Industrial Electrical System [72]

2022 Technical Seriea Industrial Electrical System [73]

Ans. (i)
Technical Series
Hints: In asliding scale tariff, the
consumer is charged
more for electricity if their power factor
INDUSTRIAL is low. This is
because low power factor loads require more
deliver the same amount of power, which can lead current to
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM to losses
Time: 3 hours in thepower system. By charging
Full Marks consumers more for low
70 power factor loads, utilities can encourage them to
Instructions: their power factor, which can save energy andimprove
losses.
reduce
(i) The marks are indicated in the
right-hand margin,
(ii) There are NINE questions in this (c) The fuse rating is expressed in terms of
paper. (i) voltage (ii) VAR
(ii) Attempt FIVE questions in all. (ii) kVA
(iv) Question No. lis compulsory. (iv) current
Ans.(iv)
Hints: Fuses are used to protect electrical circuits fromn
1. Ch0ose the correct option (any
seven) : overloads. When a fuse blows, it interrupts the circuit and
(a) Tariff is best defined as 2x7= 14
(i) the rate at which electricity is supplied to the
prevents damage to the wiring and appliances. The fuse
customer rating is the maximum current that the fuse can carry
(i) the duty imposed on exporting electrical without blowing. If the current exceeds the fuse rating,
equipment
(iii)A set of rules explaining the pros and cons of using the fuse will melt and break the circuit.
specific rating of alternators (d) For painful shock, what is the range of
(iv) None of the above shock current at 50 Hz?
electric
Ans. (i) (i) 3-5 mA (ii) 0-3 mA
Hints: Tariff is a tax imposed on imported goods. It is no (ii) 5-10 mA (iv) 0-1 mA
a rate at which electricity is supplied to the customer, a Ans. (i)
duty imposed on exporting electrical equipment, or a set Hints; Acurrent of 3-5 mA can cause a painful shock, but
of rules explaining the pros and cons of using a specific 1t is not enough to cause cardiac arrest. A current of 5-10
rating of alternators. mA can cause a more severe shock and can lead to cardiac
b) The tariff in which power factor is taken as arrest. A current of 0-1 mA is not enough tocause a painful
reference shock.
i) sliding scale tariff (e) The type of wiring that is highly suitable for a
(i) kVA maximum demand temporary shed is
(iii) kW and KVAR tariff (i)cleat wiring
(iv) Allof the above () wooden capping and casing wiring
 Industrial Electrical System (74) Technical Series Industrial Electrical System (76] Technical Series
(iü) lead sheathed wiring Hints:Flood lights are outdoor lighting fixtures that emit
(iv) conduit wiring broad beam of light. They are often used to illuminate
Ans.(i) large areas, such as sports stadiums, parking lots, and
inexpensive type of
Hints: Cleat wiring is a simple and construction sites. They can also be used to enhance the
of ba
wiring that is easy to install. It is made up beauty of buildings and showcases at night.
insulated wiresthat are held in place by porcelain cleate Installation of capacitors at suitable locations and
Cleat wiring is not as durable as other types of wiring of optimum size in adistribution system resultsin
but it is sufficient for temporary use. 1. improved voltage regulation
() Which lamp is used in the outdoor illumination of 2. reduction in distribution losses
buildings and airport runway? 3. reduction KVA distribution transformers
()Gaseous discharge lamp (1) Halogen lamp Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
(ii) Sodium vapour lamp (iv) All of the (i) 1 (ii) 1and 2 (iüi) 3 alone (iv) 1,2, and 3
above Ans. (iv)
Ans. (iv) Hints:Installation of capacitors at suitable locations and
Hints: Gaseous discharge lamps, halogen lamps, and of optimum size in a distribution system results in
sodium vapor lamps are all types of high-intensity improved voltage regulation, reduction in distribution
discharge (HID) lamps. HID lamps are used for outdoor losses, and reduction in KVA distribution transformers.
illumination because they produce a lot of light for their
energy consumption. They are also relatively durable and (G) Low power factor is usually not due to
can withstand the elements. (i) discharge lamps (i) arc lamps
(g) Lux is unit of which physical quantity? (ii) induction furnaces (iv) incandescent lamps
() Illumination (ii)Luminance Ans. (iv)
(ii) Luminous flux (iv) Luminous Hints: Low power factor is usually not due to incandescent
intensity lamps. The other answer choices are all inductive loads,
Ans.(1) which can cause low power factor.
Hints: Illumination is the amount of light that fals on a 2. (a) List out various components used to wire an LT
surface. It is measured in lux. system. Discuss ratings of each component so that
(h) Flood lighting is used for We-can make put a demand from a seller.
().enhancing the beauty of building at nights Ans. "LT" typically refers to "Low Tension" or "Low Voltage"
(in) illuminating sports stadium
(i) illuminating showcases In electrical systems. Wiring an LT system requiresseveral
(iv) Allof the above Components, each with its own specifications and ratings.
Ans. (iv) Here's a list of some of the main components used in an
Tsystem along with the ratings one might consider when
Industrial Electrical System [76) Technical Serien Industrial Electrical System (77] TechnicalSeriee
placing an order: 'ype: HRC(HighRupturing Capacity), Blade, Cartridge,
1. Power Transformers etc.
- Rating: Usually rated in kVA
(kilo Volt-Amperes). The
handle.
. Current Rating: Amperes (A).
rating denotes the maximum power it can Voltage Rating: For LT, typically up to 1000V.
2. LT Cables 8. Earthing System Components
Tvpe: Armored/Unarmored, Aluminum/Copper conducto Earth Electrodes: Copper plate, Gl plate, copper rod, GI
. Cross-Sectional Area: Measured in square millimeters rod, etc.
(mm). This determines the current-carrying capacity of Earth Conductor: Stranded copper wire, copper strip, etc.
the cable. . Earthing Pits: Size and material.
Insulation Type:PVC, XLPE, etc. 9. LT Capacitors
- Voltage Rating: Typically 600/1000V for LT systems. . Rating: kVAR (kilo Volt-Amperes Reactive). Determines
3. Distribution Boards (DB) /Panel Boards the reactive power compensation.
- Type: Single Phase/Three Phase. Voltage Rating: Typically 415V or 440V for LT systems.
- Number of Ways: Specifies the number of circuits the
DB 10. Lightning Arresters / Surge Protection Devices
can handle. (SPD)
Current Rating:Measured in Amperes (A). - Rating: Maximum continuous operating voltage (MCOV),
Nominal discharge current, etc.
IP Rating: Refers to the Ingress Protection rating, which
11. Bus Bars
denotes the level of protection against dust, water, and
other foreign bodies. -Material: Typically Copper or Aluminum.
4. Circuit Breakers -Cxoss-Sectional Area: Based on current-carrying
Type: MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker), MCCB(Molded requirements.
Case Circuit Breaker), etc. -Rating: Current in Amperes (A).
Rating: Current rating (A) and tripping characteristics 12. Cable Trays, Ducts, and Conduits
(e.g., B, C, D curves). - Material: Steel, PVC, etc.
Number of Poles: 1P, 2P, 3P, 4P (Single to Three-phase - Size:Width, Depth, and Length.
plus Neutral). 13. Meters
5. Isolators/Disconnectors -Type: Energy meters, power meters, power factor meters,
Rating: Rated in Amperes (A). Should be chosen based on etc.
the maximum current of the circuit. -Phase: Single-phase or three-phase.
- Poles: 1P, 2P, 3P, etc. -Current and Voltage Rating.
6. Contactors and Relays seller, it's
- Coil Voltage: e.g., 230V, 415V.
When you're putting a demand or order to a
essential to specify the ratings clearly to ensure
Current Rating: Amperes (A).
7. Fuses compatibility and safety in the system. Always
ensure that
Industrial Electrical System [78] Technical Series
relevant standards
Industrial Electrical System [79) Technical Series

these components adhereto Qike IEC,

the required quality
Switch: Consists of contacts that can be brought together
IEEE, etc.) and are certified for and or separated to close or open a circuit, respectively.
safety norms. Fuse: Comprises a wire or a strip of metal (the fuse
a switch v.
(b) What is the basic difference between element) enclosed in a casing. The fuse element is designed
fuse? tomelt at a specitic current rating, which interrupts the
Ans. Both switches and fuses are fundamental component circuit.
6. Indication:
in electrical systems, but they serve distinct functions
Here are the basic differences between aswitch and a fuse. .Switch: Typically, you can visuallydetermine its position
1. Function: (on or off) based on its physical state.
.Switch: Its primary function is to establish or interrupt Fuse: Visual inspection may or may not indicate if afuse
an electrical circuit manually or automatically. When you is blown. Some fuses have indicators, while others require
testing to determine their status.
turn a switch "on," you close the circuit, allowing current
6. Usage:
to flow. When you turn it "off," you open the circuit,
stopping the flow of current. Switch: Used in almost every electrical circuit for control
purposes, from light switches in homes to large industrial
Fuse: Its primary function is to provide overcurrent circuit breakers.
protection. When the current in a circuit exceeds the rating
Fuse: Used in circuits where overcurrent protection is
of the fuse (due to a fault or overload), thefuse element necessary. You'll find them in household wiring,
melts or "blows," thereby interrupting the circuit and electronics,automobiles, and industrial applications.
preventing potential damage to equipment or hazards like While both switches and fuses play critical roles in
fire.
electrical circuits, it's essential to understand their
2. Operation: functions and differences to use them appropriately and
-Switch: Can be operated multiple times to open or close a ensure safe and efficient operation of electrical systems.
circuit.
(c) Classify various cables (domestic and industrial
- Fuse:Operates once and needs to be replaced after it has both) with their uses/applications.
"blown" or "tripped."
3. Purpose: Ans. Cables are an integral part of both domestic and
-Switch: Mainly used for controlling the flow of electricity. industrial electrical systems. They come in various types,
It doesn't inherently provide any protection against designed to meet specific needs based on the environment,
Overcurrent or short circuits. voltage levels, current capacity,and application. Here's a
Fuse: Designed specifically for protection against classification of various cables along with their uses and
overcurrents. It ensures that the current in a circuit doesn't applications:
exceed a safe limit. 1. Domestic Cables:
4. Construction: 1. PVC Insulated Cables (Single-core)
Industrial Electrical System [80]
Technical Seriemes
tools
Industrial Electrical Systenm [81] Technical Series
-Use: For household wiring and small power and links between control panels and instruments in
2. Flat Cables certain industrial environments.
-Use: Mainly for submersible pump motors. 8. Welding Cables
3. Coaxial Cables Use: To supply power to the secondary circuit of electric
UJse :Television distribution, CATV, satellite setups, and arc-welding generators.
some data networks. 9. Mining Cables
4. Twisted Pair Cables (UTPISTP) Use : Specially designed for mines and similar
- Use:Telecommunication, Ethernet connectivity, and data environments. These are often robust and resistant to
transmission. abrasions, impacts, and moisture.
5. Flexible Cables 10.High-Temperature Cables
-Use:Household appliances like heaters, refrigerators, and - Use:Places with high ambient temperatures, such as steel
portable equipment. plants or furnaces.
2. Industrial Cables: 11.Elastomeric Rubber Cables
1.PVC Insulated Cables (Multi-core) . Use : Flexible usage like in trailing cables in cranes,
elevators, etc.
-Use:Wiring in power and control panels, machines, and
12.Screened Cables
various industrial installations.
2.XLPE (Cross-Linked Polyethylene) Cables Use: Reducing electromagnetic interference in sensitive
installations.
-Use: Higher voltage industrial applications, underground
transmission, and distribution networks. 13.Ethernet & Networking Cables (like Cat5e, Cat6,
3. Armoured Cables Cat7)
-Use: Underground systems, outdoor installations, and - Use: Data communication in industrial setups and linking
computer networks.
where mechanical protection is required.
4.Instrumentation Cables 14. Busbar Trunking/Feeder Pillar Cables
- Use : Communication or signals between devices in - Use: Large industrial installations to distribute power
manufacturing and process control. alongside or between machines.
5.Control Cables When selecting a cable for a specific application, it's
cable's
-Use : Connecting instruments with the control panel or vital to consider various factors, including the
control equipment in industrial setups. current-carrying capacity, voltage rating, environmental
to
6. Fire Resistant and Fire Retardant Cables conditions (like temperature, moisture, and exposure
undergo.
- Use: Areas where fire safety iscrucial, such as
emergency chermicals), and mechanical stresses it might
efficient operation
systems and public buildings. Proper cable selection ensures safe and
7. Fiber Optic Cables
of the connected equipment and systems.
Use :High-speed data various residential and
transmission,telecommunications, D. (a)Discuss and classify
 Industrial Electrical System 82] Technical Series Industrial Electrical System [83] Technical Series
commercial wiring systems. Conductors are laid over wooden battens and secured using
Ans.Residential and commercial wiring systems serve th abrass clip.
essential function of distributing electrical pow Advantages: Cheaper and straightforward installation.
throughout buildings and structures. Their classificatio Disadvantages: Not suitable for outdoor or damp areas.
is based on methods of installation, the type of protection 2. Commercial Wiring Systems:
used, and the type of building where they're implemented a) Conduit Wiring:
Here's a classification and discussion of various residential Can be of two types: Surface Conduit Wiring and
and commercial wiring systems: Concealed Conduit Wiring.
1. ResidentialWiring Systems: Uses metallicor non-metalicconduits to house and protect
a) Cleat Wiring: conductors.
Uses porcelain cleats to hold conductors. Advantages: Robust protection against mechanical
. Advantages: Cheap and easy to install. damage, moisture, and fire. Concealed conduit wiring is
.Disadvantages: Not durable, prone to mechanical damage, aesthetically pleasing.
and not aesthetically pleasing. Disadvantages: Installation can be labor-intensive and
b) Wooden Casing and Capping Wiring: costly.
Conductors are housed in wooden casings and then capped. b) Trunking/Busbar Trunking System:
Advantages: Moderate protection against mechanical Metal or insulated enclosure provides a space for
stresses. conductors.
Disadvantages: Flammable and not suitable for damp Advantages: Allowsfor flexibility in future modifications
places. and provides excellent protection.
c) CTS (Cased Tubing System) or TRS (Tough Disadvantages: Initial setup can be expensive.
Rubber Sheath) Wiring: c) Cable Ladder Wiring System:
Conductors are insulated with arubber sheath and passed Similar totYunking but used for heavier cables.
through wooden casing. Advantages: Facilitates better heat dissipation and
Advantages: Better insulation. provides strong mechanical support.
Disadvantages : More expensive than previous methods Disadvantages: Bulkier and more expensive than other
and not suitable for damp areas. systems.
d) PVC Conduit Wiring: d) Underground Wiring:
rses PVCconduits to house and protect the conductors. Conductors are laid underground.
. Advantages: Non-conductive, resistant to corrosion, and Advantages: Safe, aesthetically pleasing as no wires are
relatively inexpensive. environmental factors.
exposed, and protected against fault
. Disadvantages: Can deform under high temperature. Disadvantages: Costly to install and maintain;
e)Batten Wiring : detection can be challenging.
 Industrial Electrical System (84]
e) Raised Floor Wiring: Technical Series Industrial Electrical System [85]
could experience an Technical Series
Often seen in modern offices where electric shock.
pathfor the fault current to flow Earthing provides a
workstation placement is required. flexibility for the risk.
to the
ground, reducing
Advantages: Provides flexibility in Rnsures Proper Functioning of
workspaces. rearranging
Disadvantages: Can be expensive and requires proper
Protection Devices:
Kffective "Tripping: Earthing
Overcurrent
planning for weight distribution. fault. there's a 81gnificant surgeensures that, in case of a
in current. This sudden
f) Grid Wiring: rise facilitates the quick action of fuses or
circuit breakers,
Suitable for large open-plan offices. disconnecting the faulty section of the circuit.
3. Voltage Stabilization:
Advantages: Flexibility in tapping power anywhere within Rorsystems connected to the power
the grid. distribution network,
Disadvantages: More complex installation process. earthing helps stabilize ine voltage during normal
g) Ring Main Wiring:
operation by preventing unwanted voltages from
appearing on the system.
Circuit forms a closed loop with multiple outlets. A. Protection of Buildings and Equipment from
Advantages: Ensures power availability even if onepath Lightning:
fails.
Lightning rods or arresters £re connected to a good
Disadvantages: Expensive and requires more cable length. earthing system, ensuring that ightning surges are safely
When selecting a wiring system for a residential or conducted tothe ground, thereby protecting the building
commercial setup, it's essential to consider the building's and internal electrical systems.
nature, the environmental conditions, the expected 5. Protection Against Static Electricity:
electrical load, future expansion needs, and the budget. Static electricity can accumulate in electrical equipment
Proper selection ensures safety, functionality, and and can be apotential hazard, especially in areas with
durability of the electrical installation. flammable substances. An earthing system ensures
(b) Explain the role of earthing in detail along at a dissipation of these static charges to the ground.
residentialcommercial location. 6. Improves Power Quality:
Ans, Earthing, also known as grounding in some regions, plays Proper grounding can reduce electrical noise, thereby
a critical role in both residential and commercial
electrical ensuring the proper functioning of sensitive equipment,
systems. It ensures the safety of human lives, protection especially in commercial establishments.
of equipment, and smooth functioning of the electrical 7. Earth as a Return Path:
system. Let'sdelve intothe role of earthing in detail: earth is used
1. Protection Against Electric Shocks: * In somesystems, especially in older ones, the
need for
as a return path for the current, eliminating the
Human Safety: If there is a fault in an electrical appliance a neutral wire.
or system, a person coming in contact with the
appliance
 Industrisl Electrical System (86]
Components Used in Earthing at
Technical Series Industrial Electrical System
Commercial Locations: Residential [87)
lectrical system8, whether residential, Technical Series
:ndustrial. Here's a detailed look at its rolecommercial, or
1. Earth Electrode: It'sa conductor or a group of conducto rated: and how it's
in direct contact with the earth, often made of
galvanized iron, or steel. It can be a metal plate, rod copper, ,
Role of the Main Switch:
Safety &
strip. Protection:The
ba disconnect the main switch
power supply in case ofprovides means
a
2. Earthing Lead: Conductors used to connect the mot maintenance,
repairs, or emergencies. By turning off the main
electricalsystem to the earth electrode. vOu can ensure that no electrical power flows switch,
3. Earthing Pit: Apit dug into the ground to bury the earth internal into the
circuits the property, safeguarding
of
injuries during work.individuals
electrode. It often contains a mixture of salt, coal, and sand from electrical shocks or
to reduce soil resistivity and improve conductivity. 9 Overcurrent
4. Main Earthing Terminal or Bar: Acentral point where all
Protection: In many
switch also actsas a circuit breaker. If setups, the main
earthing conductors and bonding conductors are or an overload condition, it will there'sashortcircuit
electrically connected. the entire electrical automatically trip to protect
5. Bonding Conductors: These connect all the metallic parts damage.
installation and appliances from
(like water pipes, metal frames, ete.) ina building toensure 2Tsolation: It allows for the
or facility from the electricalcomplete isolation of a building
they have the same electrical potential. supply. This
Testing & Maintenance: particularly useful during power surges or whenfeature is
there's a
Regúlar testing and maintenance of the earthing need to safely carry out electrical work.
system are vital, especially in commercial establishments, 4. Control: It serves as a central
control point for turning
The primary goal is to ensure that the resistance between the power on or off for the entire building or
facility.
the earth electrode and the surrounding ground remains Rating of the Main Switch:
at an acceptable level. Over time, the resistance can The rating of the main switch is an indication of its
increase due to factors like soil drying out or corrosion of capacity and suitability for different applications. Key
the earth electrode, reducing the effectiveness of the aspects of this rating include:
earthing system. 1. Current Rating (Amperage): This is the maximum
In conclusion, a well-designed and maintained earthing current that the switch can safely handle without tripping
system at residential and commercial locations is vital for in normal operation. Residential homes typically might
safety, equipment protection, and nroper electrical system have mnain switches rated at 60A, 100A, or 200A,
performance. depending on the size and electrical demand of the home.
(c) What is the role of mnain switch? How is this rated? Commercial or industrial facilities might require higher
Ans. The main switch, also commonly referred to as the
main ratings, often in the range of hundreds to thousands of
disconnect or main circuit breaker, plays a crucial role in
amperes.
Industrial Electrical System (88] Technical Seriea Industrinl Electrical System [89)
2. atVoltage Rating: Indicates the maximum voltage level when determining the correct
TechnicalSerjes
which the switch can operate. Common residential
switch.
specifications for a main
voltage ratings might be l10/220V or 120/24OV, whil 4.(a) Definethe following terms:
commereialor industrial applications might be at highew (i) Solid angle (ii) Luminous intensity
voltages. (ii)Illumination (iv) Brightness
Breaking Capacity or Interrupting Rating: This ia (v) Candle power
the maximum current that the switch can safely interrupt (vi) Meter candle and foot cand]le
without causing damage or failure. It's a crucial parameter a (i)Solid Angle:A solid angle is a measure of how
large
especially for circuit-breaker-type main switches, an object appears to an observer
when looking from a
indicating how much fault current (like that from a short specificpoint. In simple terms, it's the three-dir1ensional
circuit) the switch can safely handle. eguivalent of the regular (plane) angle. It is measured in
4, Number of Poles: Indicates how many individual circuits oteradians (sr). The concept is used extensively in geometry
the switch can control. Single-pole switches control one and astrophysics. For example, the full sphere around a
circuit, double-pole switches control two, and so on. A point measures \(4p\) steradians.
common residential main switch might be double-pole, :Y Luminous Intensity:Luminous intensity is a
measure
controlling both live wires in a split-phase system. of the amount of light emitted by a source in a particular
5. Type and Mode of Operation: Some main switches are direction. It represents the strength of light as perceived
manual, while others might be automatic (like in the case by the human eye. It's measured in candelas (cd).
of manycircuit breakers). There are alsodifferent types Luminous intensity is one of the seven base SI units,
based on the technology used (e.g., thermal, magnetic, or (iii)Illumination:Illumination refers to the amount of light
acombination). falling onto a surface per unit area. It's a measure of how
6. Short Circuit Protection: Specifies whether the switch well-lit a surface is. This term is commonly used to describe
offers protection against short circuits, and if so, how how bright a particular space or environment is.
quickly it will trip under such conditions. Illumination is typically measured in lux (lx), where one
7. Environmental Ratings: These might include protection lux is eguivalent to one lumen per square meter.
against dust, moisture,or specific hazardous conditions, (iv) Brightness:Brightness is a perceptual attribute by which
often indicated by IP (Ingress Protection) ratings or NEMA an observer interprets the amount of light coming from
(National Electrical Manufacturers Association) enclosure an object. It's a subjective measure of the sensation of light
types.
When selecting a main switch for an application, it's as perceived by the human eye. Brightness is not an
vital to choose one with appropriate ratings, absolute measure, as it can vary based on environmental
safety and optimai performance. Consulting ensuring
with an
conditions and the physiological differences between
electrical engineer or professional is always agood idea individual observers.
(v) Candle Power:Candle power is an older term that was
 Industrial Electrical System [90]
describe the luminous
Technical Series
intensity of alight
Industrial ElectricalI System [91]
a0urce and the surtace. Mathematically:
Technical Series
used to candela. It originates8ource, E=I/2
equivalenttothe modern-day
standardlcandle. In modern from This equation assumes a point source of light and doesn't
the light produced by a has been
however, "candle power" largely replacedterms,by
intensity.
account for angles of incidence or other
factors.
complicating
"candela" as the unit for luminous 2. Luminance (Brightness) and Illuminance:
relation among Luminous
(b) Establish the
Illumination and Brightness. intensity, While illuminance describes the amount of light incident
a surface, luminance (which can be thought of as a
intensity
Ans. The relationship between luminous measure of brightness) describes the amount of light that
illumination,and brightness can be understood through surface emits or reflects in a given direction. The
with
set of concepts in the field of photometry, which deals relationship between them depends on the properties of
the measurement of visible light as perceived by the human surface (like its reflectance) and the nature of the light
theix
eye. Let's break down each term and then establish SOurce.
relationships: In practical terms:
1. Luminous Intensity (): It is the measure of the
amount
and ig A
light source with high luminous intensity will produce
of light emitted bya source in a particular direction greater illuminance on a surface closer to it.
measured in candelas (cd). The perceived brightness of that surface will depend on
measures
2. Illuminance (E): Also known as illumination, it its luminance, which is influenced by both the illuminance
incident
the total luminous flux (amount of visible light) it receives and its own properties.
mneasured in lux (x) where
on a surface per unit area. It's It's important to note that while luminous intensity
one lux isequivalent toone lumen per square
meter (lm
and illuminance have precise photometric definitions and
m). relationships, "brightness" as a general term is more
attribute of visual
3. Brightness: While it's a perceptual subjective and less easily quantified without referring to
related to
stimuli and is subjective, brightness can be luminance.
luminance, which is a photometric measure of the
(c) Aroom with an area of 6 x9 m² is illustrated by ten
luminous intensity per unit area of light traveling in a
80Wlamps. The luminous efficiency of the lamp is
given direction. It quantifies the amount of visible light 80 lumens/Wand the coefficient of utilizationis 0.65.
emitted or reflected by an object in a given direction and
Find the averageillumination.
is measured in candelas per square meter (cd/m").
Now, let's establish the relationships: Ans. Let's solve this step by step:
1. Luminous Intensity and Illuminance: L. Calculate the total luminous flux produced by all
The illuminance E at a surface is proportional to the the lamps.
luminous intensity I of the source and inversely Luminous flux (F) is given by:
proportional to the square of the distance r between the = Luminous efficiency xPower
 Industrial Electrical System (92]
For one 80W lamp:
= 80 lumens/Wx 80 W: =6400
Technical Series Industrial Electrical System
lumens [93]
For ten such lamps: the electrical Technical Series
o.nal l0 X amp = 10× 6400 = 64000 lumens
large or small. distribution system of any industry, whether
Role of an Industrial
2. Calculate the total luminous flux
reaching Substation:
working plane (after considering the
utilization).
the
coefficient of
Voltage
anindustrialTransformation: One of
substation is to either the primary roles of
step up
voltage levels as per the or step down
The coefficient of
utilization (CU) is the fraction of
the Industries might have requirements of the
industry.
equipmentthat requires different
total luminousflux emitted by a lighting voltage levels, and
installation
reaches the working plane. The luminous flux reachip
that substations help in catering to these
needs.
the working plane is: 2. Distribution: Once the voltage is
= CUx dosired level, the substation then transformed to the
distributes
industrial facility. This electricity
utilized total
various parts of the to
= 0.65 x 64000= 41600 lumens
utilized
RsHeY eaches machinery, control ensures that
3. Calculate the average illumination rooms, and other vital
n
the room's surface.
(illuminance)on sections of the industry.
ar 2 Safety: Industrial substations contain several
wl Illumin£nce (E) is the luminous flux per unit area and is devices like circuit breakers, fuses, and protective
measured in lux (lumens per square meter). The formula devices ensure that any relays. These
faults in the system do not lead to
for illuminance is: catastrophic failures or hazards,
E= utilized /Area 4. Power Quality: Industrial· operations often require a
Ec
Given that the room's area is6 m x 9 m= 54 m², the consistent quality of power. Substations, with the help of
average illuminance is: capacitors, reactors, and other equipment, can help in
E= 41600 lumens / 54 m? correcting power factors and ensuring a consistent power
Ty E=770.37 lux quality.
A.
5.
The average illumination of the room is approximately Backup/Alternative Source Integration: Some
770.37 lux. industries might have backup generators or alternative
Pri 5. What is the role of an industrial substation? How power sources (like solar panels). Substations can integrate
Son
are the monitoring and controlling performed at these power sources intothe system when needed.
Rs.
thesesubstations? Disuss in detail. Monitoring and Controlling at Industrial
Ans. An industrialsubstation playsa crucial role in ensuring
that industries receive power at the appropriate voltage
Substations:
Monitoring and control are essential to ensure the
levels, reliability, and quality necessary for their safety, reliability, and efficiency of the power system in
1. industrial settings.
operations. These substations are integral components of
SCADA Systems: Supervisory Control and Data
 Industrial Electrical System (94]
Acquisition (SCADA) systems are commonly e
industrial substations. These systems gather
Technical Seriey Industrial Electrical System
unauthorized [95)
Technical Series
access and vandalism.
data from various sensors and equipment in the
s
om. SCADA
and present it in a centralized control room. urbsealtaal-ttiilomNwe In
conclusion, industrialsubstations play a
in ensuring that
operate
pivotal role
industriesThereceive the power they
operators to monitor the system's health and
performanca efficiently.
mechanisms in
these monitoring and
need to
control

efficiencysubstations
and make necessary control decisions. reliability, and of the guarantee safety,
2. Relay Protection: Relays continuously monitor continuous power supplied. With the
current, voltage, and other electrical parameters. 1f any are
advancements
becoming
in
technology,
smarter and more efficient, these substations
anomalies are detected, relays give commands to circui focus on their core
industries can ensuring that
breakers to interrupt the circuit and protect the system worrying about power-related operations without
from damage. 1 Discuss the issues.
industrial loads with the help of
3. PLC Integration: Programmable Logic Controllers wamples. How are these different from
(PLC) can be integrated into the substation system fo l0ads? Does industrial load require residential
automation purposes. They can execute a series of focus? Explain. additional
operations automatically based on the conditions and Ans. Industrial loads are
inputs they receive. pOgidential loads in termssignificantly
of scale,
different from
characteristics, and
specific requirements. Let's delve deeper
4. Metering: Accurate metering solutions provide detail into each aspect:
Industrial Loads:
about power consumption, power factor, and other
1.Motors: A large chunk of industrial load comes from
essential metrics. This helps industries in energy auditing
electric motors. These are used to drive machinery,
billing, and improving energy efficiency. pumps,
conveyors, and fans. Examples include:
A motor drivinga conveyor belt ina
5. Renote Monitoring: With the advancement of manufacturing unit.
- Pumps in chemical or food processing plants.
technology, many substations are now equipped with
-Fans in HVACsystems of large industrial setups.
remote monitoring capabilities. This allows operators and
engineers to monitor the substation's performance
2. Heating Systems: Many industrial processes require direct
or indirect heating. Examples include:
remotely, making it easier to manage multiple sites.
6. Maintenance Predictions: With the integration of Electric arc furnaces in steel plants.
-Induction heaters in metal-treating industries.
advanced sensors andpredictive analytics, substations can
predict potential maintenance issues before they become -Ovens in food processing units.
critical. This ensures that the necessary interventions ar 3. Lighting: Large industrial areas require lighting syst
made well in advance, reducing downtime. often of a higher scale and diferent type compared to
7. Security: Industrial substations are now often equippeu residential settings. manufacturing and
4.
with security systems like surveillance cameras, intrusion
detection systems, and access control to preved
Weld ing Equipment: Common in
Construction industries.
 Industrial Electrical System [96]
Techniccrucia)
Conditioning: These are
al Series Industrial Electrical System [97]
5. Refrigeration and Air pharmacer r'easons:
Technical Series
industries like food processing, utical, and 1.
Economic Impact: Any disruption in
chemical industries. can lead to significant economic losses.power to industries
Controls: Automation systems,
6. Electronics and control Safety Concerns: Faults or
panels, sensors, and other electronic equipment
al, disruptions in industrial
settings can lead to safety hazards,
constitute industrial loads. equip1nent malfunctions, or including fire,
chemical leaks.
7. Specialized Equipment: Depending on the industry trn Dower Quality: As mentioned earlier, certain
industrial
there could be unique loads. For instance: nrocesses requre hign-quality power. Dips, surges, or
- MRImachines in the healthcare sector. bamonics can harm sensitive equipment or
-Semiconductor fabrication equipment in electronics the quality of the end product. compromise
manufacturing. Energy Efficiency: Given the scale of operations.
Large scale printers in publishing houses. ensuring energY efficiency in industries can lead to
Differences from Residential Loads: significant savings and environmental benefits.
1. Scale: Industrial loads are generally of a much larger scale K Customization: Different
industries have different
compared to residential loads. For example, while a requirements. Asolution suitable for a textile unit might
residential AC unit might be 1-2 tons, an industrial HVAC not work for a semiconductor fabrication plant.
In conclusion, while both
system might serve a whole factory or warehouse. residential and industrial
2. Load Profile: Residential loads often peak during loads have their specificrequirements and
challenges, the
scale, diversity, and economic impact of industrial
morning and evening hours, while industrial loads might loads
often necessitate a more detailed and focused
be more consistent,peaking during the operational hours approach.
of the industry. The requirements for reliability, quality, and efficiency in
3. Power Quality Requirements: Industries often have industriai settings are paremount.
stringent power quality requirements. They may needa(e) Clearly differentiate isolators and circuit breakers
stable voltage level, specific power factor, or harmonic with their roles.
limits due tosensitive equipment. Ans. Isolators and circuit breakers are
essential components
4. Voltage Levels: Industrial loads might be connected at of electrical systems and are used to interrupt the flow of
higher voltage levels than residential ones for efficiency current under various circumstances. However, their
and technical reasons. functions, designs, and applications are different. Let's
5. Duration: Residential loads (ike lighting, HVAC) are delve into the differences hetween isolators and circuit
lintermittently, while industrial loads, especially in breakers and their roles:
continuous process industries, might run 24/7. Isolators:
1. Function:
Focus on Industrial Load:
-Yes, industrial loads require additional focus for severa - An
isolatcr is a manual switch that isolates a part of the
 Industrial Electrical System
(98] Technical Series Industrial Electrical System
(99)
circuit from the system. Its primary purpose is to conditions. Technical Series
that a specific section of the
system can be
completelyensurede
energizedfor maintenance or servicing, ensuring
They're designed to
interrupt cUrrent during fault
of maintenance personnel.
the satet conditions.
A Arc Quenching:
2. Operation: .Circuit breakers are designed to quench the arcthat forms
-Isolatorsare operated manually. when interrupting the current.
-They do not have an automatic tripping feature. They utilize various mediums ike air, oil,
vacuum to extinguish the SF6 gas, or
3. Usage Time: arc.
Placement:
Isolators are used when the system is not carrying n 5.
current.
hey are strategically placed in electrical systems where
They are usually opened after circuit breakers h2v interruption of current may be required, such as at the
interrupted the circuit and are closed before the cire boginning of a distr1bution line or near a transformer.
breakers are closed. what do you understand by a
generation? Write and discuss its distributed
4. ArcQuenching: advantages and
Isolators are not designed to quench arcs, sO they' limitations. Discuss in detail.
Ans Distributed Generation (DG) refers to a variety of
operated under no-load conditions.
5. Placement: technologies that generate electricity at or near where it
willbe used, such as solar panels, wind
-They are usually placed on either side of a circuit breaker turbines, biomass
and other equipment like transformers or transmission
powered generators, or even microturbines. These sources
often contrast with traditional centralized
lines. generation
Circuit Breakers: models where electricity is produced in large capacity
1. Function: plants located away from consumers and transmitted over
Acircuit breaker's primary role isto interrupt the current long distances.
flow in case of faults such as overloads, short circuits, or Advantages of Distributed Generation:
1. Reduction in Transmission and
ground faults. By doing so, they prevent damage to Distribution Losses**:
.equipmentand reduce the risk of fire or electrical hazards. Because DG systems are located closer to the point of
2. Operation: consumption, there's a significant reduction in energy
- Circuit breakers can be operated both manually and losses that typically occur during electricity transmission
automatically. over fong distances.
-They have an automatic tripping feature that gets activated 2. lncreased Reliability and Power Quality: Distributed
when they detect a fault. generation can provide backup during grid outages,
3. Usage Time: ensuring a continuous power supply. Local generation can
Circuit breakers are used under both load and no-load also sometimes offer better voltage stability and power
 Industrial Electrical System
Industrial Electrical Svstem

quality.
[100)
Teclnical Seri distributed.8ources
(101]
might increase the
manage ment. Each unit
Technical Series
complexity of grid
Distributed resources can vnd might also have different
3. Energy Security: maintenance needs.
country's or region's
dependence on imported
centralized power plants.
fuels 5, Regulatory and Financial
existing regulatory
Barriers: In many regions, the
framework and tariff structures are
designed to meet
4. Flexibility: DG systems can be specif designed for centralized generation, which can
create
requirements, and new units can be added modular, financial and operational challenges for DG
Use: Some DG integration.
demand grows. 6. Land technologies, especially solar farms,
5. Reduced Infrastructure Investments: By decreasing the can require significant amounts of land per unit of
energy
Joad on the central grid, there'spotentially less need fo produced, vhich might not always be available or might
new, large-scale power plants or costly upgrades be more expensive near Consumption centers.
transmission and distribution networks. Safety and Standards: There are concerns related to the
6. Environmental Benefits: Many distributed generation eafe operation and standardization of DG technologies,
technologies, especially renewable ones likesolar and wind asnecially when multiple units are interconnected with the
have less environmental impact than conventional grid.
centralized fossil-fueled plants. A Write a short note on DG sizing and its optimal
placement.
7. Economic Development: DG can reate local jobs in
manufacturing, installation, and maintenance. Ans, Distributed Generation (DG) Sizing and Optimal
Placement:
8. Demand-Side Management: Distributed resources can be
integrated with demand response and load management
When integrating distributed generation (DG) into a
strategiesto optimize grid operation. grid or a localized energy system, two crucial aspects are
Limitations of Distributed Generation: determining the correct size of the DG unit (sizing) and
1. Interconnection Issues: Integrating DG sources into identifying the best location for its installation within the
the existing grid can sometimes pose technical challeriges, system (optimal placement). These decisions impact the
especially if the grid was not initially designed for bi overall efficiency, reliability, and economics of the energy
directional energy flow. system.
2. Variability: Some DG sources, such as solar and wind, DG Sizing:
are intermittent, which means their output can be
Thisrefers todetermining the capacity (in kW or MW)
variable. This can lead to grid stability and reliability of the DG unit to be installed. The correct size ensures
issues if not managed properly. that the system meets the demand without under-utilizing
3. Economic Scale: While DG technologies have been Or overloading the DG unit.
decreasing in price, some might still have higher per-unit Factors to consider in DG sizing:
costs compared tolarge-scale centralized generation. L. Load Profile: Analyze the daily, monthly, and seasonal
4. Maintenance and Operations: Operating multiple
 [102]
Industrial Electrical System
energy consumption patterns of
the area or Technical Seri
facility
Industrial Electrical System
(103)
DG is to be implemented. where Vary based on the
Environmental and placement of the DG. Technical Series
2. Type of DG: Renewable sources like solar and wind Social Factors:
and 1localEnvironmental
constraints, land
intermittent, which may require sizing
adjustments ortarethe Concerns Can availability,
also impact the com munity
integration of energy storage. DG units. decision on where to place
3. Economic Considerations: Cost per unit 7. Interconnection Points:
decreases as the size increases, but beyond capacity often where DG can be easily Existing points in the network
certain size interconnected might be
the need for preferred,
the benefits might plateau. especially if they reduce
4. Backup and Reliability Requirements: If DG serves as infrastructure upgrades. significant
backup or for critical loads, oversizing might be preferrea Methods for Determination:
to ensure reliability. Modern tools and techniques, including power
studies, optimization flow
5. Future Expansion: Anticipating growth in energy demand algorithms (like
particle.swarm optimization), and genetic algorithms,
can influence the size of the DG system. simulation software, can
he employed to determine both DG
Optimal Placemnent: sizing and optimal
placement.
This involves determining the best location within the
In summary, the careful
network for the installation of the DG unit. Correct consideration of DG sizing
and its optimal placement is vital for realizing the full
placement can reduce energy losses, improve voltage potentil benefits of distributed generation. It ensures that
profiles, and ensure system stability. the DG units augment the grid efficiently,
Factors to consider for optimal placement: and reliably.
economically,
1. Minimization of Losses: Placing DG closer to load 7 Define PLC, stating its role in process
centers can reduce transmission and distribution losses. automation.
Discuss various advantages and limitationsof PLC
2. Voltage Profile: DG can help in maintaining or based control system.
improving the voltage profile of a network. The placement Ans. Definition of PLC:
should takeinto account locations where voltage support APLC, or Programmable Logic Controller, is an industrial
is needed.
digital computer that has been adapted for the control of
3. Network Topology: The existing layout and manufacturing processes, such as assembly lines or robotic
configuration of the grid influence where DG can be devices, or any activity that requires high-reliability
feasibly and beneficially integrated. control and ease of programming and process fault
4. Safety and Protection: Ensure that the DG placement
doesn't interfere with existing protection schemes or
diagnosis.
Role in Process Automation:
necessitate significant changes. PLCs play a central role in process automation because
5. Economic Factors: The cost associated with grid control
ney can be programmed to perform a variety of
connection, potential upgrades, and infrastructure can
 Industrisl Electrcal Byatemn
electric shock
Technical Series Industrial Plectrical Bysten
street ighting systerna have evolved to Technical Series
GPCIsRCD: Install ground fault circuit efficient technologies and srnart incorporate enerzy-
-(GPCIs)
inter uptr
or residual current devicen (RCDa) to
deten
leskage currents and quickly disconnect the circuit,
and sustainability.
Key Aspects offModern Street Lághting:
features for
better control
LED Technology:
" LockouVTagout: When working on electricall Light Emitting Diode (LED)
equipment
Use lockoutVtagout procedures to prevent accidental
1.
largely replaced traditional lamps have
lighting incandescent fluorescent
and
energizaton lamps for street due to their energy
Qualified Personnel: Only trained and qualified longer lifespan, and directional
light output. efficiency.
individuals should work on electricalsystems toreduce Energy Efficiency: LEDsconsume significantly less energy
than conventional lighting
the risk of mistakes.
reduced energy cOsts and lower technologies, resulting in
. Proper Tools Use insulated tools and equipment to aoid
3. Smart
Controls: Many modern environmentalimpact.
street lighting systems
direct contact with live parts.
incorporate smart controls such as dimming, remnote
. Dry Conditions: Avoid working on electrical equipment in monitoring, and motion sensing. These
wet or damp conditions toprevent reduced skin resistance, features help
optimize energy Usage and adapt lighting levels based on
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Wear appropriate surrounding conditions.
PPE, such as gloves, goggles, and insulated footwear, Color Temperature: Street lighting can be adjusted to
when working with electricity. different color temperatures, affecting the visual comfort
3. First Aid for Electric Shock: and perception of safety. Warmer tones (lower color
-Safety First:En8ure the area is safe before attempting to temperatures) create acozy ambiance, while cooler tones
help the person. (higher color temperatures) enhance visibility.
- Power Off: If pOB8ible, disconnect the power source or use
5. Sustainability: Efficient lighting technologies, such as
an ingulating object to move the person away from the LEDs, contribute to lower carbon emissions and reduced
electrical source.
light pollution, promoting a more sustainable urban
- CPR: If the person is unresponsive and not breathíng, environment.
perform CPR until medical help arrives.
6. Solar-Powered Lighting: Solar-powered street lights use
-Medical Attention: Even if the person seems fine, seek
medical attention as there might be internal injuries. photovoltaicpanels to generate electricity from sunlight,
making them ideal for remote areas without reliable grid
(d) Street Lighting and Photoshoot Lighting Lamps connections.
and Modern:
Street Lighting: Photoshoot Lighting Lanps:
Street lighting playsa vital role in urban and rural areas In photography and videography, lighting is a critical
by enhancing visibility, improving safety, and contributing element that can dramatically influence the quality and
to the overallaesthetic appeal of the surroundings. Modern mood of the visuals. Different types of lamps are used in
 Industrial Electrical System
otherlighting technologies.
[114]
Technical Series Industrial Electrical System [115]
utilization in a circuit. A Technical Series
of power high
2. Short Lifespan: Incandescent lamps have relatively short signifies efficient power usage, while a power factor
low power factor
to newer technologies like indicates wastage due to
reactive power.
lifespans compared
Frequent replacements contribute to higher LEDs.
maintenance Role ofIVarious Components in Power
Generators: Generators convert mechanicalSystem:**
costs.
1. electrical energy. They contribute to the energy into
Environmental Impact: The energy inefficiency of power and generation of real
providethe energy needed to power electrical
3. incandescent lamps contributes to higher greenhouse gas loads
environmentally friendle Transformers: Transformers are used to step up or
emissions, making them less step
Various Components & down voltagelevels in the power distribution system. They
(9 Power Triangle and Role of
Power System:** require reactive power for magnetization and play a role
Power Triangle: in reactive power exchange.
representation used in Transmission Lines: Transmission lines transport
The power triangle is a graphical 3.
olectrical energy over long distances. They have inductive
relationships
electrical engineering to visualize the andcapacitive properties that contribute to reactive power
and apparent
between real powver (P), reactive power (), flow and power losses.
electrical system.
power (S) in an AC(alternating current) Load Devices:Load devices, such as motors and lighting
power factor and the 4.
It helps explain the concept of (real) and non-useful fixtures, consume real power to perform mechanical work
distribution of powerbetween useful Or generate light. Some loads, ike motors, also require
(reactive) components. reactive power for magnetization.
Triangle: 6. Power Factor Correction Equipment: Capacitors and other
Key Points of the Power
is the actual power consumed pOwer factor correction devices are used to improve power
1. Real Power (P): Real power watts (W). It performs
by a device and is measured in mechanical output or factor by supplying reactive power locally, reducing the
useful work, such as providing amount of reactive power drawn from the grid.
generating light and heat. 6. Power Factor Correction Capacitors: These devices help
Reactive power is the power that offset the reactive power drawn by inductive loads, thus
2. Reactive Power (Q): source and the load without
oscillates between the
volt-amperes improving power factor and reducing energy losses.
performing useful work. It is measured in equipment In conclusion,the power triangle illustrates the relationships
magnetizing
reactive (VAR) and is required for between real power, reactive power, and apparent power
like transformers and motors. components in a
in an ACelectrical system. The various
Apparent power is the vector sum of generators, transformers,
3. Apparent Power (S): Power system, including
represents the total contribute to the
real power and reactive power. It measured in volt transmission lines, and load devices,
power fiowing through the circuit and is distribution of real and reactive power,
atfecting power
amperes (VA).
ratio of real power factor and system efficiency.
4. Power Factor (PF): Power factor is the
indicates the efficiency
toapparent power (PF = P/S). It *********