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MICRO IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
FOR HORTICULTURAL CROPS
Policy Options, Scheduling, and Design
 Innovations and Challenges in Micro Irrigation

MICRO IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

FOR HORTICULTURAL CROPS
Policy Options, Scheduling, and Design

Edited by
Ajai Singh, PhD, FIE
Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE
Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc.
3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way
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© 2017 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
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International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-540-9 (Hardcover)
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All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
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This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material
is quoted with permission and sources are indicated. Copyright for individual articles remains with the
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and identification without intent to infringe.

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Micro irrigation engineering for horticultural crops : policy options, scheduling, and design
/ edited by Ajai Singh, PhD, FIE, Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE.
(Innovations and challenges in micro irrigation)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Issued in print and electronic formats.
ISBN 978-1-77188-540-9 (hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-315-20742-1 (PDF)
1. Microirrigation. I. Goyal, Megh Raj,editor II. Singh, Ajai, 1970-, editor III. Series: In-
novations and challenges in micro irrigation
S619 T74 M53 2017 631.5'87 C2017-903112-0 C2017-903113-9

CIP data on file with US Library of C

​ ​ongress

Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears
in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products,
visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com
CONTENTS

List of Contributors.............................................................................................. vii

List of Abbreviations............................................................................................. ix
Foreword by Nand Kumar Yadav.......................................................................... xi
Preface 1 by Ajai Singh....................................................................................... xiii
Preface 2 by Megh R. Goyal.................................................................................xv
Warning/Disclaimer............................................................................................ xix
About the Lead Editor......................................................................................... xxi
About the Senior Editor-in-Chief...................................................................... xxiii
Other Books on Micro Irrigation Technology.....................................................xxv

PART I: Policy Options: Drip Irrigation Among Adopters................. 1

1. Opinion of Adopters and Nonadopters Toward Drip Irrigation:
Insights for Marketing................................................................................. 3
Vaibhav Bhamoriya
2. Policy Options for Better Implementation of Micro Irrigation:
Case Study of India.................................................................................... 37
K. Palanisami, K. Krishna Reddy, S. Raman, and T. Mohanasundari

PART II: Irrigation Scheduling of Horticultural Crops.................... 51

3. Drip and Surface Irrigation Methods: Irrigation Scheduling of
Onion, Cauliflower, and Tomato............................................................... 53
S. K. Srivastava

4. Tensiometer-Based Irrigation Scheduling: Drip-Irrigated Bell

Pepper Under Naturally Ventilated Polyhouse..........................................113
Ashwani Kumar Madile and P. K. Singh

5. Open and Covered Cultivation: Irrigation and

Fertigation Scheduling............................................................................ 213
P. K. Singh
vi Contents

6. Drip Irrigation and Fertigation for Horticultural Crops:

Scope, Principle, Basic Components, and Methods.............................. 233
Murtuza Hasan

PART III: Design of Drip Irrigation Systems.................................... 265

7. Design of Micro Irrigation System: Sloping and Terraced Land........ 267
P. K. Singh, K. K. Singh, R. Singh, and H. S. Chauhan

8. Uniformity Measurement Methods: Spinner-Type

Micro-Sprinklers...................................................................................... 279
M. V. Manjunatha, Surjeet Singh, and Ajai Singh

Index.................................................................................................................. 293
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Vaibhav Bhamoriya, PhD

Assistant Professor in Economics, Indian Institute of Management Kashipur, Bazaar Road, Kashipur
District, Udham Singh Nagar 244713, Uttarakhand, India. E-mail: vaibhavb@iima.ac.in; vaibhavb@
iimahd.ernet.in
H. S. Chauhan, PhD
Former Professor, Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Department, College of Technology, G.B. Pant
University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India.

Murari Lal Gaur, PhD (Hydrology)

Professor and Head, Soil and Water Engineering Department; and Principal at College of Agricultural
Engineering and Technology, Anand Agricultural University, Godhra 389001, Gujarat, India. E-mail:
mlgaur@yahoo.com; dr.mlgaur@gmail.com
Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE
Retired Professor in Agricultural and Biomedical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez
Campus; and Senior Technical Editor-in-Chief in Agriculture Sciences and Biomedical Engineering,
Apple Academic Press Inc., PO Box 86, Rincon, PR 00677, USA. E-mail: goyalmegh@gmail.com

Murtaza Hasan, PhD

Centre for Protected Cultivation and Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR),
PUSA, New Delhi 110012, India. E-mail: mhasan_indo@iari.res.in
Ashwani Kumar Madile, MTech
Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and
Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India. E-mail: a10madile@gmail.
com

M. V. Manjunatha, PhD
Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad 580005,
Karnataka, India. E-mail: mvmuasd@gmail.com
T. Mohanasundari, PhD
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India.

K. Palanisami, PhD
International Water Management Institute (IWMI), ICRISAT Campus, 401/5, Patancheru, Medak
502324, Telangana, India. E-mail: k.palanisami@cgiar.org

S. Raman, PhD
Water Resources Expert and Consultant, Mumbai, India.

K. Krishna Reddy, PhD

International Water Management Institute (IWMI), ICRISAT Campus, 401/5, Patancheru, Medak
502324, Telangana, India. E-mail: iwmi-hyderabad@cgiar.org

Ajai Singh, PhD, FIE

Associate Professor and Head, Centre for Water Engineering and Management, Central University of
Jharkhand, Brambe 834205, Ranchi, India. E-mail: ajai_jpo@yahoo.com; ajai.singh@cuj.ac.in
viii List of Contributors

K. K. Singh, PhD
Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Department, College of Technology, G. B. Pant University of
Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India.

P. K. Singh, PhD
Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Department, College of Technology, G. B. Pant University of
Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India. E-mail:
singhpk67@gmail.com

R. Singh, MTech
Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Department, College of Technology, G. B. Pant University of
Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar 263145, Uttarakhand, India.

Surjeet Singh, PhD

National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.

S. K. Srivastava, PhD
Vauge School of Agricultural Engineering, SHIATS, Allahabad 211007, India. E-mail: santoshagri.
2008@rediffmail.com
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AP Andhra Pradesh
APMIP Andhra Pradesh Micro Irrigation Project
ASAE American Society of Agricultural Engineers
bcm billion cubic meters
BCR benefit cost ratio
CPE cumulative pan evaporation
CRF capital recovery factor
CSS central sponsored scheme
CSWI canopy water stress index
CWP crop water productivity
CWR crop water requirement
DBTL direct benefit transfer for loan
DDP Desert Development Program
DI drip irrigation
DPAP Drought-Prone Area Program
EC electrical conductivity
ET evapotranspiration
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FUE fertilizer use efficiency
GH greenhouse
GGRC Gujarat Green Revolution Company Ltd.
GOI Government of India
HDPE high-density polyethylene
HSPA Hawaiian Sugar Planter’s Association
ICU irrigation control unit
INCID Indian Committee on Irrigation and Drainage
INR Indian Rupees
IPE irrigation production efficiency
IRR internal rate of return
IWMI International Water Management Institute
LDPE low-density polyethylene
MI micro irrigation
x List of Abbreviations

NCPAH National Committee on Plasticulture Application

in Horticulture
NMMI National Mission on Micro Irrigation
NMSA National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture
NUE nutrient use efficiency
NWP nutritional water productivity
OBC other backward classes
OFWM on-farm water management
PMKSY Pradhan Manthri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana
PVC polyvinyl chloride
SC scheduled caste
SDI subsurface drip irrigation
SMP soil moisture potential
SPV special-purpose vehicle
SRI System of Rice Intensification
TN Tamil Nadu
UCH Hart uniformity coefficient
WUE water use efficiency
FOREWORD

This book, under the book series “Innovations and Challenges in Micro
Irrigation,” encompasses the relevant research work on micro irrigation
and can be quite useful for graduate students and practicing engineers.
We need to focus on innovation and evolving new paradigms for efficient
utilization of water resources as a means of socioeconomic development
of humankind. Water is an essential natural resource for life-supporting
systems of all living beings. It is the single most important input in agri-
culture and has a major role in providing stability and enhancement of
agricultural production, leading to self-sufficiency and sustainability.
Therefore, application of micro irrigation systems can play an important
role to achieve the aim of sustainable development and healthy ecosys-
tems. The per capita availability of water is dwindling and approaching the
scarcity levels not far in the future. There is immense need to conserve and
use most efficiently both surface water and groundwater resources.
Prof. Megh R. Goyal, Senior Editor-in-Chief of 20 books on micro
irrigation by Apple Academic Press Inc. (AAP) and Father of Irrigation
Engineering of 21st Century in Puerto Rico, has edited this book volume.
I am happy to learn that Dr. Ajai Singh of Central University of Jharkhand,
Ranchi, India, has joined him, and both the editors have made commend-
able efforts to bring this book volume. I also like to commend efforts by
AAP to publish quality books on micro irrigation.
I wish the authors all the success in this as well as in future endeavor
in this direction.

Nand Kumar Yadav “Indu,” PhD

Vice Chancellor and Professor
Central University of Jharkhand
Brambe, Ranchi 834205, India.
PREFACE 1

Adoption of micro irrigation systems can be a panacea in irrigation-related

problems and will increase the area under cultivation. In this technology,
the cropped field is irrigated in the close vicinity of root zone of crop. It
reduces the water loss occurring through evaporation, conveyance, and
distribution. Therefore, high water use efficiency can be achieved. The
rain-fed cropped area can be increased with this technology, and poten-
tial sources of food production for the benefit of world’s food security
could be augmented. This edited book has chapters ranging from policy
intervention to application of systems to different crops and even under
different land conditions. This has been a continued effort of Prof. Goyal
to compile the research works in a form of a book series and provide an
opportunity for the large scientific community to have easy access.
I feel very fortunate to work with Dr. Megh R. Goyal, who indeed
made a serious effort to invite quality chapters. I owe my deepest gratitude
to Prof. Nand Kumar Yadav “Indu,” Vice Chancellor at Central University
of Jharkhand for his support and encouragement. The editors are grateful
to many individuals who have contributed their works in the form of
chapters.
I feel profound privilege in expressing my heartfelt reverence to my
parents, brothers and sister, in-laws for their blessings and moral support
to achieve this goal. Last but not the least, I acknowledge with heartfelt
indebtedness, the patience and the generous support rendered by my wife,
Punam, and our daughter, Anushka, who always allowed me to work
continuously and relentlessly.

—Ajai Singh, PhD, FIE

PREFACE 2

During October 22 through November 4, 2015, I along with my wife

visited UNESCO World Heritage archeological sites in Athens (Ἀθῆναι
Athēnai), Corinthia (Greek: Κορινθία-Korinthía), Ephesus, Malta, and
Rome.
xvi Preface 2

My vision for micro irrigation technology has expanded globally. I am

surprised to observe how this is expanding to tourist regions and espe-
cially to archeological sites with number of visitors exceeding 1 million
per year. Although no emphasis is made to draw attention of visitors to
this valuable technology, yet there is a potential audience. At one of these
sites, I started my own initiative to explain this water-saving technique to
a small group along with the administrator of this site, who happened to be
a civil engineer. He promised me to promote this through a short presenta-
tion, of course at a nominal cost.
Water being the limited resource, its efficient use is essential in order
to increase agricultural production per unit volume of water and per unit
area of crop land. Due to increase in the population, the competition of
limited water resources for domestic, industrial, and agricultural needs
is increasing considerably. Water for irrigation is becoming scarce and
expensive due to depletion of surface and subsurface water caused by
erratic rainfall and overexploitation. Therefore, it is essential to formulate
economically viable water and other input management strategies in order
to irrigate more land area with existing water resources and to enhance
crop productivity. Improper distribution lowers the conveyance efficiency
and ultimately causes water loss. Therefore, right amount at right time and
frequency of irrigation is vital for optimum use of limited water resources
for crop production and management.
The aim of irrigation scheduling is to increase efficiencies by applying
the exact amount of water needed to replenish the soil moisture to the
desired level. Appropriate irrigation scheduling saves water and energy.
Therefore, it is important to develop irrigation scheduling techniques under
prevailing climatic conditions in order to utilize scarce water resources
effectively for crop production. Numerous studies have been carried out
in the past in the development and evaluation of irrigation scheduling
under a wide range of irrigation systems and management, soil, crop, and
agroclimatic conditions. Climate-based irrigation scheduling approaches
(such as pan evaporation replenishment and cumulative pan evaporation
and ratio of irrigation water to cumulative pan evaporation) have been
used by many researchers due to simplicity, data availability, and higher
degree of adaptability at the farmer’s field. Surface irrigation is the most
common method for field/vegetable/fruit crops and ornamental plants.
The overall efficiency of surface irrigation method is considerably low
compared to modern pressurized irrigation systems: drip, micro-sprinkler,
Preface 2 xvii

and sprinkler. Drip irrigation can potentially provide high application effi-
ciency and application uniformity.
This book volume presents policy adoption methods, irrigation sched-
uling, and design procedures in micro irrigation engineering for horticul-
tural crops.
The mission of this book volume is to serve as a reference manual for
graduate and undergraduate students of agricultural, biological, and civil
engineering; horticulture, soil science, crop science, and agronomy. I hope
that it will be a valuable reference for professionals that work with micro
irrigation and water management; for professional training institutes,
technical agricultural centers, irrigation centers, agricultural extension
services, and other agencies that work with micro irrigation programs.
After my first textbook, Drip/Trickle or Micro Irrigation Management
by Apple Academic Press Inc., and response from international readers,
Apple Academic Press Inc. has published for the world community the
10-volume series on Research Advances in Sustainable Micro Irrigation
edited by M. R. Goyal. The website <appleacademicpress.com> gives
details on these 10 book volumes.
This book is volume six of the book series Innovations and Challenges
in Micro Irrigation. Both books series are a must for those interested in
irrigation planning and management, namely, researchers, scientists,
educators, and students.
The contributions by the cooperating authors to this book series have
been most valuable in the compilation of this volume. Their names are
mentioned in each chapter and in the list of contributors. This book would
not have been written without the valuable cooperation of Dr. Ajai Singh
and the investigators, many of whom are renowned scientists who have
worked in the field of micro irrigation throughout their professional
careers.
I would like to thank editorial staff, Sandy Jones Sickels, Vice Presi-
dent, and Ashish Kumar, Publisher and President at Apple Academic Press,
Inc., for making every effort to publish the book when the diminishing
water resources are a major issue worldwide. Special thanks are due to the
AAP production staff for the quality production of this book.
We request the reader to offer us your constructive suggestions that
may help to improve the next edition.
I express my deep admiration to my wife, Subhadra Devi Goyal, for
understanding and collaboration during the preparation of this book. I
xviii Preface 2

dedicate this book volume to research scientists at the Water Technology

Centre of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, who made earnest efforts to
water conservation practices in Southern India.
As an educator, there is a piece of advice to one and all in the world:
“Permit that our almighty God, our Creator, excellent Teacher and Micro
Irrigation Designer, irrigate our life with His Grace of rain trickle by
trickle, because our life must continue trickling on….”
—Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE
Senior Editor-in-Chief
WARNING/DISCLAIMER

PLEASE READ CAREFULLY

The goal of this compendium, Micro Irrigation Engineering for Horticul-
tural Crops, is to guide the world engineering community on how to effi-
ciently employ micro irrigation engineering for horticultural agriculture.
The reader must be aware that the dedication, commitment, honesty, and
sincerity are most important factors in a dynamic manner for a complete
success.
The editors, the contributing authors, the publisher and the printer
have made every effort to make this book as complete and as accurate as
possible. However, there still may be grammatical errors or mistakes in
the content or typography. Therefore, the contents in this book should be
considered as a general guide and not a complete solution to address any
specific situation in irrigation. For example, fruit or vegetable or meat or
grain, etc. requires a different type of engineering intervention to process
such produce.
The editors, the contributing authors, the publisher and the printer shall
have neither liability nor responsibility to any person, any organization
or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have
caused, directly or indirectly, by information or advice contained in this
book. Therefore, the purchaser/reader must assume full responsibility for
the use of the book or the information therein.
The mention of commercial brands and trade names are only for
technical purposes. We do not endorse particular products or equipment
mentioned.
All web-links that are mentioned in this book were active on December
31, 2016. The editors, the contributing authors, the publisher and the
printing company shall have neither liability nor responsibility, if any of
the web-links is inactive at the time of reading of this book.
ABOUT THE LEAD EDITOR

Ajai Singh, PhD, FIE, is an Associate Professor

and Head of the Centre for Water Engineering
and Management at the Central University of
Jharkhand in Ranchi, India. He is a Fellow of the
Institution of Engineers (India) and a life member
of the Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers,
the Indian Water Resources Society, the Indian
Association of Hydrologist, the Indian Meteoro-
logical Society, and the Crop and Weed Science
Society. Formerly he has worked as junior project
officer at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur; and then as
Assistant Professor at North Bengal Agricultural University, West Bengal.
Dr. Singh has authored more than 30 articles in technical journals and
textbooks, including the book Introduction to Drip Irrigation. He has also
written the books Hydrological Modelling Using Process Based and Data
Driven Models and Finite Element Analysis and Optimal Design of Drip
Irrigation Sub-main. His area of active research is hydrological modeling,
micro irrigation engineering, water resources planning and management, and
groundwater hydrology. He has been conferred the Distinguished Services
Certificate (2012) by Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers, New Delhi.
His area of active research is hydrological modeling, micro irrigation
engineering, water resources planning and management, and groundwater
hydrology. He has been conferred Distinguished Services Certificate
(2012) by Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers, New Delhi.
Dr. Singh received a BTech degree in Agricultural Engineering in 1995
and completed his MTech. in 1997. He obtained his PhD degree in 2011.
Readers may contact him at: ajai.singh@cuj.ac.in
ABOUT THE SENIOR EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE, is, at present, a Retired

Professor in Agricultural and Biomedical
Engineering from the General Engineering
Department in the College of Engineering at
University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus;
and Senior Acquisitions Editor and Senior
Technical Editor-in-Chief in Agricultural and
Biomedical Engineering for Apple Academic
Press Inc.
He received his BSc degree in Engineering
in 1971 from Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana, India; his MSc degree in 1977; and PhD degree in 1979 from
the Ohio State University, Columbus; his Master of Divinity degree in
2001 from Puerto Rico Evangelical Seminary, Hato Rey, Puerto Rico,
USA.
Since 1971, he has worked as Soil Conservation Inspector (1971);
Research Assistant at Haryana Agricultural University (1972–1975) and
the Ohio State University (1975–1979); Research Agricultural Engineer/
Professor at Department of Agricultural Engineering of UPRM (1979–
1997); and Professor in Agricultural and Biomedical Engineering at
General Engineering Department of UPRM (1997–2012). He spent 1-year
sabbatical leave in 2002–2003 at Biomedical Engineering Department,
Florida International University, Miami, USA.
He was the first agricultural engineer to receive the professional
license in Agricultural Engineering in 1986 from College of Engineers
and Surveyors of Puerto Rico. On September 16, 2005, he was proclaimed
as “Father of Irrigation Engineering in Puerto Rico for the Twentieth
Century” by the ASABE, Puerto Rico Section, for his pioneer work on
micro irrigation, evapotranspiration, agroclimatology, and soil and water
engineering. During his professional career of 45 years, he has received
awards such as: Scientist of the Year, Blue Ribbon Extension Award,
Research Paper Award, Nolan Mitchell Young Extension Worker Award,
xxiv About the Senior Editor-in-Chief

Agricultural Engineer of the Year, Citations by Mayors of Juana Diaz and

Ponce, Membership Grand Prize for ASAE Campaign, Felix Castro Rodri-
guez Academic Excellence, Rashtrya Ratan Award and Bharat Excellence
Award and Gold Medal, Domingo Marrero Navarro Prize, Adopted son of
Moca, Irrigation Protagonist of UPRM, Man of Drip Irrigation by Mayor
of Municipalities of Mayaguez/Caguas/Ponce, and Senate/Secretary of
Agriculture of ELA, Puerto Rico.
Dr. Megh R. Goyal has been recognized as one of the experts “who
rendered meritorious service for the development of [the] irrigation sector
in India.” This honor was bestowed by the Water Technology Centre of
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in Coimbatore, India, to Dr. Goyal
during the inaugural session of the National Congress on “New Chal-
lenges and Advances in Sustainable Micro Irrigation” on March 1, 2017.
He has authored more than 200 journal articles and edited more than
45 books including Elements of Agroclimatology (Spanish) by UNISARC,
Colombia; two Bibliographies on Drip Irrigation.
Apple Academic Press Inc. (AAP) has published his books, namely:
Management of Drip/Trickle or Micro Irrigation, and Evapotranspiration:
Principles and Applications for Water Management. During 2014–2016,
AAP has published his 10-volume set on Research Advances in Sustain-
able Micro Irrigation. During 2016–2017, AAP will be publishing book
volumes on emerging technologies/issues/challenges under two book
series, Innovations and Challenges in Micro Irrigation, and Innovations
in Agricultural & Biological Engineering. Readers may contact him at:
<goyalmegh@gmail.com>
OTHER BOOKS ON MICRO
IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY
BY APPLE ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.

Management of Drip/Trickle or Micro Irrigation

Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE, Senior Editor-in-Chief

Evapotranspiration: Principles and Applications for Water Management

Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE, and Eric W. Harmsen, Editors

Book Series: Research Advances in Sustainable Micro Irrigation

Senior Editor-in-Chief: Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE
Volume 1:   Sustainable Micro Irrigation: Principles and Practices
Volume 2:  Sustainable Practices in Surface and Subsurface Micro
Irrigation
Volume 3:   Sustainable Micro Irrigation Management for Trees and Vines
Volume 4:  Management, Performance, and Applications of Micro
Irrigation Systems
Volume 5: Applications of Furrow and Micro Irrigation in Arid and
Semi-Arid Regions
Volume 6:   Best Management Practices for Drip Irrigated Crops
Volume 7: Closed Circuit Micro Irrigation Design: Theory and
Applications
Volume 8: Wastewater Management for Irrigation: Principles and Practices
Volume 9: Water and Fertigation Management in Micro Irrigation
Volume 10:Innovation in Micro Irrigation Technology

Book Series: Innovations and Challenges in Micro Irrigation

Senior Editor-in-Chief: Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE
Volume 1: Principles and Management of Clogging in Micro Irrigation
Volume 2: Sustainable Micro Irrigation Design Systems for Agricultural
Crops: Methods and Practices
xxvi Other Books on Micro Irrigation Technology

Volume 3: P erformance Evaluation of Micro Irrigation Management:

Principles and Practices
Volume 4: Potential of Solar Energy and Emerging Technologies in
Sustainable Micro Irrigation
Volume 5: Micro Irrigation Management Technological Advances and
Their Applications
Volume 6: Micro Irrigation Engineering for Horticultural Crops: Policy
Options, Scheduling, and Design
Volume 7: Micro Irrigation Scheduling and Practices
Volume 8: Engineering Interventions in Sustainable Trickle Irrigation
 PART I
Policy Options: Drip Irrigation
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between the instrument and terrestrial chord-masses, in order to run
sympathetic machinery. But there is still before me a vast region to be
explored before the keystone of this sympathetic arch is set in position to
carry the high order of sympathetic transfer that I aim at. I have every
reason to hope that when I have mastered these mechanical difficulties I
shall be able to control this most subtle of Nature’s forces. When this is
done, the commercial engine will soon follow. There is no truer nor quicker
way to reach that end than the one I am now pursuing. My obligations on
this line once fulfilled, I shall be at liberty to turn my attention to the
consideration of the mental forces associated with the physical, and in fact
the solution of the mechanical problem is one and the same in principle, as
is the physical and mental. When one is solved all is solved. The
convolutions which exist in the cerebral field are entirely governed by the
sympathetic conditions that surround them.

“The force which binds the atoms, which controls secreting glands,
Is the same that guides the planets, acting by divine commands.”

All abnormal discordant aggregations in these resonating convolutions

produce differentiation to concordant transmission; and according as these
differentiations exist in volume, so the transmissions are discordantly
transferred, producing antagonism to pure physical action. Thus, in motor
ataxy, a differentiation of the minor thirds of the posterior parietal lobule
produces the same condition between the retractors and exteriors of the leg
and foot, and thus the control of the proper movements is lost through this
differentiation. The same truth can be universally applied to any of the
cerebral convolutions that are in a state of differential harmony to the mass
of immediate cerebral surroundings. Taking the cerebral condition of the
whole mass as one, it is subservient to one general head centre; although as
many neutrals are represented as there are convolutions. The introductory
minors are controlled by the molecular; the next progressive third by the
atomic; and the high third by the etheric. All these progressive links have
their positive, negative, and neutral position. When we take into
consideration the structural condition of the human brain, we ought not to
be bewildered by the infinite variety of its sympathetic impulses, inasmuch
as it unerringly proves the true philosophy that the mass-chords of such
structures are governed by vibratory etheric flows. There is no structure
whatever—animal, vegetable, or mineral—that is not built up from the
cosmic ether. Certain orders of attractive vibration produce certain orders of
structure; thus the infinite variety of effects; more especially in the cerebral
organs. Discordance cannot exist in the molecule proper. Discordance in
any mass is the result of differentiated groups induced by antagonistic
chords, and any differentiated mass can be brought to a condition of
harmony or equation by proper chord media, and an equated sympathy
produced whether the mass be metal or brain.

There is good reason for believing that insanity is simply a condition of

differentiation in the mass-chords of the convolutions, which creates an
antagonistic molecular bombardment towards the neutral or attractive
centres of such convolutions. This may be compared to a knot on a violin
string. As long as this knot remains, it is impossible to elicit, from its
sympathetic surroundings, the condition which transfers pure concordance
to its resonating body. Discordant conditions (i.e., differentiation of mass)
produce negatization to coincident action. Pure sympathetic concordants are
as antagonistic to negative discordants as the negative is to the positive; but
the vast volume the sympathetic holds over the non-sympathetic, in ethereal
space, makes it at once the ruling medium and re-adjuster of all opposing
conditions, when properly brought to bear upon them ….

Josiah Royce is right as regards correspondent sympathetic association

between two conditions. If concordance can be established, even of unlike
states, no matter whether it be of the high tenuous forces of nature, gases
with liquids, liquids with solids, solids with gases, the structural conditions
can be perfectly adverse. Their neutral centres are the focalized seat of
sympathetic concordance for controlling any differentiation that may exist
outside, or in the mass that surrounds them. Certain orders of vibration can
reach these centres and establish a concordant flow of sympathy,
independent of any and all mass antagonism; in other words, certain orders
of sympathetic vibratory transmission can correct and equate all
differentiation that may exist between physical organisms and their
cerebellic flows. Discord is disease. Harmony is health.—Keely.
The Standard calls attention to the fact that Lord Rosebery has pointed out
how fast mental disease of one form or another is growing among the
population of London—so fast that a new asylum, containing 5000 patients,
must be built every five years. “This,” said his lordship, “is a penalty of
civilization.”

When we take into consideration the effect upon the nerves, in sensitive
organizations, of living in the vicinity of railways, more especially of the
elevated railways in cities, the incessant jarring vibrations which are
communicated to houses, even from underground railways, to say nothing
of the piercing shrieks of the steam whistle, is it to be wondered at that
mental disorders and nervous diseases are on the increase? With this
increase of the most terrible form of affliction, the remedy will follow; for
our necessities are known to One who “with a Father’s care and affectionate
attention supplies the wants, as they arise, of the worlds which lie like
children in His bosom.” Sympathetic Vibratory Physics will, in due time,
make known the curableness of many disorders now considered incurable.

On this subject Mr. Keely writes:—Every disease that the physical

organism is subject to has its connective link in the cerebral domain; where
it unerringly telegraphs, as it were, its molecular differentiations, through
the spinal dura mater or physical sympathetic transmitter, and vice versâ
back again. The sympathetic communication, as between the physical and
mental forces, shows up truthfully the pure conditions that govern the
celestial and terrestrial link of sympathy, as between the finite and the
Infinite in planetary suspension. The whole system governing the
suspension of the innumerable planetary masses,—the infinite certainty and
harmony of their eccentric and concentric evolutions and revolutions, in
their orbital and oscillating ranges of motion,—the triune sympathetic
streams of Infinity that permeate their molecular masses—focalizing and
defocalizing on their neutral centres of attraction—are all subservient to
that Great Ruling Power: Mind-Flow. There is not a grain of sand, nor an
invisible corpuscule of floating matter, that does not come under the same
rule that governs the most mighty of planets ….
 “All’s love, yet all’s law.”

As the offspring of God, only by living in love and harmony can we fulfil
the law and maintain health and happiness, either individually in family life,
or collectively in our intercourse with the world. As Goethe taught:—

Let the God within thee speak,

Love all things that lovely be,
And God will show His best to thee.

1 The paper which Mr. J. F. Nisbet was commissioned to write, in behalf of this
discoverer’s claims on the world for patience, while pursuing his researches (and paid in
advance for writing), illustrates the truth of this assertion. Mr. Nisbet’s essay, entitled “The
Present Aspect of the Molecular Theory, or Mr. Keely’s Relations to Modern Science,”
closes with these lines:—“If science looks askance at Mr. Keely’s professions, therefore, it
has its reasons for doing so. These reasons, as I have shown, are not mere prejudices. In
more than one line of inquiry they have, what seems to be, a substantial basis of fact,
which must be explained away before Mr. Keely’s theory of ‘etheric force’ can commend
itself to the mind of the impartial observer.”
Fortunately, for the interests of science and of humanity, the threatened prosecution of Mr.
Keely (for obtaining money under false pretences) was checkmated by Provost Pepper’s
action, early in January, before Mr. Nisbet wrote to America that he could not commence
his paper until he had received more information; sending a series of questions to be
answered by Mr. Keely. The superficial character of the essay will be seen, when printed,
as well as that Mr. Nisbet promised more than he was able to perform when he accepted the
cheque in order to enable him to devote time to the writing of a paper, for an influential
quarter, which it was hoped would enlist public sympathy in Keely’s behalf. But that power
which is mightier than the sword, in putting down error and injustice, has hitherto turned
its weapons against Keely (with some rare exceptions) as Mr. Nisbet did in his essay.—
C.J.M. ↑
2 This is effected by polarization and depolarization, and the rotation of a non-magnetic
needle by molecular differentiation: both needles revolving about 120 times in a second. ↑
3 Electricians are now admitting that, in electric currents the energy does not flow
through, or along the wire, itself; but is actually transmitted by the ether vibrations outside
of the wire, just as in Keely’s experiments, running his musical sphere with a fine “thread”
of silk, the energy is not transmitted through the sewing-silk, which acts only as the
medium that makes the transfer of energy in this way possible; though not itself
transferring it. ↑
CHAPTER XV.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY.—KEELY THE
FOUNDER OF A SYSTEM.
“Were half the power that fills the world with terror,
Were half the wealth bestowed on camps and
courts,
Given to redeem the human mind from error,
There were no need of arsenals and forts.”

As long as men remain “demons of selfishness and

ignorance,” so long will they fight for their turn to
tyrannize over their brother men. Instruction and
education can alone prepare the way for a peaceful
solution of the greatest problem that mankind has ever
had to deal with; for, before we can hope to enter into
a ‘brotherhood of humanity,’ the earth must be ‘filled
with the knowledge of the Lord.’—H. O. Ward, in the
Nationalization News.

As for myself I hold the firm conviction that

unflagging research will be rewarded by an insight
into natural mysteries such as now can rarely be
conceived.—Prof. Wm. Crookes.

Though “it is the spirit that quickeneth, and the flesh

profiteth nothing,” the grand reign of the Spirit will
not commence until the material world shall be
completely under man’s control.—Renan, Future of
Science.

If truth is to obtain a complete victory, if Christianity

is ever really to triumph on the earth, then must the
State become Christian and science become Christian.
Such then is the two-fold problem which our age is
called upon to solve.—Frederich von Schlegel.

I come soon and will renew all things.—Scripture.

Frederich von Schlegel, in his Lecture “On the General Spirit of the Age,”
(1846) says, There are in the history of the eighteenth century, many
phenomena which occurred so suddenly, so instantaneously, that although
on deeper consideration we may discover their efficient causes in the past,
in the natural state of things, and in the general situation of the world, yet
are there many circumstances which prove that there was a deliberate,
though secret, preparation of events, as, indeed, in many instances has been
actually demonstrated. In tracing the origin of this “secret and mysterious
branch of illuminism,” and its influence in regard to the true restoration of
society founded on the basis of Christian justice, Schlegel gives it as his
opinion that the order of Templars was the channel by which this esoteric
influence was introduced into the West, handing down the Solomonian
traditions connected with the very foundation of this order, and the religious
masonic symbols which admit of a Christian interpretation: but, as he says,
the idea of an esoteric society for the propagation of any secret doctrine is
not compatible with the very principle of Christianity itself; for Christianity
is a divine mystery which lies open to all.

Continuing from Schlegel’s writings, the Christian faith has the living God
and His revelation for its object, and is itself that revelation; hence every
doctrine taken from this source is something real and positive, while, in
science, the absolute is the idol of vain and empty systems, of dead and
abstract reason. In the absolute spirit of our age, and in the absolute
character of its factions, there is a deep-rooted intellectual pride, which is
not so much personal or individual as social, for it refers to the historical
destiny of mankind and of this age in particular. Actuated by this pride, a
spirit exalted by moral energy, or invested with external power, fancies it
can give a real existence to that which can only be the work of God; as from
Him alone proceed all those mighty and real regenerations of the world,
among which Christianity—a revolution in the high and divine sense of the
word—occupies the first place. For the last three hundred years this human
pride has been at work; a pride that wishes to originate events, instead of
humbly awaiting them and of resting contented with the place assigned to it
among those events …. It was indeed but a very small portion of this
illuminism of the eighteenth century that was really derived from the truths
of Christianity and the pure light of Revelation. The rest was the mere work
of man, consequently vain and empty; or at least defective, corrupt in parts,
and on the whole destitute of a solid foundation;—therefore devoid of all
permanent strength and duration. But when once, after the complete victory
of truth, the divine Reformation shall appear, that human Reformation
which till now has existed will sink to the ground and disappear from the
world. Then, by the universal triumph of Christianity, and the thorough
religious regeneration of the age, of the world, and of governments
themselves, will dawn the era of a true Christian Illuminism. This period is
not perhaps so remote from our own as the natural indolence of the human
mind would be disposed to believe, says Schlegel.

Never was there a period that pointed so strongly, so clearly, so generally

towards the future, as our own. In order to comprehend in all its magnitude
the problem of our age, the birth of Christianity must be the great point of
survey to which we must recur; in order to examine clearly what has
remained incomplete, what has not yet been attained. For, unquestionably,
all that has been neglected, in the earlier periods and stages of Christian
civilization, must be made good in this true, consummate regeneration of
society. If truth is to obtain a complete victory—if Christianity is really to
triumph on the earth, then must the state become Christian and science
become Christian. Such then is the two-fold problem which our age is
called upon to solve. Whatever man may contribute towards the religious
regeneration of government and science, Schlegel reasons that we must
look for the consummation, in silent awe, to a higher Providence, to the
creative fiat of a last period of dispensation, to “the dawn of an approaching
era of love and harmony,” which will emancipate the human race from the
bondage in which it has been held by false teachings; leading men and
nations to consider and estimate time, and all things temporal, not by the
law and feeling of eternity:—but for temporal interests, or from temporal
motives; forgetting the thoughts and faith of eternity. All progress in the
great work of the religious regeneration of science Schlegel hails as the
noblest triumph of genius; for it is, he says, precisely in the department of
physics that the problem is the most difficult; and all that rich and
boundless treasure of new discoveries in nature, which are ever better
understood when viewed in connection with the high truths of religion,
must be looked upon as the property of Christian science. Our various
systems of philosophic Rationalism, he foretells, will fall to the ground: and
vulgar Rationalism, which is but an emanation of the higher, will finally
disappear. Then science will become thoroughly Christian. In the progress
of mankind now, as in the past, a divine hand and conducting Providence
are clearly discernible. Earthly and visible power has not alone co-operated
in this progress;—that the struggle has been, in part, carried on under
divine, and against invisible might, has been substantiated by Schlegel on
firm and solid grounds, if not proved to mathematical evidence; which
evidence, as he remarks, is neither appropriate nor applicable to the subject.
Schlegel concludes his work on The Philosophy of History, by a
retrospective view of society, considered in reference to that invisible world
and higher region, from which a pure philosophy teaches us the operations
of this visible world proceed; in which its great destinies have their root,
and which is the ultimate and highest term of all its movements.

Both Schlegel and Keely teach that we shall prize with deeper, more earnest
and more solid affection the great and divine era of man’s redemption and
emancipation, by Christianity, the more accurately we discriminate between
what is essentially divine and unchangeably eternal in this revelation of
love, and those elements of destruction which false teachings have opposed
thereto or intermingled therewith; tracing in the special dispensations of
Providence, for the advancement of Christianity and the progress of
civilization and regeneration, the wonderful concurrence of events towards
the single object of divine love, or the unexpected exercise of divine justice
long delayed. (See Vera Vita, by David Sinclair.)

Sir G. G. Stokes Bart., M.P., reasoning on the difficulties as to good arising

out of evil, says, “In our study of nature we are most forcibly impressed
with the uniformity of her laws. Those uniform laws are, so far as we can
judge, the method by which the ordinary course of nature is carried on. That
is to say, if we recognize the ordinary course of nature as designed by a
Supreme Being, that it is according to His will that the course of Nature
should, as a rule, be carried on in this regular methodical manner, we should
expect, therefore, to find the operation of regular laws in the moral, no less
than in the physical world, although their existence is less obvious on
account of the freedom of the will ….
There is a conflict of opinion and a restlessness of men’s minds at the
present day; but we may confidently hope that if men will in a
straightforward manner seek after what is true, and that in a humble spirit,
without arrogating to themselves the monopoly of truth and contemning
others whose opinions may be different, the present conflict of opinion will
in time settle down ….

It is in this frame of mind that searchers after truth are now examining the
claims of Keely as a discoverer, and as the founder of a new and pure
philosophy. If the most important subject and the first problem of
philosophy is, as Schlegel declares, the restoration in man of the lost image
of God, so far as this relates to science, all revolution, as well as all
revelation, must tend toward the full understanding of this restoration in the
internal consciousness, and not until it is really brought about will the
object of pure philosophy be fully attained.

The philosophy of history shows clearly how, in the first ages of the world,
the original word of Divine revelation formed the firm central point of faith
for the future reunion of the dispersed race of man; how later, amidst the
various powers intellectual as well as political which (in the middle period
of the world) all ruling nations exerted on their times, according to the
measure allotted to them, it was alone the power of eternal love in the
Christian religion which truly emancipated and redeemed mankind; and
how the pure light of this Divine truth, universally diffused through the
world and through all science, will crown in conclusion the progress of this
restoration in the future.

The fulfilment of the term of all Christian hope and Divine promise is
reserved for the last period of consummation—for the new dispensation
which the closing century is ushering in. The esoteric meaning of the
second coming of our Lord is thus intimated to those who are watching for
the triumph of justice and truth. “Behold I come quickly; and my reward is
with me, to give every man according to his work.”

Theosophy interprets the often-quoted Scripture passage of “the seven

Spirits which are before His throne” as the cosmical, creative, sustaining,
and world-governing potencies, the principles of which God avails Himself
as His instruments, organs, and media. This is what the Kabbala implies
with its seven “Sephiroth,” what Schelling means by the “potencies,” or
principles in the inner life of God; and it is by their emergence, separation,
and tension that they become cosmical potencies. If we stop short at these
general considerations, this is precisely the idea of Theosophy. When it is
asked what special activities are to be ascribed to each of the seven Spirits,
striving to apprehend more closely the uncreated potencies through which
the Deity works in its manifestation, and to which Scripture itself makes
unmistakable allusion, revelation is silent, intimating only by veiled
suggestions. It is here that Theosophy leads the way to the open book of
Nature: the title-page of which we have only begun to turn.

Theosophy, says Bishop Martensen, signifies wisdom in God: “Church

Theology is not wise in assuming a hostile attitude towards Theosophy,
because it hereby deprives itself of a most valuable leavening influence, a
source of renewal and rejuvenescence, which Theology so greatly needs,
exposed as it is to the danger of stagnating in barren and dreary
scholasticism and cold and trivial criticism. In such a course no real
progress can be made in the Christian apprehension of truth.” Jacob Böhme,
who was the greatest and most famous of all Theosophists in the world,1
said of philosophers and other disputants who attack not only Theosophy
but also theology, and even Christianity itself, in the name of modern
science:—“Every spirit sees no further than its mother, out of which it has
its original, and wherein it stands; for it is impossible for any spirit, in its
own natural power to look into another principle, and behold it, except it be
regenerated therein.” This is what Christ taught: “Ye must be born again.”
Only those who are regenerated, by the principle of which Christ spoke to
Nicodemus, can understand the quickening of the Spirit which comes alone
from Him who gives this new birth to all who seek it, and in whom all the
treasures of wisdom and knowledge are hidden:—“hidden, not in order that
they may remain secret, but in order that they may ever increasingly be
made manifest and appropriated by us.”

Jacob Böhme, who was born in 1575, “brought to the birth” an idea which,
three centuries later, is developing into a system of pure philosophy, that
promises to “cover the earth with wisdom and understanding in the deep
mysteries of God.”

Böhme gave birth to an idea. Keely is giving birth to a system. Both are
exceedingly imperfect in the expression of their views; yet in points of
detail each possesses a firm dialectical grip. In their writings both seem
overwhelmed by the vast extent of the realm they are exploring. Both find
in harmony the object and the ending of the world’s development.
Conflicting with modern science at very many points, visionary as both
appear to be, powerful expression is given to an idea of life both in the
macrocosm and the microcosm, the validity of which can be questioned
only by materialism. The idea of the one and the system of the other teach
that when Nature is affirmed in God it is in a figurative and symbolical
sense:—that it is, in comparison with what we call nature, something
infinitely more subtle and super-material than matter; that it is the source of
matter; a plenitude of living forces and energies. This system teaches, as
“Waterdale” has expressed it, “the existence of a Great Almighty, as being
in virtue of the perfect organization of the universe, even as the existence of
man is incidental to the organic structure of his body;” and that the attribute
of omniscience is represented by “the perfect conveyance of signs of atomic
movement in vibratory action through the length and breadth of our
universe.” We are led by it to look from nature up to nature’s God and to
comprehend the attributes of deity as never before in any other system. It
lays hold, with a giant’s grasp, of the heart of the problems which science is
wrestling with. It answers the question asked by Professor Oliver Lodge in
his paper, read at Cardiff, last August, “By what means is force exerted, and
what definitely is force?” It was a bold speculation of Professor Lodge, who
is known as “a very careful and sober physicist,” when, after admitting that
there is herein something not provided for in the orthodox scheme of
physics, he suggested that good physicists should carry their appropriate
methods of investigation into the field of psychology, admitting that a line
of possible advance lies in this direction. Without speculation science could
never advance in any direction; discussion precedes reform, there can be no
progress without it. It required rare courage for a physicist to step from the
serried ranks that have always been ready to point their javelins at
psychologists, and to show, with the torch of science, the hand on the
signpost at the cross roads pointing in the right direction. It is the great high
road of knowledge; but those who would explore it must do so with
cautious tread, until the system of sympathetic association is completed
which Keely is bringing to birth, for the road is bordered with pitfalls and
quicksands and the mists of ignorance envelop it.

Ernest Renan, in “The Future of Science,” illustrates the thesis that,

henceforth, the advancement of civilization is to be the work of science; the
word science being used in its largest signification as covering intellectual
achievement in every direction open to the mind, and the co-ordination of
the results in a progressive philosophy of life. The fundamental distinction
which is expressed or implied, on every page, is that the earlier processes of
civilization belong to an age of spontaneity, of unreflective productivity; an
age that expressed itself in myths, created religions, organized social forms
and habits, in harmony with the spontaneous creations; and that we have
now entered upon the critical, defining, intellectual age; in short, as Mr.
Nisbet has said, that the evolution of the human race has passed from the
physiological into the psychical field; and that it is in the latter alone,
henceforward, that progress may be looked for toward a higher
civilization.2 Philosophy, that is to say, rational research, is alone capable of
solving the question of the future of humanity, says Renan. “The really
efficacious revolution, that which will give its shape to the future, will not
be a political, it will be a religious and moral revolution. Politics has
exhausted its resources for solving this problem. The politician is the
offscouring of humanity, not its inspired teacher. The great revolution can
only come from men of thought and sentiment. It does not do to expect too
much from governments. It is not for them to reveal to humanity the law for
which it is in search. What humanity needs is a moral law and creed; and it
is from the depths of human nature that they will emerge, and not from the
well-trodden and sterile pathways of the official world.” In order to know
whence will come a better understanding of the religion which Christ
taught, “the religion of the future, we must always look in the direction of
liberty, equality, and fraternity.” Not the French Commune liberty to cut one
another’s throats (an equality of misery, and a fraternity of crime), but that
liberty to know and to love the truth of things which constitutes true
religion, and which when it is bestowed without money and without price,
as it will be, “humanity will accomplish the remainder, without asking
anyone for permission.” No one can say from what part of the sky will
appear the star of this new redemption. The one thing certain is that the
shepherds and the Magi will be once more the first to perceive it, that the
germ of it is already formed, and that if we were able to see the present with
the eyes of the future, we should be able to distinguish, in the complication
of the hour, the imperceptible fibre which will bear life for the future. It is
amid putrefaction that the germ of future life is developed, and no one has
the right to say, “This is a rejected stone,” for that stone may be the corner-
stone of the future edifice. Human nature is without reproach, continues
Renan (L’Avenir de la Science), and proceeds toward the perfect by means
of forms successively and diversely imperfect. All the ideas which primitive
science had formed of the world appear narrow, trivial, and ridiculous to us
after that which progressive research has proven to be true. The fact is that
science has only destroyed her dreams of the past, to put in their stead a
reality a thousand times superior; but were science to remain what it is, we
should have to submit to it while cursing it, for it has destroyed and not
builded up again; it has awakened man from a sweet sleep without
smoothing the reality to him. What science gives us is not enough, we are
still hungry. True science is that which belongs neither to the school nor the
drawing-room, but which corresponds exactly to the wants of man. Hence
true science is a religion which will solve for men the eternal problems, the
solution of which his nature imperatively demands. Herein lies the hope of
humanity; for, like a wild beast, the uneducated masses stand at bay; ready
to turn and rend those who are willing to keep them in their present
condition, in order to be able to make them answer their own purposes …. I
am firmly convinced, continues Renan, for my own part, that unless we
make haste and elevate the people, we are upon the eve of a terrible
outbreak of barbarism. For if the people triumph in their present state, it
will be worse than it was with the Franks and Vandals. They will destroy of
their own accord the instrument which might have served to elevate them;
we shall then have to wait until civilization once more emerges
spontaneously from the profound depths of nature. Morality, like politics, is
summed up, then, in this grand saying: To elevate the people. If I were to
see humanity collapse on its own foundations, mankind again slaughter one
another in some fateful hour, I should still go on proclaiming that perfection
is human nature’s final aim, and that the day must come when reason and
perfection shall reign supreme.

Sailing, sailing in the same staunch ship—

We are sailing on together;
We see the rocks and we mark the shoals,
And we watch for cyclone weather.

The perils we run for one alone

Are perils for all together,—
The harbour we make for one alone,
Makes haven for all, through the weather.

Stand by your ship: be brave, brothers mine!

Be brave, for we’ll stand together!
We’ll yet reach the port for which we sail
In this black and stormy weather.

Sailing, sailing the same stormy sea,

We are sailing all together!
There are rocks ahead and shoals beneath,
And ’round us hurricane weather.

I see in the West a star arise,

That will guide us all together:—
Stand firm by your helm and trust in God
Who pilots us through this weather.

The dawn of morning breaks in the skies

Which will bring mankind together;—
To havens of peace, to havens of bliss,
We’ll ride through this cyclone weather.

Clara Jessup Moore.

1 See “Jacob Böhme, his Life and Teaching; or, Studies in Theosophy,” by Dr. Hans
Lassen Martensen. ↑
2 The apparent comprehension of Keely’s discovery by Mr. Nisbet, was what led the
compiler of this work to apply to him for help, in making known the nature of the
researches which Keely is pursuing, at the time that Keely was threatened with
imprisonment, in 1890, for obtaining money under false pretences. ↑
CHAPTER XVI.
1891.
AN APPEAL IN BEHALF OF THE CONTINUANCE OF
KEELY’S RESEARCHES.
There is a distinct advantage in having one section of
scientific men beginning their work untrammelled by
preconceived notions.—Engineering.

A knowledge of scientific theories seems to kill all

knowledge of scientific facts.—Professor Schuster.

Tizeau found that the speed of light is increased in

water which moves in the same direction as the light.
This result must be due either to the motion of matter
through the medium, or to the fact that moving matter
carries the ether with it. The whole question of matter
and motion as a medium is a vital one, and we shall
hardly make any serious advance before experiment
has found a new opening.—Professor Schuster.

How Mr. Keely, in 1891, was Able To Secure the Attention Of Men of
Science To His Researching Experiments.

During the summer of 1890, Mr. Keely was harassed by threats, said to
proceed from disappointed stockholders in the Keely Motor Company, of
suits at law for “obtaining money under false pretences.” After making
many unsuccessful attempts with the editors of leading magazines in
London, Boston, and New York, to bring before the public the claims of Mr.
Keely for sympathy in his colossal work, the proposals of an editor, on the
staff of the London Times (who had the year before introduced himself to
Mrs. Bloomfield Moore to obtain information of Keely) to make known the
researches of the persecuted discoverer and his need of assistance, at that
time, were accepted. The programme, as laid out by this editor, was to use
his extended influence with the leading journals throughout Great Britain,
and to have brief notices of Keely inserted; to be followed up with a
magazine article, for which the material was furnished. Later this
arrangement was modified by the editor, who then proposed to write an
essay for some influential journal, handling the various molecular and
atomic theories; pointing out wherein Keely’s views were original, and
showing their revolutionizing tendencies. This work, which was to have
been commenced in November, was delayed until all need was over. When
the editor wrote to Philadelphia in January, 1891, that he had been unable to
commence his work for want of sufficient material (enclosing questions to
be answered by Mr. Keely before he could set about it), the answer returned
was that the threatened troubles were over, that Mr. Keely had gained the
protection of men of science, and the order for the essay was
countermanded. At this very time a subscription was in circulation to raise
money from disaffected stockholders for the purpose of bringing the
threatened action at law, in case Mr. Keely did not resume work on his
engine, instead of pursuing researches in order to gain more knowledge of
the operation of this unknown polar force in nature.

It was at this juncture that the late Professor Joseph Leidy, that eminent man
of science who had been the first to recognize the importance of Keely’s
discovery to the scientific world, arranged with the Provost of the
University of Pennsylvania that an appeal should be made to the trustees,
the faculty and the professors of that institution, to permit Keely to continue
his researches for science under their protection.

Accordingly, on the 14th of January, 1891, a paper entitled “Keely’s

Discoveries” was read at the house of Provost Pepper. The answer sent by
one of the professors, in reply to Dr. Pepper’s invitation, probably expressed
the views held by all the distinguished men who assembled to listen to the
appeal, which was to the effect that the professor would be present to hear
the paper read, if the Provost wished it; but, if he came, he should make it
very unpleasant for the reader, as he had no faith in Keely nor in his
discoveries. All those who were present listened with attention, and among
the few who became interested in the claims of Keely as a discoverer, was
the professor who had made this remark. The preamble to the appeal was
read by the Provost, Dr. Pepper.

Preamble.
Before commencing to read my paper I wish to lay before you the object of
this effort to interest men of science in the researches of a man who, in the
cause of justice alone, is entitled to have his life’s work fairly represented to
you. Some of our men of science have, unwittingly, been the medium by
which great injustice has been done to Mr. Keely; and to others also, by
placing me before the world as a woman whom the Keely Motor Company
management has robbed of large sums of money; whereas, in truth, I have
never been in any way involved by the Keely Motor Company.

In the winter of 1881–82, Mr. Keely, who was dependent upon “The Keely
Motor Company” for the means to continue his researches, as to the nature
of the unknown force he had discovered, was virtually abandoned by the
Company. Himself as ignorant as were its managers of the source of the
mysterious energy he had stumbled over, he was driven to despair by their
action; and, when I was led to his assistance, I found his wife’s roof
mortgaged over her head, and that, his honour assailed, he had resolved to
take his life rather than submit to the indignities threatening him. At this
time I had taken from my private estate ten thousand dollars, to found a
small public library to my father’s memory, in the town of Westfield,
Hampden Co., Massachusetts. After convincing myself that Mr. Keely had
made a great discovery, I felt that if this money could save his discovery,
jeopardized as it was, it was my duty to so appropriate it. At that time, Mr.
Keely thought half of the amount so appropriated would be all that he
should require; but, unfortunately, his efforts were for years confined to the
construction of an engine for the Company that had abandoned him. Later,
he commenced researches which resulted in the discovery that he had
unknowingly imprisoned the ether; greatly increasing my interest in his
work.

The plan to which I shall allude in my paper, as framed by Professor Leidy

for Mr. Keely to follow, and approved by Professor Hertz, of Bonn, and
Professor Fitzgerald, of Trinity College, Dublin, may be summed up as one
that permits Mr. Keely to pursue his researches on his own line, without
further investigation, up to the completion of his system in a form which
will enable him to give to commerce with one hand his model for aerial
navigation, and to science, with the other, the knowledge that is necessary
for extending its researches in the field of radiant energy—which Mr. Keely
has been exploring for so many years. I ask the prestige of your sympathy,
as well as for your interest in Mr. Keely’s work, on this basis; and if in one
year you are not convinced that satisfactory results have been attained for
science, I will promise to leave Mr. Keely in the hands of the “usurers and
Shylocks of commerce,” who have already forced him into renouncing
seven-eighths of his interest in what the Keely Motor Company claims as
its property.

At present I do not desire from anyone endorsement of Keely’s discoveries.

Until his system is completed he wishes to avoid all discussion and all
public mention of the anticipated value of his inventions. Mr. Keely’s
programme of experimental research, as laid down by himself last March,
when I first proposed to furnish him with all the funds needed to carry it
out, comprises its continuance until he has gained sufficient knowledge of
the energy he is controlling—which is derived from the disintegration of
water—to enable him to impart to others a system that will permit men of
science to produce and to handle the energy, and enable him to instruct
artisans in the work which lies in their province; viz., the construction of
machines to apply this costless motive power in mechanics.

The prestige of your interest in Mr. Keely’s labours can alone secure to him
freedom to pursue researches on his own road; a course pronounced by
Professor Leidy, Professor Hertz, and Professor Fitzgerald, to be “the only
proper line for him to pursue.”

The building of an engine is not in Mr. Keely’s province. His researches

completed to that point which is necessary, for perfect control of the force,
practical application will follow. The result of his experimental work for
nine months on this line has been such as to revive the interest of the
speculative management of the Keely Motor Company, to that extent that
Mr. Keely is now offered the support of its stockholders if he will resume
construction of an engine; and this after more than seven years of failure on
the part of the company to furnish him with one dollar to carry on “the
enterprise.”
The official Report put forth in January by the Keely Motor Company
managers annulled my contract with Mr. Keely; but he is willing to abide
by it, if I am able to continue to furnish him with the necessary funds. This
position of affairs has forced me to the front, to ask whether you will place
it in my power to renew the contract with Mr. Keely; or leave him under the
control of men who seem to be oblivious of the interests of the stockholders
of the company in their “clamour” for an engine. When this system is
completed, in its application to mechanics, the present mode of running
engines with shafts and beltings will disappear, creating a revolution in all
branches of industry.

Looking at my request from another point of view, do you not think it due
to extend to Mr. Keely an opportunity to prove all that one of your number
is ready to announce as his conviction in regard to the claims of Mr. Keely?
You all know to whom I refer—Professor Joseph Leidy. “Oh, Leidy is a
biologist,” said an English physicist not long since; “get the opinion of a
physicist for us.” If I did not wish for the opinion of physicists, I should not
have appealed to you for help at this most critical juncture. But I also ask
that no opinion be given by any physicist until Mr. Keely’s theories are
understood and demonstrated, by experiment. Yes, Dr. Leidy is a biologist,
and what better preparation could a man have than a study of the science of
life to enable him to discern between laws of nature as invented by
physicists, and nature’s operations as demonstrated by Keely?

The science of life has not been the only branch to which Dr. Leidy has
given profound attention; it is his extensive and accurate knowledge of its
methods, limits, and tendencies, which prepared the way for that quick
comprehension of possibilities, lying hidden from the sight of those men of
science whose minds have rested (rusted?) in the dead grooves of
mechanical physics. In Dr. Leidy we find entire scientific and intellectual
liberty of thought, with that love of justice and truth which keeps its
possessor from arrogance and intolerance, leading him with humility to
“prove all things and hold fast to truth.” To such men the world owes all
that we have of advance since the days when science taught that the earth is
flat, arguing that were it round the seas and oceans would fall off into space.
In Dr. Leidy’s name and in justice to him, I ask your sanction to and
approval of my efforts to preserve Keely’s discoveries for science;—
discoveries which explain, not only the causes of the planetary motions but
the source of the one eternal and universal force.

An Appeal in Behalf of Science.

A paper read by Mrs. Bloomfield Moore at the house of Provost Pepper on

the evening of January 14th, 1891, before members of the board of trustees
and professors of the University of Pennsylvania.

Each day he wrought, and better than he planned,

Shape breeding shape beneath his restless hand;
The soul without still helps the soul within,
And its deft magic ends what we begin.

George Eliot.

I hope that I do not seem to be too presumptuous in my effort to awaken an

interest, on your part, in the discoveries of Keely which have aroused a
marked degree of attention among some of the most learned men in Europe.

I should hardly have ventured to ask the prestige of your support to be

given to Mr. Keely, in his further scientific researches, were it not that one
of your number fully realizes, I think, the important nature of these
researches. You all know to whom I refer—Professor Joseph Leidy. In his
book, “Fresh Water Rhizopods of North America,” he says, in his
concluding remarks: “I may perhaps continue in the same field of research
and give to the reader further results, but I cannot promise to do so, for
though the subject has proved to me an unceasing source of pleasure I see
before me so many wonderful things in other fields, that a strong impulse
disposes me to leap the hedges to examine them.” I have reason to know
that, had Dr. Leidy not followed this impulse, our age might have been
robbed of its birthright.

It was not until I appealed to Professor Leidy and Dr. Willcox, to convince
themselves whether I was right or wrong in extending aid to Mr. Keely, that
their decision enabled me to continue to assist him until he has once more
made such advances, in experimental research, as to cause the managers of
the Keely Motor Company to believe that his engine is near completion,
and that they can dispense with outside assistance hereafter.

But I know as it has been in the past so will it be again, and that, as the
months glide away, if no engine is completed, the company will once more
desert the discoverer; while, if he is allowed to pursue his researches, up to
the completion of his system under your protection, his discoveries will be
guarded for science, and the interests of the stockholders will not be
sacrificed to the greed of speculators, as has so often been done in the past.

As I have had occasion to say, elsewhere, after the warning given in the
history of Huxley’s Bathybius, Professor Leidy would not have risked his
world-wide reputation by the endorsement of Keely’s claims, as the
discoverer of hidden energy in inter-molecular and atomic spaces, had he
not tested the demonstrations until fully convinced of the discovery of a
force previously unknown to science, and of the honesty of Mr. Keely in his
explanations. Therefore, following the advice of Professor G. Fr. Fitzgerald,
of Dublin, I do not ask for further investigations. Until Professor Leidy and
Dr. Willcox came to the front, in May, 1891, Mr. Keely had no influential
supporters, and was under such a cloud, from his connection with
speculators, that to advocate his integrity of purpose and to uphold the
importance of his work, was enough to awaken doubts as to the sanity of his
upholders.

We are told by Herodotus that science is to know things truly; yet past
experience shows us that what has been called knowledge at one period of
time is proved to be but folly in another age. Science is to know things
truly, and the laws of nature are the same yesterday, to-day, and forever.
Throughout the universe the same laws are at work and regulate all things.
Men interpret these laws to suit their own ideas. The system which Keely is
unfolding shows us that there is not one grain of sand, nor one invisible
corpuscule of floating matter, that does not come under the same law that
governs the most mighty planet, and that all forms of matter are aggregated
under one law. “The designs of the Creator as expounded by our latest
teachers,” writes Gilman, “have required millions of ages to carry out. They
are so vast and complex that they can only be realized in the sweep of ages.
One design is subordinated by another without ever being lost sight of, until
the time has arrived for its complete fulfilment. These designs involve an
infinitude of effort, ending often in what, to our view, looks like failure, to
be crowned after a series of ages with complete success at last.”

In this long chain of physical causes, says Dr. Willcox, seemingly endless,
but really commencing with that one link that touches the hand of Him who
made all matter, and all potencies that dwell within matter, this cosmical
activity has been ceaseless, these cosmical effects numerous past
conception, by which universal nature has slowly unfolded and become the
universe of to-day.

In this way both Christianity and science unfold their truths progressively.
Truth, like the laws of nature, never changes; yet truth as an absolute thing,
existing in and by itself, is relatively capable of change; for as the atoms
hold in their tenacious grasp undreamed-of potencies, so truths hold germs
potential of all growth. Each new truth disclosed to the world, when its hour
of need comes, unfolds and reveals undreamed-of means of growth. As the
Rev. George Boardman has said of Christianity, so may it be said of
science: Being a perennial vine, it is ever yielding new wine.

A philosopher has said that if ever a human being needed divine pity it is
the pseudo-scientist who believes in nothing but what he can prove by his
own methods. In the light of Keely’s discoveries, science will have to admit
that when she concentrates her attention upon matter, to the exclusion of
mind, she is as the hunter who has no string in reserve for his bow. When
she recognizes that a full and adequate science of matter is impossible to
man, and that the science of mind is destined ultimately to attain to a much
higher degree of perfection than the science of matter—that it will give the
typical ideas and laws to which all the laws of physics must be referred—
then science will be better supplied with strings than she now is, to bring
her quarry down.

It is Professor Leidy’s and Dr. Willcox’s second strings, to their bows,

which will enable you to secure to science the richest quarry that has ever
been within its reach. I know that the experience of Professor Rowland, as
related by him, must have had the effect to prejudice you against Mr. Keely.
Professor Fitzgerald writes to me on this subject: “I am sorry that Mr. Keely
did not cut the wire, wherever Professor Rowland asked to have it cut,
because it will undoubtedly be said that he had some sinister reason for not
doing so, whatever his real reasons were; but, of course, when one cuts a bit
off a valuable string one prefers naturally to cut the bit off the end, as Keely
did, rather than out of the middle.” This very wire which Mr. Keely did cut
at one end, twice, for Professor Rowland, one of the pieces falling into my
hand, is now in Professor Fitzgerald’s possession. It was the offensive
manner of Professor Rowland when he seized the shears, telling Keely it
was his guilty conscience which made him refuse to cut the wire, and that it
must be cut in the middle, which put Keely on the defensive, causing him to
refuse to allow Professor Rowland to cut it.

It would seem that the professor in the Johns Hopkins University, from his
remarks on that occasion, thought, instead of an experiment in negative
attraction, that Keely was imposing upon the ignorant by giving a simple
experiment in pneumatics, familiar to all schoolboys. Professor Rowland
did not realize how low he was rating the powers of discernment of a
professor in the University of Pennsylvania who had witnessed Keely’s
experiments again and again, when his instruments or devices were in
perfect working order. Mr. Keely, who was ambitious to show Professor
Rowland that his disintegrator had no connection with any concealed
apparatus, had suspended it from the ceiling by a staple. The hook had
given way, and the jar to the instrument in falling to the floor disarranged its
interior construction on that day. To those who have not witnessed any of
Keely’s experiments, under favourable conditions, his theories naturally
seem vague speculations; but not one theory has Keely put forward, as a
theory, which he has not demonstrated as having a solid foundation in fact.
Some of our men of science once settled the problem of the origin of life to
their own satisfaction, only to learn in the end that speculation is not
science; but this very problem is one the solution of which Keely now
seems to be approaching.
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