Hw macro
Hw macro
Price
1 The answer is c. the GDP deflator.
Here's why:
CPI (Consumer Price Index) measures the average change over time in the
prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and
services. 1 It reflects the cost of living for 2 a typical consumer.
2 The largest component in the basket of goods and services used
to compute the CPI is b. housing.
Housing, which includes rent and homeowners' equivalent rent, makes up the
largest portion of the CPI basket. This is because housing is a significant expense
for most households.
3 The answer is d. the GDP deflator but not the CPI.
Here's why:
GDP Deflator: The GDP deflator measures the price changes of all goods
and services produced within an economy. Since the rifles are produced
domestically and sold to the U.S. government, their price increase would be
reflected in the GDP deflator.
CPI: The CPI measures the average change over time in the prices paid by
urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods 1 and services.
Rifles sold to the U.S. army are not typically part of the CPI basket, as they
are not directly purchased by consumers.
4 The answer is a. the CPI overstates inflation.
Here's why:
Substitution Bias: The CPI is calculated based on a fixed basket of goods
and services. If the price of one item in the basket rises significantly,
consumers may substitute a cheaper alternative. However, the CPI doesn't
fully account for this substitution behavior. This leads to an overestimation
of inflation, as it assumes consumers continue to buy the more expensive
item even when cheaper alternatives are available.
5 1. Calculate the inflation rate:
Inflation rate = (Current CPI - Base Year CPI) / Base Year CPI
Inflation rate = (300 - 200) / 200 = 0.5 or 50%
2. Calculate the equivalent amount today:
Equivalent amount today = Base Year Amount * (1 + Inflation Rate)
Equivalent amount today = $600 * (1 + 0.5) = $600 * 1.5 = $900
Therefore, $600 in 1980 has the same purchasing power as $900 today.
6 The main reason the cost of living varies across regions of the
country is differences in the price of c. housing.
Here's why:
Supply and Demand: Housing markets are highly localized. In areas with
high demand and limited supply (e.g., major cities), housing costs (rent and
home prices) tend to be significantly higher.
Local Economic Conditions: Strong local economies can drive up housing
demand and prices.
Land Availability and Development Costs: The availability of land for
development and the costs associated with construction vary greatly across
regions, impacting housing costs.
While food, clothing, and medical care prices can also vary regionally, housing
costs typically have the most significant impact on overall cost of living
differences.
7 The correct answer is d. 5; 3.
Here's how we can calculate the nominal and real interest rates:
1. Nominal Interest Rate:
o The nominal interest rate is the stated interest rate on the savings
account.
o We can calculate it using the formula:
o Nominal Interest Rate = [(Ending Balance - Initial Balance) / Initial
Balance] * 100%
o Plugging in the values:
o Nominal Interest Rate = [(2100 - 2000) / 2000] * 100% = 5%
2. Inflation Rate:
o The inflation rate measures the percentage increase in the price level
over a period.
o We can calculate it using the formula:
o Inflation Rate = [(Ending CPI - Starting CPI) / Starting CPI] * 100%
o Plugging in the values:
o Inflation Rate = [(204 - 200) / 200] * 100% = 2%
3. Real Interest Rate:
o The real interest rate is the nominal interest rate adjusted for inflation.
It reflects the actual purchasing power of the interest earned.
o We can calculate it using the formula:
o Real Interest Rate = Nominal Interest Rate - Inflation Rate
o Plugging in the values:
o Real Interest Rate = 5% - 2% = 3%
Therefore, the nominal interest rate is 5% and the real interest rate is 3%.
8 Certainly, let's analyze the table and answer the questions:
a. Percentage change in the price of each good:
Tennis Balls:
o Price in 2020: $2
o Price in 2021: $2
o Percentage Change: ((2021 Price - 2020 Price) / 2020 Price) * 100 =
((2 - 2) / 2) * 100 = 0%
Golf Balls:
o Price in 2020: $4
o Price in 2021: $6
o Percentage Change: ((6 - 4) / 4) * 100 = (2 / 4) * 100 = 50%
Bottles of Gatorade:
o Price in 2020: $1
o Price in 2021: $2
o Percentage Change: ((2 - 1) / 1) * 100 = (1 / 1) * 100 = 100%
b. Percentage change in the overall price level (similar to CPI):
We can calculate a simplified price index using a basket of goods and their
quantities. Let's assume the basket contains 100 tennis balls, 100 golf balls, and
200 bottles of Gatorade (based on the 2020 quantities).
Cost of the basket in 2020: (100 * $2) + (100 * $4) + (200 * $1) = $200 +
$400 + $200 = $800
Cost of the basket in 2021: (100 * $2) + (100 * $6) + (200 * $2) = $200 +
$600 + $400 = $1200
Percentage Change in Overall Price Level: ((2021 Cost - 2020 Cost) /
2020 Cost) * 100 = (($1200 - $800) / $800) * 100 = 50%
c. Gatorade bottle size increase:
Yes, if the size of a bottle of Gatorade increased from 2020 to 2021, it would affect
the inflation calculation. This is because the price increase might not solely reflect
inflation but also a change in the quantity provided.
To account for this, we would need to adjust the price per unit volume (e.g., per
liter) to get a more accurate inflation measure.
d. Gatorade introducing new flavors:
Introducing new flavors doesn't directly affect the inflation calculation itself.
However, it can influence the accuracy of the CPI if the price index doesn't
properly account for changes in product quality or variety.
If the new flavors are significantly different or perceived as better, it might justify a
price increase. However, if the CPI doesn't consider these improvements, it could
underestimate the true cost of living.
9 a. Using a method similar to the CPI, compute the
percentage change in the overall price level. Use 2020 as
the base year and fix the basket at 1 karaoke machine and
3 CDs.
Step 1: Calculate the cost of the basket in 2020:
Cost of 1 karaoke machine in 2020 = $40
Cost of 3 CDs in 2020 = 3 * $10 = $30
Total cost of the basket in 2020 = $40 + $30 = $70
Step 2: Calculate the cost of the basket in 2021:
Cost of 1 karaoke machine in 2021 = $60
Cost of 3 CDs in 2021 = 3 * $12 = $36
Total cost of the basket in 2021 = $60 + $36 = $96
Step 3: Calculate the CPI for 2021:
CPI for 2021 = (Cost of basket in 2021 / Cost of basket in 2020) * 100
CPI for 2021 = ($96 / $70) * 100 = 137.14
Step 4: Calculate the inflation rate:
Inflation rate = (CPI in 2021 - CPI in 2020) / CPI in 2020 * 100
Inflation rate = (137.14 - 100) / 100 * 100 = 37.14%
Therefore, the percentage change in the overall price level using a method
similar to the CPI is 37.14%.
b. Using a method similar to the GDP deflator, compute the percentage change
in the overall price level. Again, use 2020 as the base year.
Step 1: Calculate the nominal GDP in 2020:
Nominal GDP in 2020 = (Quantity of karaoke machines * Price of karaoke
machines) + (Quantity of CDs * Price of CDs)
Nominal GDP in 2020 = (10 * $40) + (30 * $10) = $400 + $300 = $700
Step 2: Calculate the real GDP in 2020 (using 2020 prices):
Real GDP in 2020 = Nominal GDP in 2020 = $700
Step 3: Calculate the nominal GDP in 2021:
Nominal GDP in 2021 = (12 * $60) + (50 * $12) = $720 + $600 = $1320
Step 4: Calculate the real GDP in 2021 (using 2020 prices):
Real GDP in 2021 = (12 * $40) + (50 * $10) = $480 + $500 = $980
Step 5: Calculate the GDP deflator for 2021:
GDP deflator for 2021 = (Nominal GDP in 2021 / Real GDP in 2021) * 100
GDP deflator for 2021 = ($1320 / $980) * 100 = 134.69
Step 6: Calculate the inflation rate using the GDP deflator:
Inflation rate = (GDP deflator in 2021 - GDP deflator in 2020) / GDP
deflator in 2020 * 100
Inflation rate = (134.69 - 100) / 100 * 100 = 34.69%
Therefore, the percentage change in the overall price level using a method
similar to the GDP deflator is 34.69%.
c. Is the inflation rate in 2021 the same using the two methods? Explain why
or why not.
No, the inflation rate is not the same using the two methods.
Explanation:
The CPI is based on a fixed basket of goods, while the GDP deflator
considers the quantities of goods produced and consumed in each year.
In this example, the quantity of karaoke machines and CDs consumed
increased from 2020 to 2021. This change in quantities affects the GDP
deflator but not the CPI, as the CPI uses a fixed basket.
Therefore, the two methods will generally give different inflation rates,
especially when there are significant changes in the quantities of goods
produced and consumed.
10. Những vấn đề nào trong việc xây dựng CPI có thể được minh họa bằng
mỗi tình huống sau đây? Giải thích.
a. Sự phát minh ra điện thoại di động:
Vấn đề: Sự xuất hiện của hàng hóa mới.
Giải thích: CPI dựa vào một giỏ hàng hóa cố định. Khi các sản phẩm hoàn
toàn mới như điện thoại di động xuất hiện, chúng không được đưa vào giỏ
hàng ngay lập tức. Điều này dẫn đến việc đánh giá thấp chi phí sinh hoạt, vì
người tiêu dùng giờ đây phân bổ chi tiêu cho những hàng hóa mới này, mang
lại giá trị đáng kể. CPI cần thời gian để cập nhật giỏ hàng của mình nhằm
phản ánh những đổi mới này.
b. Sự ra đời của túi khí trong xe ô tô:
Vấn đề: Thay đổi về chất lượng.
Giải thích: Túi khí cải thiện đáng kể sự an toàn và chất lượng của xe ô tô.
Nếu CPI chỉ theo dõi giá xe mà không điều chỉnh cho sự cải thiện chất lượng
này, nó sẽ đánh giá quá cao sự gia tăng chi phí sinh hoạt. Giá cao hơn có thể
phản ánh chất lượng tốt hơn, chứ không chỉ là lạm phát. CPI cố gắng điều
chỉnh cho những thay đổi chất lượng này, nhưng việc định lượng chính xác
giá trị của những cải tiến như túi khí có thể rất khó khăn.
c. Việc tăng mua máy tính cá nhân để đáp ứng sự sụt giảm giá của chúng:
Vấn đề: Thiên lệch thay thế.
Giải thích: CPI sử dụng một giỏ hàng hóa cố định. Khi giá máy tính cá nhân
giảm, người tiêu dùng mua nhiều hơn, thay thế cho các hàng hóa khác. Tuy
nhiên, vì giỏ hàng của CPI là cố định, nó không phản ánh sự thay thế này.
Do đó, CPI đánh giá quá cao sự gia tăng chi phí sinh hoạt vì nó giả định
người tiêu dùng tiếp tục mua cùng một số lượng hàng hóa cố định, ngay cả
khi giá tương đối thay đổi.
d. Nhiều muỗng nho khô hơn trong mỗi gói Bánh Raisin Bran:
Vấn đề: Thay đổi về chất lượng.
Giải thích: Nếu giá của Bánh Raisin Bran vẫn giữ nguyên nhưng số lượng
nho khô tăng lên, chất lượng của sản phẩm đã được cải thiện. CPI, nếu chỉ
theo dõi giá, sẽ bỏ lỡ sự giảm giá ngầm này. Người tiêu dùng nhận được
nhiều hơn với cùng một mức giá, có nghĩa là chi phí thực tế cho mỗi quả
nho khô đã giảm xuống. CPI phải cố gắng tính toán những thay đổi này
trong sản phẩm.
e. Việc sử dụng nhiều xe tiết kiệm nhiên liệu hơn sau khi giá xăng tăng:
Vấn đề: Thiên lệch thay thế.
Giải thích: Khi giá xăng tăng, người tiêu dùng phản ứng bằng cách mua
nhiều xe tiết kiệm nhiên liệu hơn, do đó giảm mức tiêu thụ xăng của họ.
CPI, với giỏ hàng cố định, không tính đến sự thay thế này. Do đó, nó đánh
giá quá cao tác động của việc tăng giá xăng đối với chi phí sinh hoạt. Người
tiêu dùng đang thay đổi hành vi của họ để giảm thiểu ảnh hưởng của việc
tăng giá, điều mà CPI giỏ hàng cố định không thể nắm bắt đầy đủ.
11 a. Percentage Change in Egg Price:
Price increase: $1.77 - $0.88 = $0.89
Percentage increase: ($0.89 / $0.88) * 100% = 101.14% (approximately)
b. Percentage Change in Wage:
Wage increase: $22.36 - $6.57 = $15.79
Percentage increase: ($15.79 / $6.57) * 100% = 240.33% (approximately)
c. Minutes Worked to Buy Eggs:
January 1980:
o Cost of eggs: $0.88
o Hourly wage: $6.57
o Minutes to earn cost of eggs: ($0.88 / $6.57) * 60 minutes/hour = 8.03
minutes (approximately)
January 2018:
o Cost of eggs: $1.77
o Hourly wage: $22.36
o Minutes to earn cost of eggs: ($1.77 / $22.36) * 60 minutes/hour =
4.75 minutes (approximately)
12 a. Calculating the Equivalent Salary
To find out how much $75,000 in 1931 is equivalent to in 2018 dollars, we need
to adjust for inflation using the CPI (Consumer Price Index). The formula is:
Equivalent Salary (2018) = Salary (1931) * (CPI 2018 / CPI 1931)
Plugging in the values:
Equivalent Salary (2018) = $75,000 * (251 / 15.2) = $1,238,486.84
(approximately)
Therefore, $75,000 in 1931 had the same buying power as approximately
$1,238,486.84 in 2018.
b. Comparing Presidential Salaries
Hoover's salary in 2018 dollars: $1,238,486.84
Trump's salary in 2018: $400,000