereby mitigating potential legal risks.

Based on the findings of the feasibility study, it can be concluded that the development and
implementation of the Disease Trend Management System are both technically and financially
feasible. The system's operational efficiency, coupled with its compliance with legal and
regulatory requirements, underscores its viability as a valuable tool for disease management
at Maxlo National Hospital.

4.4 Data I/O Analysis

The Data I/O Analysis section delves into the intricacies of the data captured by the Disease
Trend Management System, exploring its sources, formats, and relationships. Additionally, it
examines how this data is processed within the system to generate valuable outputs.
4.4.1 Data Captured by the Current System:

35
Patient Information: The system captures comprehensive patient data, including
demographics, medical history, and treatment records. This information provides healthcare
professionals with a holistic view of each patient's health status and enables personalized care
delivery.

Disease Records: Disease-related data, such as diagnoses, symptoms, and laboratory test
results, are recorded within the system. These records contribute to the identification and
monitoring of disease trends, facilitating timely interventions and public health initiatives.

Article Content: The system stores articles and educational resources related to disease trends,
prevention strategies, and healthcare best practices. These resources are made available to
patients through the client-side interface, promoting health literacy and proactive self-care.
4.4.2 Relationship Between the Data

Patient-Disease Linkage: Patient records are linked to specific disease instances, allowing for
the correlation of patient demographics and clinical data with disease prevalence and
outcomes. This linkage facilitates in-depth analysis of disease patterns and risk factors.

Temporal Trends: The system analyzes temporal trends by tracking changes in disease
incidence, prevalence, and severity over time. By identifying seasonal variations and long-
term trends, healthcare providers can implement targeted interventions and resource allocation
strategies.

Geospatial Analysis: Geographic data associated with patient residences and healthcare
facilities enables geospatial analysis of disease distribution. This analysis helps identify
geographical hotspots, population clusters, and disparities in disease burden, guiding public
health interventions and resource allocation.
4.4.3 Outputs from the System

Analytics Reports: The system generates analytics reports summarizing key disease trends,
demographic patterns, and epidemiological indicators. These reports assist healthcare
administrators, policymakers, and researchers in decision-making and strategic planning.

Graphical Visualizations: Graphs, charts, and heat maps are utilized to visually represent
disease data and trends. These visualizations enhance data interpretation and communication,
facilitating stakeholder engagement and knowledge dissemination.

36
 Educational Materials: Through the client-side interface, the system delivers educational
articles and resources tailored to patient demographics and health conditions. These materials
empower patients to make informed healthcare decisions and adopt preventive measures.

By analyzing the data captured by the Disease Trend Management System and understanding
its relationships and outputs, stakeholders gain valuable insights into disease dynamics and
population health, ultimately contributing to improved healthcare delivery and outcomes.

4.5 Process logic design of the current system

The following flowchart illustrates the operational flow of the Disease Trend Management System
(DTMS), providing a comprehensive overview of its core functionalities and processes. From patient
registration to disease trend analysis, the DTMS streamlines the management of healthcare data within
the Maxlo National Hospital. This visual representation serves as a guide to understanding the sequential
steps involved in utilizing the system, emphasizing its role in enhancing efficiency, accuracy, and
decision-making in healthcare management.

Disease Trend
Management
System

Receptionis Admin Doctor

Patient
t

Add/remove Publish Generate View Blogs and Analyse

Articlesp Feed back
Patients reports self awareness Reports
Address erfom
complaints admin articles.
operatio
Figure 4.1 : Flow chart representation of DTMS operational process

4.6 Chapter Summary

Overall, the chapter highlighted the system's capabilities in disease surveillance, analytics, and
patient engagement, underscoring its potential to revolutionize healthcare delivery and
improve health outcomes in the Maxlo National Hospital community. Through this analysis,

37
we gained a deeper understanding of how the Disease Trend Management System processes
data to generate analytics reports, graphical visualizations, and educational materials. By
leveraging these outputs, stakeholders can make informed decisions, implement targeted
interventions, and empower patients to actively participate in their healthcare journey.

38
 CHAPTER FIVE
SYSTEM DESIGN

5.1 Introduction

In this chapter, we delve into the system design of the proposed Disease Trend Management
System. The system design phase is crucial as it lays the foundation for the actual
implementation of the system. Here, we will outline the architectural components, data
schema, and user interface design that will collectively form the backbone of our system. By
carefully planning and designing the system architecture, we aim to create a robust and
efficient platform for managing disease trends, patient records, and generating analytical
reports. This chapter will provide insights into the overall structure and functionality of the
system, setting the stage for its development and deployment.

5.2 Description of the Proposed System

The Disease Trend Management System (DTMS) is designed to revolutionize the way disease trends are
monitored, analyzed, and managed within healthcare institutions. At its core, DTMS serves as a
comprehensive platform for recording patient data, tracking disease outbreaks, and generating insightful
analytics to support decision-making processes.
5.2.1 Strengths:
Real-time Data Visualization: One of the key strengths of DTMS is its ability to provide real-time
visualization of individual patient records. This allows healthcare professionals to access up-to-date
information and make informed decisions promptly.
Predictive Analytics: DTMS incorporates predictive analytics algorithms to forecast potential disease
outbreaks based on historical data trends. This proactive approach enables healthcare institutions to
implement preventive measures and mitigate risks effectively.
Comprehensive Reporting: The system offers robust reporting capabilities, allowing users to compare
disease trends, analyze patterns, and generate comprehensive reports. This functionality facilitates data-
driven decision-making and supports strategic planning initiatives.
5.2.1 Weaknesses
Initial Setup Complexity: Implementing DTMS may require initial setup and configuration, which can be
complex and time-consuming. Healthcare institutions may need to allocate resources for training and
onboarding staff to effectively utilize the system.

39
Data Security Concerns: As DTMS involves storing sensitive patient information, ensuring data security
and compliance with privacy regulations is paramount. Healthcare institutions need to implement robust
security measures to safeguard patient data from unauthorized access or breaches.
Integration Challenges: Integrating DTMS with existing healthcare systems or electronic health record
(EHR) systems may pose challenges. Compatibility issues and data migration complexities may arise
during the integration process, requiring careful planning and coordination.
Despite these challenges, the strengths of DTMS far outweigh its weaknesses, making it a valuable tool
for enhancing disease trend management within healthcare institutions. With continuous refinement and
optimization, DTMS has the potential to revolutionize disease surveillance and improve public health
outcomes.

5.3 Requirement Analysis

5.3.1 Functional Requirements
User Authentication
The system should authenticate users (administrators, healthcare professionals, and patients) before
granting access to their respective dashboards.
Patient Registration
Administrators should be able to register new patients into the system, capturing their demographic
information, medical history, and contact details.
Disease Trend Reporting
The system should allow healthcare professionals to input disease data, including symptoms, diagnosis,
treatment, and outcome, for each patient visit.
Analytics Generation
The system should generate analytics reports based on the collected disease data, providing insights into
disease trends, prevalence, and potential outbreaks.
Article Publication
Administrators should be able to publish articles on disease trends, prevention tips, and healthcare news
to the client dashboard for patient education.
5.3.2 Nonfunctional Requirements
Security: The system should ensure data confidentiality, integrity, and availability, implementing
encryption, access controls, and regular backups to protect sensitive healthcare information.
Scalability: The system should be scalable to accommodate a growing number of patients, healthcare

40
professionals, and data volumes without compromising performance.
Usability: The user interface should be intuitive and user-friendly, allowing users to navigate the system
easily and perform tasks efficiently.
Reliability: The system should be highly reliable, minimizing downtime and errors to ensure uninterrupted
access to critical healthcare services.
Performance: The system should be responsive and performant, providing real-time access to patient
records, analytics reports, and articles.
5.3.3 User Requirements
Administrators: Require access to comprehensive patient records, analytics reports, and administrative
tools to manage the system effectively.
Healthcare Professionals: Need access to patient records, disease data input forms, and analytics reports
to support clinical decision-making and patient care.
Patients: Expect access to their own health records, educational resources on disease prevention, and
communication channels to engage with healthcare providers.
5.3.4 Usability Requirements
Intuitive Interface: The user interface should be intuitive, with clear navigation, organized layouts, and
consistent design elements to facilitate ease of use.
Accessible Features: The system should include accessibility features such as screen readers, keyboard
navigation, and adjustable font sizes to accommodate users with disabilities.
Responsive Design: The system should be responsive across devices and screen sizes, ensuring optimal
viewing and interaction experiences on desktops, tablets, and smartphones.

5.4 Conceptual Architecture

The Conceptual Architecture Diagram for the Disease Trend Management System (DTMS) delineates
the foundational components of its infrastructure, comprising the web browser, web server, and
database. This diagram encapsulates the interaction between these essential elements, illustrating how
user requests are processed, data is retrieved and manipulated, and responses are rendered within the
system. By visualizing this conceptual architecture, stakeholders gain insight into the fundamental
structure underlying the DTMS, facilitating a deeper understanding of its operational framework and
functionalities.

41
 Figure 5.1 : Conceptual Architecture Diagram for the DTMS Architecture

5.5 Process Logic Design

5.5.1 Logical Data Design
Logical design is a conceptual abstract design. It involves arranging data into series of logical
relationships called entities and attributes. The objective of logical design is to create well-
structured flow that properly reflects the user environment. Below is a logic data design for
the Disease Trend Management System.

Disease Trend
Management
System

Receptionist Admin Doctor

Patient

Add/remove Patients Publish Generate View Blogs and

Articlesper Analyse Feed back
fom admin reports self awareness
Address complaints operations articles. Reports

42
Figure 5.2: Logical Flow of Operations for the DTMS

5.5.2 Flowchart Diagram

The below flowchart illustrates the operational workflow of the Disease Trend Management System
(DTMS). It provides a structured representation of the system's processes, from data acquisition to
analysis and reporting. This visual aid serves as a valuable resource for understanding the sequential
steps involved in managing disease trend data within the DTMS. Through standardized symbols and
logical connections, the flowchart offers clarity and coherence, guiding users through the various
functionalities of the system. As developers, this diagram facilitates documentation and communication,
ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the DTMS's operational flow.

Input

Input from input

devices. E.g. Keyboard

Data
Repository

CPU Reports

Output

Fig 5.3 Flowchart Diagram

43
 CHAPTER 6
IMPLEMENTATION SYSTEM & TESTING

6.1 Introduction
In this chapter, we delve into the implementation of the Disease Trend Management System developed
for Maxlo National Hospital. We will discuss the technical aspects of system development, including the
tools, technologies, and methodologies employed. Additionally, we will explore the testing phase, where
the system undergoes rigorous evaluation to ensure functionality, reliability, and performance. This
chapter serves as a guide to understand how the system was built and verified to meet the specified
requirements effectively. Let's explore the journey of implementing and testing the Disease Trend
Management System in detail.

6.2 System Screenshot

Client Side Landing Page

The front-end landing page of the DTMS client-side offers a user-friendly interface with clear
navigation links to key sections such as About, Contacts, and Awareness Blogs. Clients can easily
access informative content and browse through awareness articles, providing valuable insights into
various health topics. While clients cannot register or log in, they have the option to contact Maxlo
Hospital Nairobi via email or find contact details for inquiries and assistance. Overall, the landing page
serves as an accessible gateway for clients to explore valuable health resources and connect with
healthcare professionals.

Fig 6.1 Client(Patient) Side Landing page

44
Admin Login Page
The admin login page of the DTMS offers a streamlined interface, allowing access with just a username
and password. This minimalist approach ensures simplicity and ease of use for administrators,
facilitating efficient system management.

Fig 6.2 Admin Login page

Admin Dashboard Landing page

The admin dashboard landing page showcases dynamic graphs and charts presenting disease, gender,
and age distribution data, providing a comprehensive visual overview of population trends.

Fig 6.3 Admin Dashboard Landing page(Bar graph)

45
Fig 6.4 Admin Dashboard Landing page (Pie chart)

Fig 6.5 Admin Dashboard Landing page (Tabular Statistics Distribution)

46
Client Side Patient Awareness Blogs
The patient awareness blogs page offers informative articles on various health topics, providing valuable
insights and tips for patients.

Fig 6.6 Client side patient awareness side

Admin Dashboard – Client side Site Configuration

The admin dashboard page allows for customization of the client-side appearance, ensuring a visually
appealing and user-friendly browsing experience for patients.

Fig 6.7 Client-Side Site configuration page

47
Report Generation Page
The report generation page in the admin dashboard facilitates the creation of comprehensive reports
based on data fetched from the database, providing insights into disease trends, patient demographics,
and other relevant statistics for informed decision-making.

Fig 6.8 Report generation page

Fig 6.9 Report generation

48
Database under Local Apache Server (XAMPP)
The database serves as the backbone of the Disease Trend Management System (DTMS), housing
crucial tables such as "patient_information," "blogs," "sliders," "services," "about," and "contacts." Etc. .
These tables store essential data ranging from patient details and awareness blog posts to information
about services offered and contact details. The database ensures efficient data storage, retrieval, and
management, supporting the seamless functioning of the DTMS.

Fig 6.10 Database

Fig 6.11 Database

49
6.3 Development Environment

The development environment involves the software tools used to make the project a success.
For my case I used a few software and tools to bring everything together, they include;

XAMPP
XAMPP is a free and an open source cross platform web server stack package developed by
Apache Friends, consisting mostly of Apache HTTP server, MySQL database and interpreters
for scripts written in PHP and Perl programming languages. XAMPP stands for Cross-
Platform(X), Apache (A), MySQL (M), PHP (P), and Perl (P).

It’s a simple Apache distribution that makes it extremely easy for developers to create a local
webserver for testing and deployments purposes. Everything needed to be setup a web server -
sever application (Apache), database (Maria DB) and scripting language (PHP) is included in an
executable file. XAMPP is also cross- platform which means it works equally well on Linux,
Mac and Windows.
APTANA STUDIO
It’s an open source integrated development environment (IDE) for building web applications.
Based on Eclipse it supports JavaScript, HTML, DOM and CSS with code completion, outlining
JavaScript, debugging, error and warning notifications and integrated documentation.
BOOTSTRAP
Bootstrap is a free open source front end web framework for designing websites and web
applications. It contains HTML, DOM and CSS based design templates for typography, forms,
buttons, navigation and other interface components as well as optional JavaScript extensions.

JQUERY

JQuery is a cross platform JavaScript library designed to simplify the client side of HTML. Itssyntax is
designed to make it easier to navigate a document, select DOM elements, create

50
animations, handle events and develop Ajax applications. JQuery also provides capabilities for
developers to create plug ins on top of the java script library. This enables developers to create
abstractions for low-level interaction and animation, advanced effects and high level, theme able
widgets.

6.4 System Components

6.4.1 System user Components
The Disease Trend Management system has several user components that are involved and are
discussed below.
User Management: System admins oversee user accounts, including creating, modifying,
and deleting accounts as needed. They also manage user roles and permissions to control
access to different parts of the system.
Database Management: Admins are responsible for managing the database, including
database configuration, optimization, backup, and recovery procedures. They ensure data
integrity, security, and efficient data storage and retrieval.
System Configuration: Admins configure system settings, such as email notifications,
system preferences, and default settings. They also manage system resources and
performance to ensure optimal system operation.
Security Management: Admins implement security measures to protect the system from
unauthorized access, data breaches, and cyber threats. This includes setting up firewalls,
implementing access controls, and regularly updating security protocols.
Monitoring and Logging: Admins monitor system performance, resource usage, and user
activities through logging and monitoring tools. They analyze system logs to identify
issues, troubleshoot problems, and ensure compliance with security policies.
Software Updates and Maintenance: Admins manage software updates, patches, and
maintenance tasks to keep the system up-to-date and running smoothly. They test new
software releases for compatibility and perform scheduled maintenance to minimize
downtime.
Disaster Recovery Planning: Admins develop and implement disaster recovery plans to
ensure business continuity in case of system failures, data loss, or other disasters. This
includes backup strategies, data recovery procedures, and contingency plans.
Technical Support: Admins provide technical support to system users, addressing user

51
inquiries, troubleshooting issues, and providing guidance on system usage and best
practices.
6.4.2 System Administrator
The admin has several functions to monitor and ensure the smooth running of the System.
Database access: The Admin user has access to database and all its information for
maintenance purposes only.
Adding and managing other patients
Adding and managing the patient awareness blogs.
Generating reports for various instances.

6.5 Testing Plan

In this section, we outline the comprehensive testing plan devised for the Disease Trend Management
System. We detail the various testing methodologies, techniques, and tools employed to validate the
system's functionality, performance, and security. The testing plan aims to identify and rectify any issues
or bugs present in the system before its deployment, ensuring a robust and reliable solution.
Introduction
A test plan is a document describing software testing scope activities. It is the base for formally
testing any software product in a project.in simpler terms it can be described as a document
describing the scope approach, resources and schedule of intended activities.
The plan identifies the items to be tested, the features to be tested, the types of testing to be performed,
the resources required to complete the testing and the risks associated with the plan.

52
SCOPE

IN-SCOPE
The most important features of this rental management system were tested.

Module Name Applicable Roles Description

Report Generation Admin The administrator is able to
generate reports for different
areas in the system.

Password Admin The admin can change and

access the password of only
his account.

Data Retrieval Admin The admin should be able to

retrieve the patient records
data easily
from the system.
Data Update Admin The admin should be in a
position to update any data
whenever necessary.
New Patient Admin The admin should be able to
add any new patient into the
system.

OUT- SCOPE
The following features were not to be tested because they were not included in the software
requirement specifications:

User- interfaces

53
 Hardware interfaces
Software interfaces
Database logic
Quality Objectives
The test objective was to verify the functionality of this Disease Trend Management System.
The projectshould focus on managing the rent paid by the various tenants in the houses in
managed by the agency.

TYPES OF TESTING
Module/ Unit testing

After a module has been coded, the code is thoroughly reviewed and then tested with
predesigned test data to determine if the modules are fit for use. I tried to test each module
separately, i.e. the search module, the add module, the report generation module. All the codes
were fit to run the system.
Integration Testing

In integration testing, the separate modules will be tested together to expose faults (if there are
any) in the interfaces and in the interaction between integrated components. Testing is black box
since the code is not directly checked for errors.
System Testing

The system testing will compare the system specifications against the actual. The product met
almost all the requirements except the pulling of images from the database which I could not
implement due to short period of time.
Acceptance Testing

It is the phase of testing used to determine whether a system satisfies the user requirements
specified in the requirement analysis phase.

TEST METHODOLOGY
Suspension Criteria and Resumption Requirements
This testing criteria required me to stop and fix any area that was 40% and above faulty. I would

54
then precede to my next task after that was complete.
Test Data
The following list includes the steps that should be taken by the user, the conditions that should
be met for the successful execution of the test case, and the end result that should be met for
the test cases to pass.
TC01: To test the Login Authentication interface
Input: Email address and Password
Output: Valid Destination Page
Valid Range: User Name-Alphanumeric, Password-Alphanumeric
Result
If (User == Valid User), an order form appears to complete the checkout process
If (User! = Valid User), an error message is displayed on the Login interface. i.e.
Username or password is Wrong
TC02: To test, the users can view the functionalities in their portals in the system.
Description of Purpose: The system shows all the available functionalities in each portal.The
user can choose make a sale or go back to continue with other operations.
Input: The user clicks on the intended function and the system should perform as
expected. An example is a tenant should be able to view their bills.
Output: the system should perform as expected. In the case of the tenant checking theirbills,
on clicking on the bills tab, they should be able to vie the same.
TC03: To test, the Admin can add new patients.
Description: The Admin can add new buildings into the system. The Admin can alsomodify
the details

Input
User=Admin
Selection=buildings module
Selection= Add New building
Output: New added buildings are added into the car list.
Result

55
New building added to vehicle list in the system

TC04: To test, the Admin can view all the users registered in the system.

Description: The Admin can view all the users who are registered in the system in the
database.

Input
User Name - Alphanumeric, Password - Alphanumeric
User==Admin
Selection==Manage
Output: User List

Result

If (login type == “Admin” & Database. Clicked = ‘true’ and list. Clicked=true and

user list. exists==true), then display users.

If (login type == “Admin” &Database. Clicked = ‘true’ and list. Clicked=true and

user list. exists=false), then display the empty database.

TC05: To test those users who are admins cannot delete patients or add patients in the system.

Description: The Admin users cannot be able to delete or add patients in the system.

Input
User Name-Alphanumeric, Password-Alphanumeric
User = Users
Selection = delete/ add
Output: User successfully or unsuccessfully deletes car from the system.

RESULT

Unable to access the delete buttons to complete delete or add buttons.

Test results

56
This section lists the results that were produced by running the test cases. The table lists the test
cases that were used while testing the interface along with the expected result and the actual
results for each test case.

Test case Number Expected Result Actual Result

TC01 Pass Pass

TC02 Pass Pass

TC03 Pass Pass

TC04 Pass Pass

TEST COMPLETENESS
The test completeness specifies the criteria that denotes a successful completion of a test phase.
For the test that I ran, I had my test completeness as;
i. The test run was mandatory to be 100% unless a clear reason is given.
ii. Pass rate is 80% achieving pass rate was mandatory.
TESTING TOOLS
RESOURCES DESCRIPTIONS
Server Need a database server the install MySQL
server web server then install Apache server.
Test Tool Develop a test tool which can auto generate
the test results to the predefined form and
automated test results.
Network Set up a LAN Gigabit and 1 internet line with
the speed at least 5mb/s.
Computer At least 1 computer run windows10, Ram
4GB, CPU 5.7GHZ.

REASONS FOR TESTING

Testing helps to identify potential threats that could interfere with the functions of thesystem.
It ensures that the quality desired is achieved.

57
It also ensures that all the functionalities of the system are met and are working.
It increases the possibilities of finding ways to improve the system functionalities.

TEST RESULTS

I managed to obtain the following results from the tests I ran.

The admin can only change the password to only his account.
The tenants can change passwords of only their accounts.
The admin could update data in the system whenever necessary.

58
The system could generate the reports required by the admin.

The admin is able to add a new tenant and remove a tenant from the system whenevernecessary.

6.6 Evaluation Plan

The evaluation plan elucidates the criteria and metrics used to assess the performance and effectiveness
of the Disease Trend Management System. We outline the key performance indicators (KPIs) and
benchmarks against which the system's performance will be measured. Additionally, we discuss the
methodologies for gathering user feedback and conducting usability assessments to gauge user satisfaction
and system usability.

6.7 Chapter Summary

In this concluding section of Chapter 6, we provide a summary of the implementation and testing processes
undergone during the development of the Disease Trend Management System. We highlight the key
milestones, challenges faced, and insights gained throughout the implementation phase. Additionally, we
offer reflections on the effectiveness of the testing strategies employed and discuss areas for future
improvement. This chapter summary serves as a comprehensive overview of the implementation and
testing journey undertaken in the development of the system.

59
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS, FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1 Introduction
In this chapter, we delve into the culmination of our exploration within the Disease Trend Management
System (DTMS). Herein lie the key findings, conclusions drawn from the data analysis, and actionable
recommendations derived from our journey through the vast landscape of healthcare information. Through
meticulous examination and interpretation of patient data, the DTMS has unveiled valuable insights into
disease prevalence, patient demographics, and healthcare trends within Maxlo National Hospital. This
section serves as a compass guiding us towards informed decisions, strategic initiatives, and continuous
improvement in healthcare delivery.

7.2 Conclusions
After the rigorous development and implementation of the Disease Trend Management System (DTMS),
several conclusions have surfaced regarding its efficacy, utility, and potential impact on healthcare
management. Firstly, the DTMS has proven instrumental in aggregating, analyzing, and visualizing vast
amounts of patient data, providing healthcare professionals with actionable insights into disease trends
and patient demographics. Through the utilization of advanced technologies such as data mining, machine
learning, and visualization tools, the DTMS has facilitated the identification of emerging health patterns
and facilitated evidence-based decision-making.
Moreover, the seamless integration of the DTMS into the existing infrastructure of Maxlo National
Hospital has streamlined administrative processes, enhanced patient care coordination, and improved
resource allocation. The system's user-friendly interface and intuitive design have garnered positive
feedback from healthcare practitioners, further reinforcing its role as a valuable asset in the hospital's
operations.
In conclusion, the DTMS stands as a testament to the transformative power of technology in healthcare
management. Its successful implementation underscores the importance of data-driven approaches in
addressing complex healthcare challenges. As we move forward, it is imperative to continue refining and
expanding the capabilities of the DTMS, leveraging emerging technologies and methodologies to further
enhance its functionality and impact on patient care.

7.3 Challenges Encountered

Throughout the development and deployment phases of the Disease Trend Management System (DTMS),
several challenges were encountered, underscoring the complexity inherent in implementing such a

60
comprehensive healthcare solution. One notable challenge was the integration of disparate data sources
and formats, stemming from the diverse systems and protocols used across different departments of Maxlo
National Hospital. This necessitated extensive data cleansing, normalization, and transformation efforts
to ensure the accuracy and consistency of the data housed within the DTMS.
Another significant hurdle was the need to balance the system's robustness with its accessibility and
usability for end-users. Designing an interface that caters to the diverse needs and technical proficiencies
of healthcare professionals required careful consideration of user experience principles and iterative
feedback gathering. Additionally, ensuring the security and confidentiality of sensitive patient information
posed a continuous challenge, necessitating the implementation of robust data encryption, access controls,
and compliance measures to adhere to regulatory requirements.
Furthermore, the dynamic nature of healthcare, coupled with evolving technological landscapes, presented
ongoing challenges in maintaining and updating the DTMS to meet emerging needs and standards. This
required a flexible and agile development approach, characterized by regular software updates, feature
enhancements, and ongoing training and support for end-users.
In retrospect, while the journey of developing the DTMS was fraught with challenges, each obstacle
served as a learning opportunity, driving innovation and refinement in our approach. Moving forward, it
is imperative to remain vigilant and proactive in addressing emerging challenges, leveraging lessons
learned to further strengthen the DTMS and maximize its impact on patient care and healthcare
management at Maxlo National Hospital.

7.4 Future Recommendations

As the developer of the Disease Trend Management System (DTMS) for Maxlo National Hospital, several
recommendations emerge from the development process and insights gained from its implementation.
These recommendations aim to enhance the effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability of the DTMS,
ensuring its continued alignment with the evolving needs of the healthcare environment.
Enhanced Data Integration and Interoperability: Invest in technologies and standards that facilitate
seamless integration and interoperability with external healthcare systems and data sources. This will
enable the DTMS to access a broader range of data, facilitating more comprehensive disease trend analysis
and decision-making.
Advanced Analytics and Predictive Modeling: Incorporate advanced analytics and predictive modeling
capabilities into the DTMS to forecast disease trends, identify high-risk populations, and anticipate
healthcare resource needs. Leveraging machine learning algorithms and artificial intelligence can

61
empower healthcare providers with actionable insights to proactively manage public health challenges.
Mobile and Telehealth Integration: Develop mobile applications and telehealth platforms that integrate
with the DTMS, enabling remote patient monitoring, teleconsultation, and health information exchange.
This will extend the reach of healthcare services beyond traditional clinical settings, improving
accessibility and patient engagement.
Continuous Training and Education: Implement comprehensive training and education programs for
healthcare professionals to ensure optimal utilization of the DTMS and its features. Continuous learning
opportunities will empower users to harness the full potential of the system, driving better clinical
outcomes and data-driven decision-making.
Community Engagement and Health Promotion: Expand the scope of the DTMS to include community
engagement and health promotion initiatives. Integrating features for health education, outreach
campaigns, and community health assessments will empower individuals and communities to actively
participate in disease prevention and health promotion efforts.
Scalability and Infrastructure Optimization: Continuously assess and optimize the scalability and
performance of the DTMS infrastructure to accommodate growing data volumes and user demands.
Implement scalable cloud-based solutions and infrastructure-as-code practices to ensure resilience, agility,
and cost-effectiveness.
User-Centered Design and Feedback Mechanisms: Foster a culture of user-centered design and feedback-
driven development to continuously improve the user experience and satisfaction with the DTMS. Solicit
feedback from end-users regularly and iterate on the system design based on user preferences, pain points,
and evolving needs.
Regulatory Compliance and Data Governance: Maintain strict adherence to regulatory requirements and
data governance principles to protect patient privacy and ensure data security and integrity. Regular audits,
compliance assessments, and adherence to industry standards will mitigate risks and build trust in the
DTMS among stakeholders.
By embracing these recommendations, Maxlo National Hospital can position the DTMS as a cornerstone
of its healthcare ecosystem, driving innovation, improving health outcomes, and fostering a culture of
data-driven decision-making and proactive healthcare management.

7.5 Conclusion
In conclusion, the development and implementation of the Disease Trend Management System (DTMS)
mark a significant milestone in the journey towards leveraging technology for enhancing healthcare

62
delivery and disease surveillance at Maxlo National Hospital. Through this project, we have addressed
critical needs in disease trend reporting, data management, and analysis, laying the foundation for
evidence-based decision-making and proactive public health interventions.
The DTMS provides healthcare practitioners and decision-makers with a comprehensive platform for
aggregating, analyzing, and visualizing healthcare data, enabling them to monitor disease trends, identify
emerging health threats, and allocate resources effectively. By harnessing the power of data analytics, the
DTMS empowers stakeholders to make informed decisions, prioritize interventions, and optimize
healthcare delivery processes.
Throughout the development process, key insights have been gained, challenges have been encountered,
and valuable lessons have been learned. From the importance of user-centric design to the complexities
of data integration and interoperability, each aspect of the DTMS development journey has contributed to
our understanding of the intricate dynamics of healthcare technology.
Looking ahead, the DTMS presents immense opportunities for future enhancements, innovations, and
collaborations. By embracing emerging technologies, fostering partnerships with stakeholders, and
continuously refining the system based on user feedback and evolving healthcare needs, we can ensure
that the DTMS remains a dynamic and indispensable tool for improving public health outcomes.
In essence, the DTMS exemplifies the power of technology to transform healthcare delivery, drive
evidence-based decision-making, and ultimately, enhance the well-being of individuals and communities.
As we conclude this chapter, we do so with a sense of pride in our achievements and a commitment to
continued excellence in leveraging technology for the greater good of society.

63
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APPENDIX I
 APENDIX II

DISEASE TREND REPORTING SYSTEM GANTT

CHART
 APPENDIX II BUDGET

ITEM Unit Cost No. of Items or AMOUNT

DESCRIPTIO days (Frequency)
N
Proposal
- - 1,000
Preparation

Communication 100 25 5,000

(internet and
airtime)

Hardware – - 5 30,000
Desktop PC,
SSD, I/O devices

Printing 10 50 500
Transport
200 5 2,000

&
Communication
Data entry
- - 2,000
and
analysis

Sub Total 40,500