DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

DPS FARIDABAD – SEC 19

CHAPTER – METALS AND NON METALS

INTRODUCTION - About 118 elements are known today. There are more than 90 metals, 22 non
metals and a few are metalloids. Sodium , Potassium, Copper, Gold, Silver , Platinum are some
examples of metals.Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur, Fluorine, Carbon are some examples of
non metals.Silicon ,Arsenic ,Germanium are some examples of metalloids.

Metals - Metals donate electrons and form cations . They are Electropositive in nature . e.g –
sodium , potassium calcium etc. Na Na+ + e-

Non metals –Non Metals may gain electrons and form negative ions i,e they are electronegative
elements . e.g H, N ,O , Cl Cl + e - Cl-

S.NO PROPERTIES METALS NON METALS

1 PHYSICAL STATE Solids at room temperature. Exist in all the three

Exception : Mercury is the only different states of matter
liquid metal at room temperature.
Solids- Carbon, Sulphur,
Phosphorus , Iodine
Liquid- Bromine
Gas- Oxygen, Hydrogen,
Nitrogen,

2 HARDNESS Generally hard in nature. Generally SOFT and

Exceptions: Sodium, potassium BRITTLE.
and lithium Exception: Diamond (form
of carbon) is one of the
hardest substances known.

3 MALLEABILITY Malleable and can be beaten in NON METALS ARE NON

thin sheets except soft metals MALLEABLE
4 DUCTILITY Ductile, that is they can be drawn NON DUCTILE
into thin wires.
For example: silver, copper, gold,
aluminium
Exceptions: soft metals like
Sodium, potassium and lithium.

5 LUSTROUS Lustrous in nature, that is, they Generally dull in

have shiny appearance. appearance
Gold, silver, copper, aluminium Exceptions: Iodine and
Carbon (graphite
6 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY & God conductors of heat and Generally poor conductors
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY electricity that is they allow heat of heat and electricity.
Exception: Graphite
 and electricity to pass through
them.
For example: copper, silver

8 MELTING POINT High melting point. Non Metals (generally)

For example: iron ,copper, gold, have low melting points.
aluminium Exceptions: Diamond and
Exception: Gallium and cesium Graphite
9 BOILING POINT High boiling point Low boiling point

10 SONOROUS sonorous in nature, that is, they Non -sonorous in nature

make sound when hit with an
object.
For example: bells, string of
guitar
Exceptions: soft metals like
Sodium, potassium and lithium
11 DENSITY High density. Low densities
For example: Iron, copper and
gold
Except . soft metals
12 TENSILE STRENGTH High tensile strength Low tensile strength can
be broken easily

CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF METALS AND NON METALS

1.Reaction of metal with oxygen

METAL + OXYGEN → METAL OXIDE

Na and K are kept immersed in kerosene oil as they react vigorously with air and catch fire.

4K(s)+O2(g)→2K2O(s) (vigorous reaction) 4Na(s)+O2(g)→2Na2O(s) (vigorous reaction)

2Ca(s)+O2(g)→2CaO(s) 2Mg(s)+O2(g)→2MgO(s) ( white dazzling light)
4Al(s)+3O2(g)→2Al2O3(s)
Silver, platinum and gold don’t react with air
Two types of metal oxides:
A. Basic Oxides
These are the metallic oxides that get dissolved in water and form bases.
Their aqueous solution turns red litmus blue.
4 Na + O2 → 2 Na2O Na2O + H2O→2 NaOH
4 K + O2 → 2 K2O K2O+H2O→2KOH
2 Mg + O2 → 2 MgO MgO + H2O→ Mg(OH)2
B. Amphoteric Oxides - Amphoteric oxides are metal oxides which react with both acids as well as
bases to form salt and water.For example – Al2O3 , ZnO
Amphoteric oxide + Acid → Salt + Water
Al2O3(s) + 6 HCl(aq) → 2 AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2O(l) ZnO(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
Amphoteric oxide + Base → Salt + Water
Al2O3(s) + 2 NaOH(aq) → 2 NaAlO2(aq) + H2O(l) ZnO(s) + 2 NaOH(aq) → Na2ZnO2(aq) + H2O(l)

2. Reaction of metal with acids

METAL + ACID (dilute) → SALT + HYDROGEN

2 Na +2 HCl (Dil) → 2 NaCl + H2 2 K + H2SO4 (Dil)→ K2SO4 + H2
Ca + 2 HCl (Dil) → CaCl2 + H2 Mg + H2SO4 (Dil) → MgSO4 + H2

3. Reaction of metal with water

METAL + WATER → METAL OXIDE/ METAL HYDROXIDE + HYDROGEN
Sodium and Potassium react violently with cold water to form Sodium hydroxide and Potassium
hydroxide (respectively) along with hydrogen and catches fire.
2Na+2H2O(cold)→2NaOH + H2 + heat 2K+2H2O(cold)→2KOH + H2 + heat
Calcium reacts less violently & does not catch fire Ca+2H2O(cold)→Ca(OH)2 + H2
Magnesium reacts only with hot water Mg+2H2O(hot)→Mg(OH)2 + H2
3. Metals like Aluminium, Iron and Zinc react only with steam to form the metal oxides and
hydrogen.
2Al + 3H2O(steam)→Al2O3 + 3H2 Zn+H2O(steam)→ZnO + H2 3Fe + 4H2O(steam)→Fe3O4 + 4H2
Metals like Lead, Copper, Silver and Gold do not react with water
Cu+H2O→ NO REACTION Copper less reactive than Hydrogen
4 .Reaction of metal with salt solutions
METAL 1 + SALT 1 → SALT 2 + METAL 1
Mg + CuSO4 (aq) → MgSO4 (aq) + Cu Zn + CuSO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu
Fe + CuSO4 (aq) → FeSO4 (aq)+ Cu
Reaction of non-metal with oxygen
NON- METAL + OXYGEN → NON-METAL OXIDE
S + O2 → SO2 2SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3 P4 + 5O2 → P2O5
C + O2 → CO2 2 C + O2 (insufficient)→ 2CO
There are two types of non-metal oxides:
1. Acidic Oxides
These are the non-metallic oxides that get dissolved in water and form acids. Their aqueous solution
turns blue litmus red.
SO2 + H2O → H2SO3 (Sulphurous acid ) SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid)
P2O5 + 3H2O → 2H3PO4(Phosphoric acid) CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 (Carbonic acid)
2. Neutral Oxides
These are non metal oxides which react with water to form neutral solutions.For example – Nitrous
oxide N2O, Carbon monoxide CO, Nitric Oxide NO.
Non metals does not react with water and acids .
Uses Of Metals and Non Metals
Metals used in machinery , automobiles , Areoplanes , trains , satellites , industrial gadgets , cooking
utensils , water boilers etc.
Non Metals is essential for our life which all living beings inhale during breathing , used in fertilisers,
water purification ( chlorine) , used in purple color antiseptic , used in crackers .
CORROSION Corrosion is the damage caused to metals due to the reaction of metals with oxygen,
moisture, carbon dioxide etc.For example:
Formation of brown coating of rust over iron surface. ,Formation of green coating of basic copper
carbonate over copper.Formation of black coating of silver sulphide over silver.
RUSTING : Formation of brown Reddish brown coating on surface of Iron Objects in presence of air
and moisture.
Fe + O2 + x.H2O Fe2O3.xH2O ( Hydrated ferric Oxide )
Corrosion of Copper - Formation of green basic copper Carbonate in presence of moist air and CO2. .
2Cu + H2O (g) + CO2 (g)+ O2(g) CuCO3. Cu(OH)2
( Green Basic copper Carbonate)
Methods To Prevent Rusting .
1.Applying coating of Grease , paint or Oil .
2. Tinning – Process of Dipping Iron objects in molten Tin.
3. Galvanization – Depositing Zinc layer on Iron .