A PROJECT REPORT ON

A project report submitted to

STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING,

ANDHRAPRADESH.
Submitted inpartialfulfillmentofRequirementfortheawardof
DIPLOMA IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
K.Venkata Sai Varun 21627-EE-037
B.Narendra Reddy 21627-EE-017
A.Sai 21627-EE-015
K.Gowtham 21627-EE-035
K.Sandeep 21627-EE-030
R.Krishna Prasad 21627-EE-045
P.Bhanu Prakash 21627-EE-042
M.Hemanth Kumar 21627-EE-039
B.Balu 21627-EE-019

Submittedby
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
RISE KRISHNASAI POLYTECHNIC
VALLUR-523272

2021-2024

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 RISE KRISHNA SAI POLYTECHNIC: VALLUR-523272
STATEBOARDOFTECHNICALEDUCATIONANDTRAINING-AP

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is certify K.VENKATA SAI VARUN bearing pin 21627-EE-037project work

“OVER HEAD FAULT DETECTION” is the benefited work done under the Guidance of
M .ANUSHA M .Tech in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Diploma in “
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING” for the academic year
2023-2024.

Guide: Head of the Department:

K.VENKATRAO,M.Tech
MANUSHA,(M.TECH)

PRINCIPAL

J.V.RAMESHBABU, M.E,(Ph.D) EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task

would be incomplete without mentioning the people who made it possible
and whose encouragement and guidance has been a source of inspiration
throughoutthecourseoftheproject.

We would like to thank J.V. RAMESH BABU M.Tech., (PhD),

and Principal of RISE KRISHNASAI POLYTECHNIC

forsupporting meinourendeavors.

We would like to thank K.VENKATRAO, M.Tech Lecturer & Head

of the Department of the Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Department in RISE KRISHNA SAI
POLYTECHNIC forsupporting meinourendeavors.

We would also like to express my profound sense of gratitude to my guide M

ANUSHA , M.Tech, Lecturer of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Department in RISE KRISHNA SAI POLYTECHNIC
forinspiringand guiding me throughout the project.

The suggestions and ideas given by my guide were most valuable. Furthermore,
we would like to thank my family and friends for their moral support and
encouragement in successful completion of the project work.

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 ABSTRACT

Electricityhasbecomethemost soughtafteramenityforall of us. Gone are thedayswhen

electricity would be only limited to cities. It is now reaching to every distant parts of the
world. So we have now a complex network of power system. This power is being
carried by the transmission lines. These lines travel very long distances so while carrying
power, fault occurring isnatural. These faults damages many vital electricalequipmentlike
transformer,generator,transmission lines.Fortheuninterruptedpowersupplyweneedto
prevent these faults as much as possible. So we need to detect faults withintheshortest
possibletime,

So In This Project We will use Relay detecting System when any fault detect the relay
detecting system then relay detecting system automatic cut the transmission line power
sourcesooursubstationsavebyanyfault,
This project is about designing the Numerical relay where the fault is detected when the
inputvalueexceedsthereference valuesetintherelay whichthengives thetripsignal tothe
circuitbreaker.

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INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

The Embedded system hardware includes elements like user interface,

Input/Output interfaces, display and memory, etc.Generally, an
embedded

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Hardware Specifications:-

SN Component

1 Dual Channel 5V Relay Module / Relay

2 Temperature Module

3 Capacitor 25v/1000uf

4 LED Bulb

5 Resistor

6 5V Adopter Circuit

7 Steel Plate

8 PCB

9 Line Filter

10 AC Bulb / Holder

Jumper Wire

12 Hard Cover Wire

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 Introduction

In This Project We solve the big problem by our idea , These days when three
phase transmission line first wire touch to second wire then that fault effect on
substationand sometimes substation transformer fused sowemakeasystem
for transmission line all type of fault , for example in transmission any fault Line to
Line fault or Line to ground fault or fire fault then that time automatic transmission line
electricity power cut so our substation safe by that fault , So This is Our Idea For
SolvingThisBigProblem.
The location and grouping of faults in the transmission is an
important errand for shielding the framework of electrical power. A
key part of the Defensive Transport is a selector module that
characterizes the type o' has occurred as well as adjusts the 'typical
state'. Choosing a solic 12/47 hi condemned stage is inevitably
important to avoid deviating from the stage or one of the additional
three stumbling blocks. Also, an important prerequisite for stage
selectors is rapid activity, since the selection cycle needs to end after
a rapid shortfall before the breaker opens. The complexity of the
mediocre step-decision planning framework model, lack of
information about its boundaries, influences of the far bast, defects,
disorders, covalent bonds in adjacent same lines, etc. experience
adverse effects of certain negative aspects Also if symptoms are
suspected, settle on the right choice to strongly influence the
working conditions of the framework.

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Remote sensor-based transmission line observations are state-
based, not conclusions, through continuous primary cardiac change,
faster defect limitation, recognizable evidence and electrical fault
isolation from mechanical problem. It offers answers to some
concerns, such as cost savings through support. These applications,
such as intermittent maintenance, show a serious need to quickly
convey huge measurements of exceptionally robust information. The
realization of these applications relies on a practical and robust
organizational design plan with fast reaction times.
Organizations should provide options for transmitting sensitive
information, such as current status and control data of transmission
lines between transmission grids. This paper provides an advanced
structure of costs for planning an organization of continuous
Information delivery.

To triage the situation in the force framework, sensors are placed in

different parts of the force organization. These sensors are equipped
to generate large amounts of data, making detailed estimates of
various physical or electrical boundaries. Delivering this data to the
control community productively and at an affordable cost is a
fundamental test for building a fiercely outstanding network.
power is transferred to productive stations and smaller stations via
transmission lines to consumers. Both methods can meet various
types of malfunctions often referred to as "Error". An error is simply
defined as a number of unpleasant but inevitable incidents that can
temporarily disrupt a stable power system situation that occurs
when a system installation fails at any time. GSM-based error
detection and location system was used to adequately and
accurately diagnose and error detection. This will ensure a short
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response time for technical personnel to correct these errors and
thus help save transformers from damage and disaster. The system
uses a current transformer, voltage transformer, PIC 16F877
Microcontroller, RS-232 connector, and GSM modem. The system
automatically detects errors, analyzes and separates these errors and
then calculates the error distance from the control room using an
impedancebased algorithm method. Finally, the error details are
transferred to the r.nntrol ror In conclusion, the time required to
detect an error has been grc 14 / 47 a system automatically and
accurately provides the location erro using this project, we can
detect three-phase transmission lines that one can monitor
Temperature, Voltage, Current using the GSM modem by sending a
message.
Ahmed Hamed, et al. (2018) The problem of finding the fault location
in the transmission line has become more complex and more
expensive depending on the current method used to detect error in
the transmission power lines measured by the calculation of the
voltage detection and current data. The functions of this thesis are to
find the solution to how to detect and detect error in the transmission
line using GPS, GSM, microcontroller and power sensor the proposed
system determines the location of the error as accurately and as
quickly as possible. This process is performed when the power sensor
detects the transmission line and detects an error, and sends a signal
to the microcontroller (processing units) A warning of error occurring
in the transmission line, after which the ground suspension system
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detects the location and the global. mobile communication system
send a message to the manager This message includes location details
and line number. At the end of the study we found that the results
could be determined when the proposed power sensor determined
the location of the error as accurately and as quickly as possible. This
process is performed when the power sensor detects the transmission
line and detects an error, and sends a signal to the microcontroller
(processing units) A warning of error occurring in the transmission
line, after which the ground suspension system detects the location
and the global. mobile communication system send a message to the
manager This message includes location details and line number.
At the end of the study we found the results that can be obtained
when the error is high accuracy.
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The work proposed here is a very simple, fast efficient and cost-
effective approach to identify the fault location in the transmission
network. The proposed system uses to identify the four types of
faults ("Over voltage fault, Short circuit fault, Open circuit fault,
Fire fault "). In this proposed system use of any kind of sensor is
absent. Based on the program coded, it senses the voltage drop in
the fault line where in it compares with the predefined value for
fault condition and sends information to the control center.

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 ADVANTAGES
The major advantages are as follows:
Work in real time response.
•

Coverage area is large compared with other existing system.

•

Cost efficient.
•

Devices enable by wireless communication.

•

Economically reliable.
•

Number of components used are compact in size.

•

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Block Diagram

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Basic Circuit Diagram Of Project Idea

1stHandMadeRelayModuleCircuit

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2ndDualChannelRelayModuleCircuit

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5VDual-ChannelRelayModule

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Thedual-channel relaymodule is more or less thesame as a single-channel
relaymodule, but withsomeextra features like optical isolation. The dual-
channelrelaymodulecanbe used to switch mainspoweredloadsfromthepinsof
amicro controller.

5VRELAYMODULE

What is a 5V Relay?
A5vrelayisanautomaticswitchthatiscommonlyusedin anautomaticcontrol
circuitandtocontrolahigh-current
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usingalow-currentsignal.Theinputvoltageoftherelay signalrangesfrom0to5V.

5V Relay Pin Configuration

The pin configuration of the 5V relay is shown below. This relay includes 5-pins where
eachpinanditsfunctionality areshownbelow.

Pin1(End1): It is used to activate the relay; usually this pin one end is connected to
5Voltswhereasanotherendis connectedtotheground.
Pin2(End2): ThispinisusedtoactivatetheRelay.
Pin3(Common(COM)): Thispinisconnectedtothemain terminalofthe

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Pin4(NormallyClosed(NC)): Thissecondterminaloftheload
isconnectedtoeitherNC/NOpins.Ifthispinisconnected totheloadthenitwillbeON
beforetheswitch.

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temperature detectionrange of the module is between20 and 80 degrees Celsius.
This module can be replaced with a line temperature sensor forcontrolling
the watertemperature, water tank, etc. Generallythe 4 wire method of theorist
measurement is the most accurate, because there is effectively nocurrent flowing in
eitherof themeasurementcable wiresandthereforenoadded resistancedue to the cable
wires.

SpecificationsofNTCTheoristTemperaturesensormodule:-

● NTCtheoristsensor,goodsensitivity
● The comparative outputsignal is more than15mA.
● Possible to adjustthetemperaturedistributionposition
detection threshold
● Workingvoltage:3.3V-5V
● Output form:DO digital switchingoutputs (0and1)andAO analog
voltageoutput
● Fixed bolt hole foreasyinstallation
● Small PCB board size: 3.2cm x1.4cm
● uses a wide voltage comparativeLM393

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● A voltage applied across the conductors creates an electrical field in the
capacitor, which stores energy. A capacitor operates like a battery in that, if a
potential difference is applied across it that can cause a
charge greater than its "present" charge, it will be
charged up.
●

● 3VDCLEDBulbWeuseforshowingelectricitygenerating for.

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 ●

● WeuseresistorwithLEDbulb

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 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

Explanation
The voltage, fire, short, open circuit sensors are attached to both
Arduino and transmissions lines maintaining the connection
between them, meanwhile the Arduino is connected to RPS and
the LCD, buzzer, GSM are connected to Arduino completing the
circuit. When supply is given to the circuit, if there is any problem
in the circuit like high voltage or low voltage the voltage sensor
comes in to work and indicates the Arduino which sends signal to
lcd to display that there is a short circuit at a specific area and also
the buzzer will be alerted. Same process will be continued for all
the sensors, if there is a fire at any of the transmission lines the
fire sensor comes in to work, if there is any open and short circuit
respective sensors come in to work .

The list of hardware components that are

required are:
• Arduino Nano (Micro controller)
• RPS

• LCD

. Buzzer
• GSM

. Voltage Sensor
• The general pins accomplish a complete goal of 10 bits while

measuring the worth betweenO-5V.

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• Arduino consists a gem oscillator of 16 MHz This is required to
deliver a clock of recurrence using consistent volts.
• There is one constraint using this board for example it doesn't

accompany power jack, resembles we could not stockpile outside

power supply besides a battery.
• These boards doesn't use USB for associations with a Computer, all

things being equal, it accompany Mini USB support.

• The board is similar to Arduino boards accessible on the lookout,
however the small shape made these boards stand apart with
other boards.
• It is customized utilizing Arduino IDE means an Integrated
Development Environment which will run on disconnected and
over the web.
• Not in previous courses of action needed to run the chip. All we

need is a circuit, small in size than general USB and Arduino IDE
program introduction on the computer. USB cable is required to
mo from desktop to the chip. 24 / 47
• Each nail to the Nano board accompanies a particular capacity

related to that.
• We could look the simple pin that can be utilized as a simple to
computerized converting where A4 and A5 pin can likewise be
utilized for 12C correspondence.
• Vin. Input power source voltage to the board when utilizing an
outside voltage wellspring between 7V-12V. It is a managed power
supply voltage of the board that is utilized to control the regulator
and different segments put on the board.
• 3.3V. Is a base voltage created by the voltage controller on the

chip.

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 Working Principle

We make the power supply input of 230v ac. Further this project can
be enhanced by using capacitor in an Ac circuit to measure the
impedance which can even locate the open circuited overhead line,
unlike the short-circuited fault only using resistors in DC circuit as
followed in the above proposed project. The objective of this project is
to determine the distance of overhead transmission line fault from
base station over the internet. The overhead transmission line system
is a common practice followed in many urban areas. While a fault
occurs for some reason, at that time the repairing process related to
that particular overhead lines is difficult due to not knowing the exact
location of the overhead lines fault. The proposed system is to find the
exact location of the fault.The project uses the standard concept of
Ohms law i.e., when a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end
through a series resistor (overhead transmission lines), then current
would vary depending upon the location of fault in the overhead
transmission lines. In case there is a short circuit (Line to Ground), the
voltage across series resistors changes accordingly, which is then fed
to an ADC to develop precise digital data which the programmed
microcontroller of Arduino family would display in kilometers

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 Advantages AndLimitations of the system Advantages
● WecanstoplossesbylinetolinefaultinTransmissionLine
● WecanstoplossesbyGroundtolinefaultinTransmissionLine
● WecanStopLossesbyFireandTemperatureFaultin TransmissionLine
● ThisProjectSavefaultintransmissionlinesoourgovernment money save
Limitations of the system
1. ForDetectFaultWeneedmoresensorModuleforeverytower
2. Thisisnowaideaformyprojectwedidnotcheckinreallife

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 CONCLUSION

In our project we had designed an IOT based transmission line

observing and fault raising framework that is able to send data with
the equivalent to monitor room or mobile by means of SMS. The
carried out framework configuration basically focuses on the
transmission and distributing modules. It gives us best approach to
identify those faults, for example, wasting of supply and power theft.
This framework ceaselessly screens different boundaries of the
framework. It likewise assists with distinguishing the shortcoming at
the proper time and subsequently dodges illegal utilization of power.
Programmed checking, examining and fault detection will be made
through the mobile display over the hyper terminal. Our model has
ceaseless observing module incorporating the GSM correspondence
innovation along with GPS innovation. This likewise addresses the
hardware equipment and the software process. Thus execution of this
system can save huge measure of power and in this manner power
could be accessible for huge numbers of customers on an
exceptionally populated country like our country.

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