CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

Introduction
In recent years, the increasing frequency and intensity of fire incidents,
particularly in urban settings, have underscored the critical need for advanced fire
detection and suppression systems. Traditional fire detection methods often rely on
single sensor technologies, which can result in delayed responses and false alarms,
posing significant risks to safety and property. To address these challenges, researchers
and engineers have turned to innovative solutions that integrate multiple sensor types
and utilize adaptive technologies. This literature review explores various approaches to
fire detection and extinguishment, focusing on the development of autonomous robots
equipped with smart sensor networks and Internet of Things (IoT) capabilities. These
systems are designed to enhance the effectiveness of fire response by autonomously
detecting fires, navigating hazardous environments, and delivering precise suppression
measures. By examining recent advancements and methodologies, this review aims to
provide insights into the evolving landscape of fire safety technology, highlighting the
potential for improved outcomes in emergency situations and the vital role of smart
robotics in fire management.

Related Literature
The increase in fire incidents highlights the critical need for efficient fire
safety technologies. Autonomous fire-fighting robots equipped with advanced monitoring
systems represent a significant advancement in this area. According to Shuhaimi et al.
(2021), domestic fires can lead to considerable property destruction and pose serious
risks to human life. The Fire Fighting Robot proposed in their study is controlled by an
Arduino Uno and is designed to proactively address these issues, thereby minimizing
potential hazards. This robot utilizes high-sensitivity ultrasonic and flame sensors to
autonomously detect, locate, and extinguish fires, reducing reliance on human
intervention—an element that is often compromised due to distractions. In contrast to
traditional fire alarms, which typically serve only as warning systems, the robot
automatically begins the extinguishing process upon detecting a fire, making it crucial,
especially considering that conventional fire response methods can be slow and
ineffective if the occupant is not present.Furthermore, the integration of a smart
monitoring system provides real-time notifications to users through the Blynk application
enabling them to monitor fire conditions from a distance. This capability allows for timely
preparation and potential emergency actions, such as calling fire services, thus
enhancing overall safety. The research highlighted in the study indicates a strong
correlation between the speed of the robot's response and both the distance and size of
the fire, demonstrating its effectiveness as a reliable fire protection system. In summary,
the development of smart autonomous fire alarm systems, particularly through the
incorporation of robotics,substantially improves fire safety measures in residential and
commercial environments. Such advancements not only enhance the effectiveness of
fire detection and suppression but also contribute to the overall security of life and
property.
The paper presents an innovative fire detection system that utilizes an
Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to accurately identify real fire
incidents. This system relies on the fluctuation rates of smoke, temperature, and
humidity to assess fire presence effectively. By collecting vital data from various sensor
nodes, the system employs fuzzy logic to convert this raw data into linguistic variables,
which are then processed through ANFIS to determine the probability of fire occurrence.
One key feature of this design is its ability to generate alerts that are directly sent to
users' smartphones, facilitating immediate responses during emergencies. The
approach is noted for utilizing small, affordable sensors, emphasizing reproducibility and
ease of implementation. Overall, this system, tested through MATLAB-based
simulations, demonstrated promising results in enhancing fire detection accuracy
(Sarwar et al., 2019).
The research introduces the Safe From Fire (SFF) system, an advanced fire
detection and mitigation solution that integrates multiple sensors and a micro-controller
to effectively identify fire incidents and trigger appropriate responses. This intelligent
system employs fuzzy logic to determine the location and severity of a fire while also
filtering out false alarms caused by benign situations like cigarette smoke or welding
activities. According to Mobin et al. (2016), the SFF not only communicates alerts to fire
services but also activates alarms and takes proactive measures to contain the fire,
such as interrupting electrical circuits and discharging extinguishing agents directly at
the identified hotspots. This holistic approach addresses the significant shortcomings of
traditional fire safety measures, which often fail to provide rapid and precise responses
necessary to protect lives and property in emergency situations. Overall, the SFF
system embodies a comprehensive fire protection strategy essential for environments
like factories and shopping complexes, especially in regions that face high risks of fire-
related disasters.
The research focuses on the design and fabrication of a fire-fighting
autonomous robotic system that utilizes advanced technology to detect fires and
communicate alerts via SMS. This innovative robot is equipped with sensitive flame
sensors and an avoidance mechanism, allowing it to navigate obstacles effectively. The
primary aim of this development is to minimize the need for human supervision while
ensuring a rapid and efficient response to fire emergencies. The incorporation of SMS
messaging capability significantly enhances emergency response, providing immediate
notifications to designated individuals in the event of a fire. This feature ensures that
relevant parties are quickly informed, potentially reducing response times and mitigating
the impact of fire incidents. Thus, through the integration of these technologies, the
robotic system not only improves fire detection and extinguishing capabilities but also
contributes to safer environments by decreasing reliance on human intervention
(Resullar et al., 2020).
The paper presents an innovative intelligent fire alarm system designed to
overcome the shortcomings of traditional setups, which often generate false alarms due
to reliance on single sensor inputs. This new system employs a combination of multiple
sensors, including flame detectors, heat sensors, humidity sensors, and smoke sensors,
to enhance detection accuracy. Central to its operation is an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy
Inference System (ANFIS) that calculates the likelihood of a genuine fire incident by
analyzing the rates of change in smoke, temperature, and humidity. By using fuzzy
logic, raw sensor data is transformed into linguistic variables, allowing the ANFIS to be
effectively trained to assess fire probability. Furthermore, the proposed system not only
provides real-time alerts sent directly to users' smartphones but also utilizes small, cost-
effective sensors, ensuring practicality and reproducibility in real-world scenarios. The
results, derived from MATLAB-based simulations, indicate satisfactory performance of
this advanced fire detection and alert system. (barera sarwar, 2019)

Characteristics of Fire Sensors/Detectors:

Fire sensors play a critical role in safety management systems, and their
characteristics determine their effectiveness. The following are the key traits that are
included:
Sensitivity - The ability to detect minute changes in temperature or smoke.
Speed - Rapid response to potential fire hazards, crucial for timely alerts.
Reliability - Consistent performance to avoid false alarms and ensure trust in the
system.
Adaptability-Capability to adjust detection algorithms based on environmental
conditions.
Integration - Compatibility with other smart systems for enhanced safety measures.
Related Studies
Foreign Studies:

The article, "Smart Fire Detection and Security System," discusses the
development of a smart fire detection and security system using microcontroller
technology. It integrates multiple sensors like temperature, gas, and flame detectors,
and is capable of sending real-time alerts over the internet. The focus on early detection
and notification aligns with our "Smart Autonomous Fire Alarm System," which also
emphasizes fire detection and alerting. However, a key difference is that this system
places emphasis on security features in addition to fire detection, whereas our study is
more focused on autonomous fire suppression and the integration of AI and IoT for
proactive fire management (Nair et al., 2024).
In the article titled "Design and Implementation of Automatic Fire Alarm System
based on Wireless Sensor Networks," the authors design an automatic fire alarm
system using wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to enable real-time surveillance and
remote monitoring. The system's reliance on IoT for communication and its real-time fire
alerts share similarities with our system's objective of using smart technology for fire
detection and communication. However, the difference lies in the fact that this study
focuses on wireless communication and remote alerts, while our system integrates
automatic fire suppression alongside detection. Our system is designed to
autonomously manage fire safety by activating suppression mechanisms once a fire is
detected (Zhang et al., 2024).
The article "Automating Fire Safety: A Design for an Autonomous Firefighting
Robot" presents a firefighting robot that autonomously detects and extinguishes fires
using flame sensors and a water-based suppression system. The use of sensors for
autonomous fire detection is similar to our study's focus, but the key difference is that
the robot is mobile and can move toward fires to extinguish them, whereas our system
is stationary. Our system is designed for autonomous detection and suppression within
a fixed location, such as a building, without the need for a mobile unit (Huang et al.,
2024).
In the study titled "Design and Implementation of a Smart Fire Alarm System
Based on Wi-Fi over Long Distance (WiLD)," the authors describe a fire alarm system
that uses Wi-Fi for long-distance communication and real-time fire alerts. The system
integrates sensors to detect fires and sends data to a central monitoring unit. While our
system also uses IoT for communication, the main difference is that our "Smart
Autonomous Fire Alarm System" integrates automatic fire suppression systems that
activate upon detecting fire, whereas this system mainly focuses on alerting personnel
remotely (Singh et al., 2024).
In the article "Smart Fire Alarm System Using IoT," the authors describe an IoT-
based fire alarm system that detects smoke and temperature changes to identify fires.
The system then sends notifications with location details to users. This aligns with our
study’s use of IoT technology for fire detection and notification. However, our study goes
further by integrating automatic suppression mechanisms, allowing for a more
autonomous response to fire detection. Unlike this system, which focuses on alerting
individuals, our system automatically activates suppression measures (Patel et al.,
2024)

Local Studies (Philippines):

In the article titled "Fire Detection and Alarm System Philippines," Industrial
PH (n.d.) discusses the types of fire detection and alarm systems available in the
Philippines, particularly conventional, addressable, and wireless systems. It emphasizes
the importance of early fire detection and the efficiency of addressable systems, which
can pinpoint the exact location of a fire incident. Similar to the "Smart Autonomous Fire
Alarm System," both emphasize the need for quick and accurate fire detection.
Additionally, both recognize the role of wireless technology in improving fire safety.
However, unlike the fully autonomous system, the article highlights traditional detection
methods that still require human intervention, whereas our study seeks to create a fully
autonomous fire alarm system with AI-driven decision-making capabilities.
In "Fire Detection and Alarm System," Electrician Philippines (2020) provides
an overview of fire alarm system components, such as control panels, initiating devices,
and notification appliances, and explains the differences between conventional and
addressable systems. Both the study and the article emphasize the importance of a
reliable fire alarm system in reducing fire risks. Furthermore, both highlight the
integration of fire alarm systems with other building safety mechanisms. However, the
article does not mention AI, automation, or IoT-based features, which are integral to the
"Smart Autonomous Fire Alarm System." The systems discussed in the article require
manual monitoring and response, unlike the autonomous system, which can function
independently with minimal human intervention.
The article "Fire Alarm System" by ISA Philippines (n.d.) presents various fire
detection systems, focusing on intelligent modules that enhance system efficiency. The
concept of intelligent fire detection aligns with the "Smart Autonomous Fire Alarm
System," as both systems aim to reduce false alarms and improve detection accuracy.
However, the key difference is that the article discusses modular fire alarm systems,
which are not fully autonomous. It does not delve into AI integration or automatic
decision-making processes for fire suppression, which are core components of the
"Smart Autonomous Fire Alarm System." In "Fire Alarm Control Panel Price Philippines,"
Multi-Line (n.d.) discusses the importance of fire alarm control panels in the Philippines
and provides information on cost-effective solutions for various settings, ensuring
compliance with fire safety regulations. Both the study and the article recognize the
critical role fire detection plays in preventing property damage and saving lives. Both
also emphasize the need for cost-effective solutions. However, the article focuses on
pricing and affordability, rather than technological advancements. The "Smart
Autonomous Fire Alarm System," with its AI and automation features, may have a
higher initial cost, which is not addressed in the article.
Lastly, in "Fire Alarm System Philippines," Mega Precision Corporation (n.d.)
discusses different fire alarm systems, such as smoke detectors and fire alarm panels,
with a focus on product quality and reliability. Both the article and the study emphasize
the necessity of fire alarms in protecting lives and properties. They also highlight the
importance of accuracy and reliability in fire detection. However, unlike the "Smart
Autonomous Fire Alarm System," the systems discussed in the article still require
human intervention for operation and response. The autonomous system aims to
reduce or eliminate human involvement through automation and AI-powered decision-
making.

Synthesis
The reviewed studies highlight the importance of fire detection and alarm
systems. Local literature primarily discusses conventional fire alarm systems that
require human intervention. Some mention wireless technology, but none explore AI-
based automation, with more focus on cost rather than innovation.In contrast, foreign
studies emphasize AI and automation. Research explores IoT-based fire detection,
while others highlight machine learning for reducing false alarms and improving
response times. These studies shift toward fully autonomous fire detection, minimizing
human intervention.This gap between local and foreign literature shows that while local
systems focus on detection and cost, foreign studies advocate AI-driven automation.
The proposed "Smart Autonomous Fire Alarm System" aims to bridge this gap by
integrating AI and IoT for faster, more accurate fire detection, aligning with global trends
in fire safety automation.
Conclusion
In today's world, fire safety is no longer just a concern,it's a top priority. That's
why the development of a Smart Autonomous Fire Alarm System (SAFAS) is not just a
technological advancement, but a vital necessity. By leveraging cutting-edge smart
sensors and comprehensive detection systems, SAFAS can respond dynamically to fire
hazards, saving lives and protecting properties. This innovative system can detect fires
quickly and accurately, ensuring that emergency responders arrive on the scene in no
time, thereby improving response time and enhancing safety outcomes.
The importance of SAFAS extends to various contexts, including residential
areas, where it can protect homes and families from fire hazards, and industrial settings,
where it can prevent fires in factories, warehouses, and other industrial environments.
As we continue to develop and refine SAFAS, we can explore new possibilities, such as
integrating it with other safety systems to create a comprehensive safety network, and
developing more advanced sensors and detection systems to improve accuracy and
response time. By working together to advance fire safety technology, we can create a
safer, more secure world for everyone.

Researchers:
-April C. Cubillan
-Sophia Jean Basco
-Arnold Marc U. Pingol
-Rance Fred A.Guillen
-Maxine T. Crizaldo