DETAILS OF EXPERIMENT

Exp.No Name of Experiment Date Page No

1 Reaction at Support

2 Determine the forces in the member of jib crane

3 To Determine the acceleration due to gravity (g) in the lab

using the principle of compound pendulum.

4 Moment of inertia of ring by oscillation

5 Moment of inertia of a Flywheel

6 To determine mechanical advantage, efficiency of the

machine and the value of coefficient of friction.

7 To determine the coefficient of friction between leather

(belt) and aluminum pulley.

8 To determine the stiffness of helical spring and modulus of

rigidity of material or spring.

ENGINEERING MECHANICS, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BCE BHAGALPUR

 EXPERIMENT NO 1
Reaction at Support
Objective:-To verify principle of parallel forces and draw influence line diagram.
Requirements:
1. Model of a simply supported beam
2. Weights

Sketch:-

Theory:-If a load W is placed on a beam AB which is supported at the same level by two supports A and
B at its end find the reaction at supports A and B
W∗b W∗a
RA= RB = ; l=a+b
l l
W

A B
a b
RA RB
If two W1 and W2 are placed on a beam AB as shown in figure below
w ∗b+w 1 (l−a) w ∗b+w 2 (l−b)
RA= 2 RB= 1 ;
l l
W1 W2

A B
a b
RA l RB

ENGINEERING MECHANICS, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BCE BHAGALPUR

Procedure:-
1.Place the beam on its supports squarely so that it is horizontal when no load is applied on it.
2.Note the initial reading of the support reaction then apply a load as per observation table.
3.Note down the final reading of the support reaction
4.Change the load and its position as per observation table.
5.Repeat the experiment and fill the complete observation table.
6.Calculate the value of RA, RB and error.
Observation:-
S.No Load in Length RA(Expt) RB(Expt) RA RB Error
kg-wt in Cms (Theoretical) (Theoretical) (%)
W1 W2 a b Initial Final Diff Initial Final Diff R A RB
1 1 1 15 25
2 1 1 25 15
3 1 2 15 35
4 1 2 35 25
5 2 1 15 35
6 2 1 35 25
7 2 2 15 25
8 2 2 25 15

S.No Position of RA(Expt) RB(Expt)

unit load
from LHS
(in Cms)
Initial Final Diff Initial Final Diff
1 15
2 20
3 25
4 30
5 35
6 40
7 45
8 50
9 55
10 60
11 65
12 70
13 75
14 80
15 85

Precautions:
a) Apply the loads without any jerk
b) Perform the experiment at a location, which is away from any external disturbance

Graph:-
Plot the graph between reaction Vs position.

ENGINEERING MECHANICS, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BCE BHAGALPUR

Result:-
a) The principle of parallel theorem is verified
b) The Average error in R A=…………………………………………..
c) The Average error in RB=…………………………………………..
Question for Discussion:-
1. Define the influence line diagram?
2. What is use of influence line diagram?
3. Define parallel force?
4. Describe the different type of parallel forces?
5. Write down the different type of beam?

ENGINEERING MECHANICS, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BCE BHAGALPUR

 EXPERIMENT NO 2
To determine forces in the members of jib crane experimentally and compare with graphically.
Objective:- To determine forces in the members of jib crane experimentally and compare with
graphically.
Requirements:
1. Jib crane system
2. Weights
3. Measuring scale
Sketch:- TIE
MEMBER

JIB MEMBER

POST

Theory:-When the load is applied at joint of jib crane then load is resist by the member which is meets at
that joint. Then Member goes in compression or tension.
Procedure:-
1. Make a line sketch of the apparatus and name the important parts of the same note the ranges of
capacity of the individual members of the apparatus. Decide the maximum load to be applied on the
basis of capacity of the machine.
2. Start the experiment note the initial reading of spring balance as well as the length of the member from
hinge to pin centre when no load is applied.
3. Now apply loads from the hook and note the corresponding length of the member as well as change in
force in members.
4. Calculate the forces in member by experimentally and graphically the calculate the error.
Observation:-
Sl.No Load in Length of Force in Jib (in Force in Crane (in Force in Error (%)
(kg-wt) member (in m) kg-wt) kg-wt) member(in
kg-wt)
Post Jib Crane Diff Final Diff Diff Final Diff Jib Crane Jib Crane
1 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2 0.5
3 1
4 1.5

5 2
6 2.5

ENGINEERING MECHANICS, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BCE BHAGALPUR

Precautions:
a) Apply the loads without any jerk
b) Perform the experiment at a location, which is away from any external disturbance
c) Measure the length to the nearest of a millimeter.
Graph:-
Plot the graph showing the relation between forces in members and load applied from hook..
Result:-
(a) The Average error in Jib =…………………………………………..
(b) The Average error in Crane =…………………………………………..
Question for Discussion:-
1. Define the frame?
2. Define the truss?
3. What are the forces developed in truss members, Explain?
4. What is use of truss?.

ENGINEERING MECHANICS, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BCE BHAGALPUR

 EXPERIMENT NO 3
Measurement of acceleration due to gravity (g) by a compound pendulum.
Objective:-
(i) To determine the acceleration due to gravity (g) in the lab using the principle of compound
pendulum..
(ii) To determine radius of gyration about an axis through the center of gravity for the
compound pendulum
Requirements:
1. Bar pendulum
2. Knife–edge with a platform
3. Sprit level
4. Precision stop watch
5. Meter scale
Sketch:-

Theory:- A simple pendulum consists of a small body called a “bob” (usually a sphere) attached to the end
of a string the length of which is great compared with the dimensions of the bob and the mass of which is
negligible in comparison with that of the bob. Under these conditions the mass of the bob may be regarded as
concentrated at its center of gravity, and the length of the pendulum is the distance of this point from the axis
of suspension. When the dimensions of the suspended body are not negligible in comparison with the distance
from the axis of suspension to the center of gravity, the pendulum is called a compound, or physical,
pendulum. A rigid body mounted upon a horizontal axis so as to vibrate under the force of gravity is a
compound pendulum. a body of irregular shape is pivoted about a horizontal frictionless axis through P and is
displaced from its equilibrium position by an angle θ In the equilibrium position the center of gravity G of the
body is vertically below P. The distance GP is l and the mass of the body is m
The restoring torque for an angular displacement θ is = - mg l sinθ …(1)
For small amplitudes (θ = 0),
𝑑2𝜃
I 𝑑𝑡 2 = −𝑚𝑔𝑙𝜃 (2)
where I is the moment of inertia of the body through the axis P. Eq. (2) represents a simple harmonic motion
and hence the time period of oscillation is given by
𝐼
T = 2π (3)
𝑚𝑔𝑙
Now I = IG + ml2, where IG is the moment of inertia of thebody about an axis parallel with axis of oscillation
and passing through the center of gravity G.
IG = mK2 … (4)
where K is the radius of gyration about the axis passing through
G. Thus
𝑘 2 +ℎ 2
Periodic time, t = 2π
𝑔ℎ
Where, k = radius of gyration about its C.G
h = distance of point of suspension from C.G
t = periodic time of a simple pendulum

ENGINEERING MECHANICS, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BCE BHAGALPUR

 𝑙
=2π
𝑔
l = equivalent length of the compound pendulum
If the periodic time are the same, then
𝑘 2 +ℎ 2 𝑙
= OR h2-hl+k2 = 0
𝑔ℎ 𝑔
This is a quadratic equation in h. If h1 and h2 are roots then
h1+ h2=l h1* h2= k2
Graph of periodic time t against distance of knife edge from the fixed end will be symmetrical about a line
through C.G .A horizontal line drawn through a particular value of t, will cut the graph at two points A,B and
D,E where, BC = DC = h1 ; AC = CE = h2 ; h1 +h2 = AD = BE

A B C D E

Distance
Procedure:-
1. Check the knife edge to be perfectly horizontal with spirit level.
2. Suspended the pendulum (bar) from the knife edge support passing through the last hole so to make
the length under consideration largest in valve.
3. Note down the time for 20 oscillations
4. Reduce the length by suspending from next hole and repeat the process.
5. Invert the pendulum and note down the time for 20 oscillations for each length in the inverted position.
6. Calculate the value of acceleration due to gravity and error.
Observation:-
S.No Distance from Time for Periodic time(Sec) Value of g Error (%)
one end of bar to 20
Knife edge (in oscillations
Cms) (Sec)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
ENGINEERING MECHANICS, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BCE BHAGALPUR
Precautions:
a) Ensure that the pendulum oscillates in a vertical plane and that there is no
rotational motion of the pendulum.
b) The amplitude of oscillation should remain within 40 of arc.
c) Use a precision stop-watch and note the time accurately as far as possible.
d) Make sure that there is no air current in the vicinity of the pendulum.

Graph:-
Plot the graph between time and distance.
(𝐴𝐷+𝐵𝐸) 𝑙
Find the mean value of AD and BE i.e and substitute this value of l in equation t =2π together
2 𝑔
with the particular value of t from graph and calculate the value of g.
Result:-
The value of acceleration due to gravity = …………………………
The value of radius of gyration =…………………………..
The error in g =…………………………………………..

Question for Discussion:-

1. Difference between compound pendulum and simple pendulum.

ENGINEERING MECHANICS, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BCE BHAGALPUR

 EXPERIMENT NO 4
Moment of Inertia of a ring by oscillation.
Objective:- To determine the moment of inertia of mild steel ring.
(A) By oscillation as a compound pendulum.
(B) By calculation and to determine the result obtained.
Requirements:
1. Ring
2. Knief edge support
3. stopwatch
4. steel rule
5. caliper
6. Spring balance
Sketch:-

Ring

𝑘 2 +ℎ 2
Theory:-For a compound pendulum periodic time, t = 2π 𝑔ℎ
Where, k = radius of gyration about its C.G
h = distance of point of suspension from C.G
t = periodic time of a simple pendulum
𝑙
=2π
𝑔
l = equivalent length of the compound pendulum
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
If the periodic time are the same ,then
𝑘 2 +ℎ 2 𝑙
= or k2 = h(l-h)
𝑔ℎ 𝑔
Moment of Inertia = Mass X (radius of gyration) 2
2
I=mXk
Moment of inertia of a solid disc „D‟ about its axis = Mass X D2
I = m X D2
Calculation of Equivalent length
𝑙 𝑔𝑡 2
Periodic time, t =2π l=
𝑔 4𝜋 2

ENGINEERING MECHANICS, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BCE BHAGALPUR

Procedure:-
1. Measure the dimension and weight the ring suspended it on a knife edge.
2. Find the time for 50 and 100 oscillation with angle of amplitude 40 repeat several times to take 10
oscillation and
3. Obtain the mean value from which the periodic time can be calculated.
4. Determine the length of the equivalent simple pendulum from this calculate K2 and then moment of
ring is calculated.
Observation:-
Weight of ring, W = 1.083 kg.wt
Outer dia of ring, D = …………………m
Inner dia of ring, d = …………………...m

S.No Time for 50 Time for Mean Periodic K2 Equivalent IEXP ITHEO Error(%)
oscillations 100 time time length
(Sec) oscillations (Sec) (Sec)
(Sec)
50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100 50 100
Osc Osc Osc Osc Osc Osc Osc Osc Osc Osc Osc Osc

Precautions:
a) Apply the loads without any jerk
b) Perform the experiment at a location, which is away from any external disturbance
c) Measure the length to the nearest of a millimeter.

Result:-
(a) The Average error in moment of inertia =…………………………………………..
Question for Discussion:-
1. Determine the moment of inertia of ring by analytical method.

ENGINEERING MECHANICS, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BCE BHAGALPUR

 EXPERIMENT NO 5
Moment of Inertia of a Flywheel.
Objective:- To determine the moment of inertia of Flywheel..
(C) By oscillation as a compound pendulum.
(D) By calculation and to determine the result obtained.
Requirements:
1. Flywheel
2. Weight
3. stopwatch
4. steel rule
5. caliper
Sketch:-

Flywheel Setup
Theory:-
The total work done by gravity will be WH
This work has been expended as follows:-
1. In giving kinetic energy to the falling weight.
2. In overcoming frictional resistance in the bearing of the axis
3. In giving kinetic energy to the wheel
If V is the velocity of weight „w‟ when the weight just touch the floor the average velocity will be
1 W 1 W 4H 2 2W H 2
Kinetic energy acquired by the weight, W = X Xv 2 = X X =
2 g 2 g t2 gt 2
Therefore the difference between WH and the kinetic energy acquired by the weight „W‟ represents
the energy reaching the drum and it is expended in overcoming friction and the given Kinetic energy
to the wheel
2W H 2 2H
Energy reaching the drum, = WH − = WH(1 − )
gt 2 gt 2
Ultimately the whole of energy is dissipated in overcoming resistances out of the entire motion of the
wheel in N2 revolution and assuming that the friction loss per revolution is constant.
2H
WH(1− 2)
gt
Energy loss per revolution = kg.wt.meter
N2
2H N1
Energy loss when weight „W‟ falling = WH(1 − )X
gt 2 N2
Energy Imparted to the wheel the weigh reaches the ground
2H N
= WH(1 − )X (1 − N1)
gt 2 2
N1
New average revolutions/sec =
t
N2
Max revolution /sec = t

ENGINEERING MECHANICS, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BCE BHAGALPUR

Maximum angular velocity of wheel, ω = angular revolution at the instant the weight reaches the ground
= 2πN
Iω 2 2E
Now E.= , I=
2 ω2
2H N WH N
2WH(1− 2 )(1−N1 )t2 (gt 2 −2H)(1−N 1 )
gt 2 g 2
Therefore, I= =
16N 21 π 2 8N 21 π 2
Angle turned through, θ = 2πN1
ωt
= 2πN1
2
4πN 1
ω=
t
Where, t = time of fall in sec
W = weight in kg-wt
H = height of fall in m
N1 = Number of turns of string wrapped on axis
N2 = Total no of revaluation up to the flywheel stopped after detaching the mass

(a) Moment of inertia of axle about axis of symmetry of axle

M r2
I4 = 42 4
(b) Moment of inertia of hub about longitudinal axis
r3 2 πρ l 3 (r 43 −r 44 )
I3 =
r4
2πrl3 ρr dr = 2
(c) Moment of inertia of web about longitudinal axis
r2 2 πρ l 2 (r 42 −r 43 )
I2 =
r3
2πrl2 ρr dr = 2
(d) Moment of inertia of rim about longitudinal axis
r1 πρ l 1 (r 41 −r 42 )
I1 =
r2
2πrl1 ρr 2 dr = 2
Now, Moment of inertia of flywheel about the axis
I= I4 + I3 + I2 + I1
Procedure:-

1. Start with weight 0.8 kg wt and take the height of the from the ground 0.8m
2. Start the stopwatch and release the weight to descend simultaneously.
3. Count the no of revolutions N1 and time t.
4. Count the total no of revolution N2.
5. Repeat the procedure for different weight and height find the mean value of moment of inertia

Observation:-
Outer diameter of rim, r1 = …………………m
Outer diameter of web, r2 = …………………m
Outer diameter of hub, r3 = …………………m
Outer diameter of axle, r4 = …………………m
Length of rim, l1 =………………….m
Length of web, l2 =………………….m
Length of hub, l3 =………………….m
Length of axle, l4 =………………….m
Density of material, ρ =7850 kg/m3
ENGINEERING MECHANICS, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BCE BHAGALPUR
 S.No Weight (Kg- Height of Time of No of No of Moment of Moment of Error(%)
wt) fall, H(m) fall ‘t’ in revolution revolutio inertia inertia
Sec N1 n N2 (Theoretical)

1 0.800 0.8

2 1.000
3 1.200

4 0.800 1.00

5 1.000

6 1.200

Precautions:
(a) There should be least friction in flywheel.
(b) The length of string should be less than the height of axle from floor.
(c) There should be no kink in string.
(d) The string should be thin and should be wound evenly.
(e) The stop watch should be started just after detaching the loaded string

Result:-
(a) The Average error in moment of inertia =…………………………………………..
Question for Discussion:-
1. Define the radius of gyration.
2. Define the centre of gravity.
3. Define the centroid.

ENGINEERING MECHANICS, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BCE BHAGALPUR

 EXPERIMENT NO 6
Screw Jack.
Objective:- To determine
(a) Mechanical advantage and efficiency of the machine.
(b) Law of the machine graphically.
(c) The value of coefficient of friction.
Requirements: W (Load)
1. Screw jack
2. Weight
3. Steel rule
5. Caliper
Sketch:-

Screw Jack setup P(Effort)

Theory:-
In a simple machine
(1)P=a W + b and this is straight line.
Where P=effort in kg wt.
W=axial load (kg-wt)
a and b are constants.
This expression is called the law of the machine.
(2)Mechanical advantage =load/effort=w/p
Efficiency=work done on load/work done by effort.
(3)Value of coefficient of frication
Considering the equilibrium of the forces show in figure he solving the forces perpendicular to the resultant
reaction.
W=load being moved (load the platform)
P=effort
W sin (sin ( θ+ϕ)) =P cos ( θ+ϕ))
P = W tan ( θ+ϕ)
Torque required, T = P R=W R tan ( θ+ϕ)
p
Now, tan ϕ = µ, tan θ =
2πr
T R(μ+tan θ)
=
W (1−μ tan θ)
T
From T Vs W graph find the slope and value of µ from the above equation.
W

ENGINEERING MECHANICS, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BCE BHAGALPUR

Procedure:-
1. Measure the diameter of the disc pulley.
2. Find pitch of the square thread and mean radius.
3. Put load on the platform and least effort on the pan that it starts moving with a constant speed and
𝑊
take reading continuous taking observation till the ratio 𝑃 starts decreasing.

Observation:-
Outer dia of disc pully, D = …………………m
Pitch of square thread, p = …………………m
Mean dia of square thread, d = …………………m

Sl. No Load in (Kg-wt) Effort in (Kg- Mechanical Efficiency Co-efficient of friction

wt) advantage (%)
1
2
3
4
5
6

Precautions:
a) Apply the loads without any jerk
b) Perform the experiment at a location, which is away from any external disturbance
c) Measure the length to the nearest of a millimeter.
Graph:-
1. P Vs W i.e (Effort Vs Load)
2. Mechanical advantage Vs Load (M.A Vs Load)
3. Efficiency Vs Load (ƞ Vs Load)
4. T Vs Load

Result:-

The Co-efficient of friction =…………………………………………..

Question for Discussion:-

1. Define the self locking machine.
2. Define the simple machine
3. What is condition of ideal machine.
4. Define the compound machine.

ENGINEERING MECHANICS, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BCE BHAGALPUR

 EXPERIMENT NO 7
Belt Friction.
Objective:- To determine the co-efficient of friction between leather (belt) and aluminum pulley.

Requirements:
1. Screw jack
2. weight
3. steel rule
5. caliper
Sketch:-

Belt Friction setup

Theory:-
If the Tension at one end of the belt is T1 and Tension T2 at the other end then
𝑇2
= 𝑒 𝜇𝜙
T1
Where, µ = Co-efficient of friction
ϕ = Angle of lap in radian
Procedure:-
1. Fix the central pully attach load hangers on each belt and wrap ever pulley rimand angle of lap is
constant.
2. Calculate T2 each time varying T1 from 100 gm to 200 gm (.1 kg wt to 0.2 kg wt) with interval of 0.02
kg wt when belt is just about to slip.
3. Find µ Next for varying angle of lap ϕ from 1800 to 900 with help of guide pulley with an interval of
150.
4. Find T2 kipping the T1 is constant load.
Observation:-
(a) With constant angle of lap
Sl. No Angle of lap Angle of lap T1(Kg-wt) T2(Kg-wt) 𝑻𝟐 Co-efficient of
𝐥𝐧
ϕ (Deg) ϕ (radian) 𝐓𝟏 friction
1
2
3
4
5

ENGINEERING MECHANICS, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BCE BHAGALPUR

 (b) With constant Value of T1

Sl. No Angle of lap Angle of lap T1(Kg-wt) T2(Kg-wt) 𝑻𝟐 Co-efficient of

𝐥𝐧
ϕ (Deg) ϕ (radian) 𝐓𝟏 friction
1
2
3
4
5

Precautions:
a). Apply the loads without any jerk
b). Perform the experiment at a location, which is away from any external disturbance
c). Measure the length to the nearest of a millimeter.
Graph:-
1. T2 Vs T1
2. lnT2 Vs ϕ

Result:-

The Co-efficient of friction =…………………………………………..

The Co-efficient of friction (By Graph) =…………………………………………..

Question for Discussion:-

1. Define the co-efficient of friction?
2. Define the angle of friction?
3. Define the cone of friction?
4. Define the angle of repose?

ENGINEERING MECHANICS, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BCE BHAGALPUR

 EXPERIMENT NO 8
Helical spring.
Objective:- To determine the stiffness of helical spring and modulus of rigidity of spring material.

Requirements:
1. Screw jack
2. weight
3. steel rule
5. caliper
Sketch:-
Theory:-
When a closed coil helical spring is subject to axial load then it deforms. The amount of deformation depends
upon the magnitude of load and modulus of rigidity of spring which is given by the following relations
64W NR 3
δ= Gd 4
Where,
δ = Deflection
G = Modulus of rigidity
Procedure:-
1. Measure the dimension of the spring.
2. Place the spring squarely on its seat with load axis coincident with the spring geometrical axis of the
spring and vertical when no load is suspended from the hook.
3. See the initial reading of the the vernier with respect to the main scale.
4. Then apply five kg-wt load from the hook and note the deflection.
5. Repeat the procedure adding each time five kg wt hook have reached 25 kg wt.
6. Take out 5 kg wt per load and note the deformation on reducing the load 5 kg wt each time the spring
is unloaded again.
Observation:-
Mean radius of the Coil, R = ……………………… (m)
No of effective turns of the coil, N =……………….……….
Dia of wire.d =………………………..

Sl. Load in Deflection (When Load is Deflection (When Load is decreasing) 𝐚+𝐛
Mean =
No (Kg-wt) increasing) 𝟐

initial Final Diff(a) initial Final Diff(b)

1 5
2 10
3 15
4 20
5 25

ENGINEERING MECHANICS, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BCE BHAGALPUR

Precautions:
(a) Apply the loads without any jerk
(b) Perform the experiment at a location, which is away from any external disturbance
(c) Measure the length to the nearest of a millimeter.

Graph:-
Load (W) Vs Deflection (δ) Find the stiffness from graph.
Result:-

The stiffness of helical spring =…………………………………………..

The modulus of rigidity of spring material =…………………………………………..

Question for Discussion:-

1. Write down the different type of spring and its use?
2. What is a helical spring?

ENGINEERING MECHANICS, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BCE BHAGALPUR