“Army Vision: By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride”

BASIC LIFE SUPPORT 2

Standard First Aid Presentation from DOH

Time Frame: 4 Hours

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the Lesson, the learners will be able to:
• Understand the procedures of First Aid for Medical Emergencies;
• Discusses the Fever and Heat Related Injuries;
• Define the Head and Neck Problems;
• Discusses Allergies, Animal Bites and Stings; and
• Understand the Poisoning.

FIRST AID FOR MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

` GETTING STARTED

1. Planning:
Emergency plan should be established based on anticipated needs and available
resources.

2. Provision of Logistics:
The emergency response begins with the preparation of equipment and some
personnel before any emergency occurs.

3. Initial Response:
a. A- Ask for HELP.
b. I- Intervene
c. D- Do no further harm.

4. Instruction to by-standers:
Proper information and instruction to by-stander/s would provide organized first aid
care.

FIVE EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES

1. Survey The Scene:

Once you recognized that an emergency has occurred and decide to act, you
must make sure the scene of the emergency is safe for you, the victim/s, and any bystander/s.

Elements of the Survey the Scene

1. Scene safety.
2. Mechanism of injury or nature of illness.
3. Determine the number of patients and additional resources.

2. Activate Medical Assistance (AMA) or Facility:

In some emergency, you will have enough time to call for specific medical advice
before administering first aid. But in some situations, you will need to attend to the victim first.

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3. Do a primary Survey of the victim:

In every emergency situation, you must first find out if there are conditions that
are an immediate threat to the victim’s life.

4. Do a secondary assessment of the victim:

It is a systematic method of gathering additional information about injuries or

conditions that may need care.

5. Referral of the victim for further evaluation and management:

It refers to the transfer of a victim to hospital or health care facility if necessary for
a definitive treatment.

Call First and Care First

Both trained and untrained bystanders should be instructed to Activate Medical

Assistance as soon as they have determined that an adult victim requires emergency care
“Call First”. While for infants and children a “Care First” approach is recommended.

FEVER AND HEAT RELATED INJURIES

A fever is a rise in body temperature. It's usually a sign of infection. The fever itself is
generally harmless and probably helpful. Fevers usually don't need treatment.
The average body temperature is 98.6 F (37 C). But normal body temperature can
range between 97 F (36.1 C) and 99 F (37.2 C) or more. Your body temperature can vary
depending on how active you are or the time of day. Generally, older people have lower body
temperatures than younger people have.
The following thermometer readings generally indicate a fever:

• Rectal, ear or temporal artery temperature of 100.4 (38 C) or higher

• Oral temperature of 100 F (37.8 C) or higher
• Armpit temperature of 99 F (37.2 C) or higher

Seek medical care if someone with a fever has any of the following signs and
symptoms:

• Difficulty breathing
• Chest pain
• Severe headache
• Confusion or agitation
• Abdominal pain
• Repeated vomiting
• Dry mouth, decreased or dark urine, or refusal to drink fluids, which may indicate
dehydration
• Skin rashes
• Difficulty swallowing fluids
• Pain with urination or pain in the back

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Treating fever

Fevers of 103 F (39.4 C) or higher will generally look and act sick. The main goal of
treatment is to relieve discomfort and help you get rest.

• Drink plenty of fluids to stay hydrated.

• Dress in lightweight clothing.
• Use a light blanket if you feel chilled, until the chills end.
• Take acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others).
Follow the directions on the label.

HEAT RELATED INJURIES

What Are Heat-Related Illnesses? Prolonged or intense exposure

to hot temperatures can cause heat-related illnesses such
as heat exhaustion, heat cramps, and heat stroke (also known as sun stroke). As your body
works to cool itself under extreme or prolonged heat, blood rushes to the surface of your skin.

Three type of heat injury

Heat emergencies are health crises caused by exposure to hot weather and sun. Heat
emergencies have three stages: heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heatstroke. All three
stages of heat emergency are serious.

1. Heat stroke is the most serious heat-related illness. Usually, when your body builds
up heat, you sweat to get rid of the extra heat. With heat stroke, your body can't cool down.
The symptoms include: confusion, fainting, seizures, very high body temperature and hot, dry
skin or profuse sweating.

First Aid: Cool the person's entire body by sponging or spraying cold water, and fan
the person to help lower the person's body temperature. Watch for signs of rapidly progressing
heatstroke, such as seizure, unconsciousness for longer than a few seconds, and moderate
to severe difficulty breathing.

2. Heat cramps are a form of heat illness. Heat illness occurs when a person's core body
temperature rises above a safe level of the body's internal temperature range. Heat cramps
are the earliest sign of heat illness. Loss of salt in the body due to excessive perspiring causes
the painful, involuntary muscle spasms. If the person does not take precautions to cool off and
rehydrate at this point, more severe stages of heat illness will occur in a rapid progression,
resulting in a potentially life-threatening situation.

First Aid: Heat cramps usually go away on their own, but you can try one of these
home remedies: Rest in a cool place and drink a sports drink, which has electrolytes and salt,
or drink cool water. Make your own salt solution by mixing 1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon
table salt dissolved in a quart of water.

3. Heat exhaustion – Feelings of nausea, light-headedness, or thirst, and the person

may act irrationally, have dilated pupils (pupils are larger than normal), be very sweaty, or
have cool and moist skin that is either reddened or pale.

First Aid: Lay the person down and elevate the legs and feet slightly. Remove tight or
heavy clothing. Have the person drink cool water or other nonalcoholic beverage without
caffeine. Cool the person by spraying or sponging with cool water and fanning.

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HEAD AND NECK PROBLEMS

Head Injuries. A head injury may consist of one or a combination of the following
conditions: a concussion, a cut or bruise of the scalp, or a fracture of the skull with injury to
the brain and the blood vessels of the scalp. The damage can range from a minor cut on the
scalp to a severe brain injury that rapidly causes death.

General First Aid Measures.

1) General Considerations. The casualty with a head injury (or suspected head
injury) should be continually monitored for the development of conditions which may require
the performance of the necessary basic lifesaving measures, therefore be prepared to:

a) Clear the airway (and be prepared to perform the basic lifesaving measures).
b) Treat as a suspected neck/spinal injury until proven otherwise. (See Chapter
4 for more information.)
c) Place a dressing over the wounded area. Do not attempt to clean the wound.
d) Seek medical aid.
e) Keep the casualty warm.
f) Do not attempt to remove a protruding object from the head.
g) Do not give the casualty anything to eat or drink.

2) Care of the Unconscious Casualty. If a casualty is unconscious as the result

of a head injury, he is not able to defend himself. He may lose his sensitivity to pain or ability
to cough up blood or mucus that may be plugging his airway. An unconscious casualty must
be evaluated for breathing difficulties, uncontrollable bleeding, and spinal injury.

a) Breathing. The brain requires a constant supply of oxygen. A bluish (or in

individual with dark skin grayish) color of skin around the lips and nail beds indicates that the
casualty is not receiving enough air (oxygen). Immediate action must be taken to clear the
airway, to position the casualty on his side, or to give artificial respiration.
b) Bleeding. Bleeding from a head injury usually comes from blood vessels within
the scalp. Bleeding can also develop inside the skull or within the brain. In most instances
bleeding from the head can be controlled by proper application of the field first aid dressing.
c) Spinal injury. A person that has an injury above the collar bone or a head
injury resulting in an unconscious state should be suspected of having a neck or head injury
with spinal cord damage. Spinal cord injury may be indicated by a lack of responses to stimuli,
stomach distention (enlargement), or penile erection.
d) Concussion. If an individual receives a heavy blow to the head or face, he may
suffer a brain concussion, which is an injury to the brain that involves a temporary loss of some
or all of the brain’s ability to function. For example, the casualty may not breathe properly for
a short period of time, or he may become confused and stagger when he attempts to walk
e) Convulsions. Convulsions (seizures involuntary jerking) may occur after a
mild head injury. When a casualty is convulsing, protect him from hurting himself.

1) Ease him to the ground.

2) Support his head and neck.
3) Maintain his airway
4) Call for assistance
5) Treat the casualty’s wounds and evacuate him immediately.

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d) Brain Damage. In severe head injuries where brain tissue is protruding, leave
the wound alone; carefully place a first aid dressing over the tissue. Do not remove or disturb
any foreign matter that may be in the wound. Position the casualty so that his head is higher
than his body. Keep him warm and seek medical aid immediately.

Neck Injuries

Neck injuries may result in heavy bleeding. Apply manual pressure above and below
the injury and attempt to control the bleeding. Apply a dressing. Always evaluate the casualty
for a possible neck fracture spinal cord injury; if suspected, seek medical treatment
immediately.

Note. Establish and maintain the airway in cases of facial or neck injuries. If a neck
fracture or spinal cord injury is suspected, immobilize or stabilize casualty.

Step one. Clear the airway. Be prepared to perform any of the basic lifesaving steps.
Clear the casualty’s airway (mouth) with your fingers, remove any blood, mucus, pieces of
broken teeth or bone, or bits of flesh, as well as any dentures.

Step two. Control any bleeding; especially bleeding that obstructs the airway. Do this
by applying direct pressure over a first aid dressing or by applying pressure at specific
pressure points on the face, scalp, or temple. If the casualty is bleeding from the mouth,
position him as indicated and apply manual pressure.

Step three. Position the casualty. If the casualty is bleeding from the mouth (or has
other drainage, such as mucus, vomitus, or so forth) and is conscious, place him in a
comfortable sitting position and have him lean forward with his head tilted slightly down to
permit free drainage.

Step four. Perform other measures.

Step five. Apply dressings bandages to specific areas of the face.

ALLERGIES

Allergies a damaging immune response by the body to a substance, especially pollen,

fur, a particular food, or dust, to which it has become hypersensitive. Be it the delicious seafood
you had at an all-you-can-eat buffet restaurant last night, the pollen in the park you jogged at
this morning, or even the fur shed by your adorable pet, these potential allergens can cause
watery eyes, itchy skin, recurring cough or sneezing, or even a sudden difficulty in breathing—
all of which are symptoms you definitely should not ignore if you suspect that you are allergic
to something.

Respiratory Allergies

This type of allergy is triggered by tiny particles or substances in the air found
both indoors and outdoors that are inhaled by humans, causing inflammation and swelling in
the airway. Allergic rhinitis—also known as hay fever—is a chronic respiratory condition that
falls under this category and is often characterized by repetitive sneezing, the sniffles, itching
in the nose, and watery eyes.

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Food Allergies

It happens to the best of us—one moment you’re enjoying a delicious meal at

a seafood restaurant, then the next thing you know, you’re feeling a tingling sensation in your
mouth or experiencing an inexplicable itching on your skin. The symptoms of food allergies
highly vary from one person to another, and can range from mild to life-threatening. Some of
the warning signals you have to watch out for are itching in the mouth, hives, and trouble
breathing, and swelling of the lips, face, tongue and throat— among many others.

Skin Allergies

Skin allergies such as contact dermatitis and urticaria or hives are a result of
allergens coming in contact with your skin. Whether you touched the substance on purpose
or accidentally brushed over it, you are sure to develop a reaction within minutes to about a
few days after getting exposed to the irritant. Some of the most typical causes of skin allergies
are cosmetic products (yes, you might be allergic to certain ingredients found in your makeup,
shampoo, and shaving cream), latex, jewelry, and even sunlight (photo allergy).

Treatment for allergy:

a. Oral antihistamines. Antihistamines can help relieve sneezing, itching,

a runny nose and watery eyes.
b. Decongestants. Oral decongestants such as pseudoephedrine
(Sudafed, Afrinol, others) can provide temporary relief from nasal stuffiness.
c. Nasal spray.
d. Combination medications.
e. Once your body is dehydrated, the histamine production increases, which
causes the body to have the same trigger symptoms as seasonal allergies. Drinking plenty
of water will help prevent the higher histamine production and alleviate the allergy
symptoms.
f. If you feel stuffy or have postnasal drip from your allergies, sip more
water, juice, or other nonalcoholic drinks. The extra liquid can thin the mucus in your nasal
passages and give you some relief. Warm fluids like teas, broth, or soup have an added
benefit: steam

ANIMAL BITES AND STING

Bites and Stings. Insects and related pests are hazards in a survival situation. They
not only cause irritations, but they are often carriers of diseases that cause severe allergic
reactions in some individuals. Ticks can carry and transmit diseases. Mosquitoes may carry
malaria, dengue, and many other diseases. Flies can spread disease from contact with
infectious sources. They are causes of sleeping sickness, typhoid, cholera, and dysentery.
Fleas can transmit plague. Lice can transmit typhus and relapsing fever. The best way to avoid
the complications of insect bites and stings is to keep immunizations (including booster shots)
up-to-date, avoid insect-infested areas, use netting and insect repellent, and wear all clothing
properly. If you get bitten or stung, do not scratch the bite or sting, it might become infected.

a) Bee and Wasp Stings. If stung by a bee, immediately remove the stinger and
venom sac, if attached, by scraping with a fingernail or a knife blade. Do not squeeze or grasp
the stinger or venom sac, as squeezing will force more venom into the wound.

Treatment: Wash the sting site thoroughly with soap and water to lessen the
chance of a secondary infection. If you know or suspect that you are allergic to insect stings,

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always carry an insect sting kit with you. Cold compresses. A cooling paste of mud and ashes.
Sap from dandelions. Coconut meat. Crushed cloves of garlic. Onion.

b) Spider Bites and Scorpion Stings. The black widow spider is identified by a
red hourglass on its abdomen. Only the female bites, and it has a neurotoxic venom. The initial
pain is not severe, but severe local pain rapidly develops. The pain gradually spreads over the
entire body and settles in the abdomen and legs. Abdominal cramps and progressive nausea,
vomiting, and a rash may occur. Weakness, tremors, sweating, and salivation may occur.
Anaphylactic reactions can occur.

Treatment: Threat for shock. Be ready to perform CPR. Clean and dress the bite
area to reduce the risk of infection. Put ice or a cold pack on the area for 10 to 20 minutes at
a time. Put a thin cloth between the ice and your skin. Try an over-the-counter medicine for
itching, redness, swelling, and pain. Read and follow all instructions on the label. Take an
antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) or loratadine (Claritin). Put hydrocortisone
cream or calamine lotion on the skin. Don't scratch or rub the skin around the area.

c) Snakebites. If a soldier should accidentally step on or otherwise disturb a

snake, it will attempt to strike. Chances of this happening while traveling along trails or
waterways are remote if a soldier is alert and careful. Poisonous snakes DO NOT always inject
venom when they bite or strike a person. However, all snakes may carry tetanus (lockjaw);
anyone bitten by a snake, whether poisonous or nonpoisonous, should immediately seek
medical attention. Poison is injected from the venom sacs through grooved or hollow fangs.
Depending on the species, these fangs are either long or short. Pit vipers have long hollow
fangs. These fangs are folded against the roof of the mouth and extend when the snake
strikes. This allows them to strike quickly and then withdraw. Cobras, coral snakes, kraits,
mambas, and sea snakes have short, grooved fangs. These snakes are less effective in their
attempts to bite, since they must chew after striking to inject enough venom (poison) to be
effective.

First aid. Get the casualty to a medical treatment facility as soon as possible and
with minimum movement. Until evacuation or treatment is possible, have the casualty lie
quietly and not move any more than necessary. The casualty should not smoke, eat, nor drink
any fluids. If the casualty has been bitten on an extremity, do not elevate the limb; keep the
extremity level with the body. Keep the casualty comfortable and reassure him. If the casualty
is alone when bitten, he should go to the medical facility himself rather than wait for someone
to find him. Unless the snake has been positively identified, attempt to kill it and send it with
the casualty. Be sure that retrieving the snake does not endanger anyone or delay transporting
the casualty.

POISONING

Poisoning is the action of administering poison to a person or animal. Poison is any

substance that is harmful to your body. Many different types of poison exist. Poisonous
substances can be products you have in your house. Medicines that aren’t taken as directed
can be harmful. There are several ways you can be exposed to poison. You could breathe it
in, swallow it, or absorb it through your skin. Poisoning can be an accident or a planned action.

Possible Symptoms of Poisoning Include:

1) Nausea and/or vomiting

2) Diarrhea
3) Rash
4) Redness or sores around the mouth

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5) Dry mouth
6) Drooling or foaming at the mouth
7) Trouble breathing
8) Dilated pupils (bigger than normal) or constricted pupils (smaller than normal)
9) Confusion
10) Fainting
11) Shaking or seizures

Causes of Poisoning

There are a number of substances that are harmful and can cause poisoning. These include:
Household products and personal care products, like nail polish remover and mouthwash,
which is harmful to children. Cleaning products and detergents. Paint thinner. Pesticides and
bug spray. Lawn chemicals, such as herbicides, fertilizers, and fungicides. Metals, such as
lead. Mercury, which can be found in old thermometers and batteries. Prescription and over-
the-counter medicines when combined or taken the wrong way. Illegal drugs. Carbon
monoxide gas. Spoiled food. Plants, such as poison ivy and poison oak. Venom from certain
snakes and insects.

First Aid: When wallowed, do not induce vomiting. Immediately rinse the mouth.
Keep the product or medicine container handy. On the skin, carefully remove contaminate
clothing and wash exposed areas with copious amounts of room temperature water. In the
Eye, rinse eyes with a slow gentle stream of water from a cup or a jug for 10 to 15 minutes.
Allow the stream to flow from the inner corner across the eye to the outer corner. Do not apply
eye drops. Inhaled Immediately get the person to fresh air, without placing yourself at risk.
Loosen any tight clothing at the neck. Open doors and windows, if indoors. Avoid breathing
fumes. Do not try to rescue an unconscious person, where a highly toxic or unknown gas is
involved, without a breathing apparatus. You may become a victim yourself.

Summary
After reading on this subject, you can now be able to:
• Understand the procedures of First Aid for Medical Emergencies;
• Discusses the Fever and Heat Related Injuries;
• Define the Head and Neck Problems;
• Discusses Allergies, Animal Bites and Stings; and
• Understand the Poisoning.

End

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Name:_________________________________________ Date: ___________________

Course:________________________________________ Score: ___________________

ACTIVITY: Basic Life Support 2

INSTRUCTIONS: After thorough reading of the subject, you are now requires to answer the
following questions (Use separate sheet of paper):

1. In your own understanding, why is it that the study of Basic Life Support is very
important? (explain in 50 words).

2. Why is it that the Insects and pests are hazards in a survival situation? (explain in
50 words).

3. In your own understanding why is it that allergy is dangerous and can caused
death? (Explain in 50 words).

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Name:_________________________________________ Date: ___________________

Course:________________________________________ Score: ___________________

ASSESSMENT: Basic Life Support 2

INSTRUCTIONS: Single response, Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1) Is a rise of body temperature? It's usually a sign of infection.

a. Fever
b. Heat stroke
c. Heat cramps
d. Heat exhaustion

2) Heat-related illness that is most serious. Usually, when your body builds up heat, you
sweat to get rid of the extra heat.

a. Fever
b. Heat stroke
c. Heat cramps
d. Heat exhaustion

3. Heat-related illness that occurs when a person's core body temperature rises above a
safe level of the body's internal temperature range.

a. Fever
b. Heat stroke
c. Heat cramps
d. Heat exhaustion

4. Heat-related illness that victim’s feelings of nausea, light-headedness, or thirst, and

the person may act irrationally, have dilated pupils (pupils are larger than normal), be very
sweaty, or have cool and moist skin that is either reddened or pale.

a. Fever
b. Heat stroke
c. Heat cramps
d. Heat exhaustion

5. Any substance that is harmful to our body.

a. Rabbis
b. Venom
c. Poison
d. All of the above

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6. Is an injury above the collar bone or a head injury resulting in an unconscious state
should be suspected of having a neck or head injury with spinal cord damage.

a. Bleeding
b. Spinal injury
c. Brain Damage
d. None of the above

7. Damaging immune response by the body to a substance, especially pollen, fur, a

particular food, or dust, to which it has become hypersensitive.

a. Allergies
b. Respiratory Allergies
c. Food Allergies
d. Skin Allergies

8. The type of allergy is triggered by tiny particles or substances in the air found both
indoors and outdoors that are inhaled by humans, causing inflammation and swelling in the
airway.

a. Allergies
b. Respiratory Allergies
c. Food Allergies
d. Skin Allergies

9. The type allergies such as contact dermatitis and urticaria or hives are a result of
allergens coming in contact with your skin.

a. Allergies
b. Respiratory Allergies
c. Food Allergies
d. Skin Allergies

10. The type allergies etching in the mouth, hives, and trouble breathing, and swelling of
the lips, face, tongue and throat among many others.

a. Allergies
b. Respiratory Allergies
c. Food Allergies
d. Skin Allergies

-Good Luck-

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