Demand Estimation Using Excel

SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION – DEMAND AS FUNCTION OF PRICE

John is the manager for the soft drink category at the Super Wal-mart at Broomfield, Colorado. John is
aware that Coke Cola and Pepsi Cola, the two major brands of soft drinks under his management, are most
frequently purchased by the local consumers; and these two brands are close competitors to each other. To
develop a better understanding of the consumers’ sensitivities, John wants to estimate the price elasticity of
Coke Cola, and he wants to focus on the best-selling SKU of the Coke product family, namely the 16 oz 24
can case. Luckily for John, there exists some variation due to the frequent price promotion for this SKU.
More specifically, the price schedule of the SKU is as following:

Price schedule of 16 oz 24 can

case of Coke
Regular price 25.37
10% off 22.83
20% off 20.3
30% off 17.76
40% off 15.22

Initially John believed that the demand of coke is only closely related to its price. So he collected the data
of price (in dollars) and quantity sold (in cases) for the Coke Cola, which is given in Table 1. John now uses
Excel to make a scatter diagram of the quantity sold and price (to verify that a linear relationship does exist)
and develop a regression equation to estimate this relationship.

Table 1

Week Price of Quantity

Coke
1 25.37 45
2 25.37 40
3 25.37 40
4 25.37 43
5 22.83 41
6 20.3 45
7 25.37 45
8 20.3 46
9 17.76 47
10 25.37 41
11 22.83 40
12 17.76 42
13 25.37 41
14 25.37 44
15 25.37 39
16 20.3 43
17 22.83 43
18 25.37 42
19 25.37 43
20 15.22 45
Excel Instructions for Drawing a Scatter Plot

1. Enter the above information in the Excel spreadsheet as shown in Figure 1 below.
2. Click on Insert on the toolbar and then click on the Chart tab. The Chart Wizard will appear. In step 1
on select the XY (scatter) chart type (Figure 2), then click next.
3. Your numerical data is contained in cells B2 through C21. So in step two enter your data range as
shown in Figure 3, and click next.
4. In steps 3 you can give your chart a title and label your axes. In step 4 specify where you want the chart
to be placed. The finished chart is shown in Figure 4.
5. After verifying that a linear trend does exist, determine the least squared regression equation.
Figure 1

Figure 2
 Figure 3

Figure 4

Excel Instructions for Regression Analysis

1. The Regression Macro (which is part of the Analysis ToolPak) is standard with Excel, however, it is not
always active and available for use. Select the Tools menu, if Analysis ToolPak is active then you should see a
Data Anaylsis item at the bottom of the menu. If this item is present skip to step 3.

2. If this item is not there then you need to do one easy step. Select the Add Ins option under the Tools menu,
which brings up the following window.
Figure 5

Click the Analysis ToolPak checkbox, then OK. Analysis Toolpak should now be present under Tools in the
future.

2. Select the Data Analysis option under the Tools menu and select the Regression option (as shown below).

Figure 6

3. Your dependent variable (y) data is in cells C1 through C21 (including the variable name or label), and your
independent variable data (x) is in cells B1 through B21. Click the labels box to indicate that the first row
contains the variable names, and then click ok. See Figure 7.
Figure 7
 4. A new worksheet will appear revealing the results of your regression analysis. The results from this
analysis are shown below.

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics

Multiple R 0.486148
R Square 0.23634
Adjusted R 0.193915
Square
Standard 2.906755
Error
Observations 20

ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance
F
Regression 1 47.06812 47.06812 5.570702 0.029753
Residual 18 152.0861 8.449227
Total 19 199.1542

Coefficients Standard t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper Lower Upper

Error 95% 95.0% 95.0%
Intercept 52.62478 12.58538 4.181423 0.000561 26.18389 79.06567 26.18389 79.06567
Quantity -0.69391 0.294002 -2.36023 0.029753 -1.31159 -0.07624 -1.31159 -0.07624

Interpreting Results

1. In your second model summary table, you will find the Coefficient of Determination, R2, and the
Correlation Coefficient, R.

2. The ANOVA table gives the F statistic for testing the claim that there is no significant relationship
between your independent and dependent variables. The sig. value is your p value. Thus you should
reject the claim that there is no significant relationship between your independent and dependent
variables if p<α.
3. The Columns below the Coefficients box gives the b0 and b1 values for the regression equation. The
intercept value is always b0. The b1value is next to your independent variable, x.

4. In the last P-value column of the coefficient output data, the p values for individual t tests for our
independent variable is given (in the same row as your independent variable). Recall that this t test tests
the claim that there is no relationship between the independent variable and your dependent variable.
Thus you should reject the claim that there is no significant relationship between your independent
variable and dependent variable if p<α.
II. MULTIPLE REGRESSION EXAMPLE

Now, it occurs to John that the demand of coke is also subject to factors that are other than its own price.
Specifically, John would like to see whether (1) the national advertisement expenditure level of Coke and (2)
the price of the 16 oz 24 can case Pepsi Cola also have significant impact on the demand of the 16 oz 24 can
case Pepsi Cola. He then collected another 20 weeks of data with the additional information on Coke’s
advertisement expenditure (in million dollars) and the price of Pepsi Cola (in dollars), which are provided in
Table 2.

(It is worth noting that Pepsi Cola also has variations in price, as shown in the following price schedule)

Price schedule of 16 oz 24 can

case of Pepsi
Regular price 26.99
10% off 24.29
20% off 21.59
30% off 18.89
40% off 16.19

Table 2

Week1 Price of Ad Pepsi Quantity

Coke Expenditure Price
1 25.37 0.568411685 26.99 50
2 25.37 10.2969667 24.29 48
3 25.37 7.166392557 21.59 47
4 25.37 2.95626479 18.89 48
5 22.83 8.155785796 21.59 47
6 20.3 7.783620011 26.99 53
7 25.37 6.875740786 24.29 52
8 20.3 8.298380414 26.99 53
9 17.76 7.142130105 18.89 53
10 25.37 3.860903898 16.19 45
11 22.83 0.645944922 26.99 46
12 17.76 3.406747527 26.99 48
13 25.37 4.557579882 16.19 46
14 25.37 8.59576811 21.59 51
15 25.37 7.394057886 18.89 45
16 20.3 9.146787194 26.99 51
17 22.83 9.852964788 26.99 51
18 25.37 5.856951748 24.29 49
19 25.37 10.63126611 18.89 50
20 15.22 7.251446949 26.99 53

To determine the regression equation for this scenario follow the same steps provided for Simple Linear
Regression with the following modifications:

● Enter your multiple regression data in Excel as shown above.

● In Step 3, specify your dependent variable (y) data is in cells E1 through E21 (including the variable
name or label), and your independent variable data (x1 and x2) is in cells B1 through D21. Click the
labels box to indicate that the first row contains the variable names, and then click ok. See Figure 8.
 Figure 8

Your output for this multiple regression problem should be similar to the results shown below.
SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.70955
R Square 0.503461
Adjusted R 0.410359
Square
Standard Error 2.130054
Observations 20

ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance
F
Regression 3 73.60593 24.53531 5.40767 0.0092117
Residual 16 72.59407 4.537129
Total 19 146.2

Coefficients Standard t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper Lower Upper 95.0%
Error 95% 95.0%
Intercept 48.63081 6.3247384 7.688984 9.2E-07 35.222968 62.03866 35.222968 62.03866052
1
Price of Coke -0.3035 0.1711745 -1.77307 0.09525 -0.6663779 0.059369 -0.666377 0.059369389
4 9
Ad Expenditure 0.342937 0.1655882 2.071021 0.05489 -0.0080947 0.693967 -0.008094 0.693967798
8 7
Pepsi Price 0.23406 0.1393504 1.679653 0.11244 -0.0613493 0.529469 -0.061349 0.529469871
9 3

Interpreting Results

1. In your second model summary table, you will find the Adjusted Coefficient of Determination, Adjusted
R2, and the Correlation Coefficient, R.
2. The ANOVA table gives the F statistic for testing the claim that there is no significant relationship
between your all of your independent and dependent variables. The sig. value is your p value. Thus you
should reject the claim that there is no significant relationship between your independent and dependent
variables if p<α.
3. The Coefficients box gives the b0 and b1, and b2 values for the regression equation. The constant value is
always b0. The b1value is next to your x1 value, and b2 is next to your x2 value.
4. In the last column of the coefficient box, the p values for individual t tests for our independent variables
is given. Recall that this t test tests the claim that there is no relationship between the independent
variable (in the corresponding row) and your dependent variable. Thus you should reject the claim that
there is no significant relationship between your independent variable (in the corresponding row) and
dependent variable if p<α.
III. ESTIMATION OF ALTERNATIVE DEMAND FUNCTION

John is quite convinced that the demand of coke is subject to factors that are included in the above
analysis. Now John would like to try using an alternative (and more direct) model to estimate the price
elasticity. In order to do so he takes the natural log of all the dependent and independent variables in table 2.
The resulting data set is shown in Table 3.

Table 3

Week Log of price log of Ad log of Pepsi Log of

of Coke Expenditure Price Quantity
1 3.233567374 -0.564909325 3.295466427 3.912023
2 3.233567374 2.331849357 3.190064743 3.871201
3 3.233567374 1.969402398 3.072230245 3.850147
6
4 3.233567374 1.083926576 2.938632682 3.871201
5 3.128075461 2.098727589 3.072230245 3.850147
6
6 3.010620886 2.052021527 3.295466427 3.970291
9
7 3.233567374 1.927999388 3.190064743 3.951243
7
8 3.010620886 2.116060365 3.295466427 3.970291
9
9 2.876948738 1.966011066 2.938632682 3.970291
9
10 3.233567374 1.350901326 2.784393768 3.806662
5
11 3.128075461 -0.43704104 3.295466427 3.828641
4
12 2.876948738 1.225758032 3.295466427 3.871201
13 3.233567374 1.516791755 2.784393768 3.828641
4
14 3.233567374 2.151270002 3.072230245 3.931825
6
15 3.233567374 2.000676689 2.938632682 3.806662
5
16 3.010620886 2.213402691 3.295466427 3.931825
6
17 3.128075461 2.287772404 3.295466427 3.931825
6
18 3.233567374 1.767629289 3.190064743 3.891820
3
19 3.233567374 2.363799292 2.938632682 3.912023
20 2.722610352 1.981201028 3.295466427 3.970291
9

Your output for this multiple regression problem should be similar to the results shown below.

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.69907
R Square 0.4887
Adjusted R 0.39283
Square
Standard Error 0.044
Observations 20

ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance
F
Regression 3 0.029612 0.009871 5.09762 0.011505
2
Residual 16 0.030981 0.001936
4
Total 19 0.060593
6

Coefficients Standard t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper Lower Upper

Error 95% 95.0% 95.0%
Intercept 3.78166 0.371450 10.18081 2.1E-08 2.994224 4.569102 2.994224 4.569102
3
Log of price of -0.11 0.073916 -1.4886 0.15604 -0.266728 0.046664 -0.26672 0.046664
Coke 3 8
log of Ad 0.02338 0.012635 1.850108 0.08285 -0.003409 0.050163 -0.00340 0.050163
Expenditure 4 9
log of Pepsi 0.13425 0.063151 2.125801 0.04944 0.000372 0.268122 0.000372 0.268122
Price 2

Interpreting Results

1. The way we read the regression outputs is very similar to what are described above.

2. The main difference is in the interpretation of the coefficient estimates.