HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS

THAT CHANGED THE

COURSE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
Historical Antecedents in the Course of
Science and Technology

❖Lesson 1: Ancient Times

❖Lesson 2: Medieval/Middle Ages
❖Lesson 3: Modern Times
❖Lesson 4: Philippine Inventions
After studying this lesson, you should be able to;

1. Explain how science and technology affected the society

and environment and vice versa;
2. Identify inventions and discoveries that changed the world
over the course of history and;
3. Discuss the scientific and technological developments in the
Philippines.
 INTRODUCTION

Science comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning ‘knowledge.’

It refers to a systematic and methodological activity of building and
organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves through
observation, experimentation or both.

Technology, for its part, is the application of scientific knowledge,

laws, and principles to produce services, materials, tools, and
machines aimed at solving real-world problems. It comes from the
Greek root word techne, meaning ‘art, skill, or cunning of hand.’
 INTRODUCTION

According to Albert Einstein, “It is not knowledge if

you only derived it from books, but if you can derive
it on numbers, it is considered knowledge.” Because
numbers are the application of knowledge and
technology is the application of numbers and
science.
 Historical Antecedents in the Course
of Science and Technology

➢ In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and

navigation, communication, and recordkeeping, mass production, security
and protection, as well as health, aesthetics, and architecture.

➢ Transportation was significant during that time because people were trying to
go places and discover new horizons. They are travelling to search for food
and find better locations for their settlements. They also travelled to trade
their surplus goods in exchange for things that they lacked.

➢ Communication was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy

new places. They needed a way to communicate with the natives of the areas
they visited so as to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts.
 Historical Antecedents in the Course
of Science and Technology

➢ The increase in size and number of nations connoted

increased demand for food and other basic necessities.
This condition also implied that the people must be able to
produce food at a given time and space since resources
were getting scarcer as more people struggled to share
the basic necessities. The people thus needed a form of
technology that would enable them to increase food
supplies and other survival needs.
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

Sumeria is located on the southernmost

tip of ancient Mesopotamia between the
Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the area
later became Babylonia, Sumerians, are
known for their high degree of
cooperation with one another and their
desire for great things. They are not
contented with the basic things that life
can offer. This desire pushed them to
develop many things connected with
science and technology.
 URUK CITY
Another important contribution of the Sumerians
is the City of Uruk. It is a great wonder not only
because it is considered to be the first true city
in the world but also for the way it was erected.
There were no building stones in the location of
this city and lumber was limited, making the
construction a big challenge. The Sumerians we
re able to build the city using only mud or clay
from the river, which they mixed with reeds,
producing sunbaked bricks-a true engineering
feat. They used the bricks to make houses that
protected them from the harsh weather and to
build a wall around the city that prevented wild
animals and neighboring raiders from entering.
Cuneiform
One of the major contributions of the
Sumerians is the development of the first
writing system known as cuneiform. It is a
system that utilizes word pictures and
triangular symbols which are carved on clay
using wedge instruments and then left to
dry. Cuneiform allowed the Sumerians to
keep records of things with great historical
value or their everyday life. It is also one
way of passing their traditions, cultures, and
their legacy.
THE GREAT ZIGGURAT
OF UR
Another engineering and architectural
feat of the Sumerians is the Great
Ziggurat of Ur. The Ziggurat, also called
the mountain of God, was built in the
same manner that they constructed
the City of Uruk. Without much
building materials, the structure was
constructed using sunbaked bricks. The
Ziggurat served as the sacred place of
their chief god, where only priest was
allowed to enter.
IRRIGATION AND DIKES
As population increase, so did the demand for
food. The Sumerians were challenged to mass
produce items but the elements in the environment
seemed uncooperative. It was difficult to get water
form the rivers, thus they could not maintain
farmlands. Some groups had scarce water supply,
while others had problems with flooding caused by
the river. As a solution to this dilemma, the
Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals to
bring water to farmlands and at the same time
control the flooding of the rivers. This method was
considered as one of the world’s most beneficial
engineering works.
 WHEEL

In the latter part of their history, the

Sumerians were able to invent the wheel
since the specialized tools needed to
create it were already available. The first
wheels were not made for transportation
but for farm work and food process. With
the use of the wheel and axel, mass
production was made easier. Farmers
were able to mill grains with less effort in
less time.
 THE PLOW ROADS

Another farm technology invented by the In order to facilitate faster and easier travel,
the Sumerians developed the first roads.
Mesopotamians is the plow. With this work, the flow of traffic became
The plow was invented to dig the earth faster and more organized. They made the
in a faster pace. As the plow beaks the roads with the same technology they used in
ground, the farmer would just drop the making sunbaked bricks that they laid down
on the ground.
seeds and farm work would already be
done.

The Sumerians does not have any degree in engineering or in architecture, but they were able to build buildings,
road, infrastructure and many more that are still solid at stable until now.
BABYLONIAN
CIVILIZATION
Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris
and Euphrates river. The Babylonians were
great builders, engineers, and architects.
Babylonia emerge near the river because water
is one of their basic necessities. Water brings
food for them, brings energy and beauty, and it
also enable them to travel from one place to
another. With the use of river, they are able to
exchange their goods to other places and they
can also use it to conquer and also to escape.
One of their major contributions is the
hanging garden of Babylon, one of the seven
wonders of the ancient world. Today, people
can only marvel at the beauty of the famous
Hanging Gardens of Babylon form the stories
of historians and paintings that portray the
place. It was said to be a structure made up
of layers upon layers of gardens that
contained several species of plants, trees,
and vines. However, no physical evidence
has been found to prove the existence of the
Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Its exact
location is unknown.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

Another early civilization famous for it legacy is

the Egyptian civilization located in North Africa.
Many stories tell about the engineering feats of
the Egyptian especially regarding
infrastructures established by the Pharaohs.

Aside from the Sumerians, Egyptians also developed a

system of writing, they were able to make writing easier
for the world. Before, they are using tables made from
clay tablets but they find it fragile, heavy, and delicate to
handle. Hence, the Egyptian invention of paper or
papyrus was a welcome development. They were able
to process the plant in order to produce thin sheets on
which one could write down things.
INK

When Egyptians invented the papyrus or the paper, engraving ceased to be used in writing. As a result, the
Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors.

HEIROGLYPHICS
Like Sumerians, the Egyptians also developed a system of writing using
symbols, known as hieroglyphics. Although some say that hieroglyphics
was adapted from the early writing system established in Mesopotamia as
a result of trade between civilizations the Egyptians believed that this
writing systems was provided to them by their gods.

Their way of writing is also the root cause why many scientists are
confused about their history. Hieroglyphics is not just an ordinary writing of
text, but it is also consisting of many different symbols and illustrations that
may lead the scientist to misinterpretation of data or meaning.

Hieroglyphics was the language that tells the modern world of the history
and culture of the ancient Egyptians. Their records were well-preserved
since they were carved at the walls of pyramids and other important
Egyptian structures.
COSMETICS AND WIG

Cosmetics nowadays are essentials

in building your self confidence but
did you know that the cosmetics that
we are using right now is invented
by the Egyptians?
Although cosmetics in the modern
times are used to improve and
highlight the facial features of a
person, their function in ancient
Egypt was for both health and
aesthetic.
For example, Egyptians wore kohl around the eyes to
prevent and even cure eye diseases. Kohl was created by
mixing soon or malachite with mineral galena.

Another cosmetic invention of ancient Egyptian is the wig.

Nowadays, wigs are used to enhance the appearance of
people who are balding or those who want to try new hair
trends. Meanwhile, during the ancient Egyptian times, they
were used for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic
purposes. They used it to cover their head from the harmful
rays of the sun.
WATER CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA

Another important ancient Egyptian

contribution is the water clock. This
device utilizes gravity that affects the flow
of water from on vessel to another. This
invention also leads to our modern-day
clock through series of improvement
done by the succeeding civilization
GREEK CIVILIZATION

Greece is an archipelago in the Southeastern

part of Europe. This makes their country difficult
to conquer since it is an archipelago, they can
hide or ambush the enemy from various island.
Europe is known as the birthplace of western
philosophy, some of the major achievements of
the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy
and mathematics. Greek civilization has
contributed much to the world especially in the
fields of science and technology.
GREEK CIVILIZATION

The first proponents of an atomic theory

were the Greek philosophers Leucippus
and Democritus in the field of science and
on the field of math they have Pythagoras
who was perhaps the first to realize that a
complete system of mathematics could be
constructed and later called Pythagorean
Theorem.
ALARM CLOCK

One of the most utilized gadgets today

was invented by ancient Greeks is the
alarm clock. Although the alarm clock
during that time does not resembles the
present-day clocks, the purpose was just
the same- to tell an individual when to
stop or when to start.

This invention according to the scientist

resembles that of the Egyptians but this is
more complex but more accurate.
WATER MILL

Watermills were also considered as one of the

most important contributions of the Greek
civilization to the world. They were commonly used
in agricultural processes like milling of grains which
is necessary form of food processing during that
time. Mass production of rice, cereals, flours and
the like became common with the help of
watermills. Modern-day watermills also help for
converting mechanical energy into electricity which
also leads to invention of windmill and turbine.
ROMAN CIVILIZATION

The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in
the west. Political because of its huge population and territory and social because of
religion. It was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during the
period. Because the Roman Empire was so large, other civilizations looked up to it
as their model in terms of legislation and codified law. That is why many other
civilizations were conquered by the Roman Empire because of its existing laws
which make it more complex and more stable compared to the other civilizations or
empire.
EARLY FORM OF NEWSPAPER

While Romans cannot be credited with creating a

modern system of daily newspapers, they did have
something similar. They often inscribed news of
current affairs unto stones, papyri, or metal slabs,
which were placed in public spaces.

This publication was called Acta Diurna or 'daily

acts' and originated as early as 131 B.C. the Acta
diurna constituted a type of daily gazette, and thus it
was, in a sense, the prototype of the modern
newspaper.

This Roman invention had much the same purpose

as modern newspapers, giving Roman citizens
information about military victories, births and
deaths, and even human interest stories.
Unfortunately, there are no surviving intact copies.
Bound Books or Codex

The term codex is often used for ancient manuscript books, with
handwritten contents. Similar to a modern book, a codex was bound
by stacking the pages and securing one set of edges by various
methods and protecting the pages with front and back covers.
Elaborate historical bindings are called treasure bindings. During the
Roman Empire, writings were typically either carved into clay slabs or
written on scrolls. As you can imagine, these texts were difficult to
transport, brittle in nature, and challenging to store.

Instead of a scroll that could be up to 32 feet (10 meters) in length,

and had to be unrolled to be read, Julius Caesar commissioned the
very first bound book — a collection of papyrus — to form a codex.
This provided a safer and more manageable way to keep the
information secure. The codex could hold many volumes, had a built-
in cover for protection, and the pages could be numbered for
reference, allowing the use of a table of contents and index.
Roman Architecture

The Romans were the first builders in the history of

architecture to realize the potential of domes for the
creation of large and well-defined interior spaces.
Domes were introduced in a number of Roman
building types such as temples, thermae, palaces,
mausolea and later also churches.

A characteristic feature of Roman design was the

combined use of arcuated and trabeated
construction (employing arches and constructed
with post and lintel). Although at first tentatively
employed in the spaces between the classical
columns, the arch eventually came to be the chief
structural element.
 Roman Numerals are numeral system that originated in ancient
Rome and had survived for some uses after the end of the Roman
Empire. The numbers in the system are represented by combinations
of letters from the Latin alphabet. Modern usage employs seven
symbols, each with a fixed integer value:

Symbol I V X L C D M
Value 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000
Some practical examples can be seen at the entrances to the Roman
Colosseum, which are labeled with Roman numerals – XXIII (23) to
LIIII (54).

Starting in the 14th century, Roman numerals began to be replaced

by Arabic numerals, however, this process was gradual, and the use
of Roman numerals persists in some applications to this day. — most
often on clock faces or representing years on architecture.

Other common uses include year numbers on monuments and buildings and copyright dates on the title screens of
movies and television programs. MCM, signifying "a thousand, and a hundred less than another thousand", means
1900, so 1912 is written MCMXII. For the years of this century, MM indicates 2000. The current year is MMXXI
(2021).
CHINESE CIVILIZATION

The Chinese civilization is considered the oldest civilization

in Asia, if not the world. Also known as the middle kingdom,
China is located on the far east of Asia.
It was very famous among the other ancient civilization
because of its silk trade.

The following are contributions of Chinese civilization to the

world.

❖ Silk industry
❖ Tea production
❖ Worlds Famous Great wall of China
❖ Gun powder

China even until now controls the production of almost everything. Most of the things like gadget, furniture,
weapon, medicine, basic necessities, and many other are made in China. That is why Chinese economy is getting
bigger and its control over the international politics is indeed very impressive.
Silk Discovery
The wife of the Yellow Emperor Huangdi was having tea under a mulberry
tree when a silkworm cocoon fell into her cup. As she watched, a strand of
fiber unspun from the cocoon, and she realized that the strong filament
could be used to make cloth. Thus, an industry was born. She taught her
people how to raise silkworms and later invented the loom.

It is thought that silk was exported along the Silk Road routes by about 400
BC or so, and after this, though silk became highly esteemed, the various
kingdoms and imperial dynasties kept secret the methods of silk production
for another thousand years.

It might have been one of the most zealously guarded secrets in history.
Anyone found smuggling silkworm eggs, cocoons, or mulberry seeds was
put to death.

Silk garments were worn by emperors and royalty, and it was a status
symbol. Common people were prohibited from wearing silk. Silk was also
used for a number of other applications including luxury writing material.
Ancient China: The Birthplace of Tea

History of Tea: Chinese Symbol for Tea, Ch’a

The history of tea dates back to ancient China, almost 5,000 years
ago. According to legend, in 2732 B.C. Emperor Shen Nung
discovered tea when leaves from a wild tree blew into his pot of
boiling water. He was immediately interested in the pleasant scent
of the resulting brew, and drank some. Legend says the Emperor
described a warm feeling as he drank the intriguing brew, as if the
liquid was investigating every part of his body.

Shen Nung named the brew "ch'a", the Chinese character

meaning to check or investigate. In 200 B.C. a Han Dynasty
Emperor ruled that when referring to tea, a special written
character must be used illustrating wooden branches, grass, and
a man between the two. This written character, also pronounced
"ch'a" symbolized the way tea brought humankind into balance
with nature for the Chinese culture.
China's Tea History

The popularity of tea in China continued to grow rapidly from the 4th through the 8th
century. No longer merely used for its medicinal properties, but became valued for
everyday pleasure and refreshment. Tea plantations spread throughout China, tea
merchants became rich as expensive and elegant tea wares became the banner for
the wealth and status of their owners.

The Chinese empire tightly controlled the preparation and cultivation of the crop. It
was even specified that only young women, presumably because of their purity, were
to handle the tea leaves. These young female handlers were not to eat garlic,
onions, or strong spices in case the odor on their fingertips might contaminate the
precious tea leaves.
The Great Wall of China

is an ancient series of walls and fortifications, totaling

more than 13,000 miles in length, located in northern
China. Perhaps the most recognizable symbol of China
and its long and vivid history, the Great Wall was originally
conceived by Emperor Qin Shi Huang in the third century
B.C. as a means of preventing incursions from barbarian
nomads. The best-known and best-preserved section of
the Great Wall was built in the 14th through 17th centuries
A.D., during the Ming dynasty. Though the Great Wall
never effectively prevented invaders from entering China,
it came to function as a powerful symbol of Chinese
civilization’s enduring strength.

Around 220 B.C., Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a

unified China under the Qin Dynasty, ordered that earlier
fortifications between states be removed and a number of
existing walls along the northern border be joined into a
single system that would extend for more than 10,000 li (a
li is about one-third of a mile) and protect China against
attacks from the north.
Gunpowder is the first explosive to have been developed.

- "Four Great Inventions" of China, it was invented during the late

Tang dynasty (9th century) while the earliest recorded chemical
formula for gunpowder dates to the Song dynasty (11th century).
Knowledge of gunpowder spread rapidly throughout Asia, the
Middle East and Europe, possibly as a result of the Mongol
conquests during the 13th century.

- It was employed in warfare to some effect from at least the 10th

century in weapons such as fire arrows, bombs, and the fire
lance before the appearance of the gun in the 13th century.

- The Gunpowder weapons such as rockets and fire arrows

continued to be used in China, Korea, India, and eventually
Europe.

- Gunpowder has also been used for non-military purposes such

as fireworks for entertainment, or in explosives for mining and
tunneling.
LESSON 2 : MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGE

The start of the middle ages was

marked by massive invasions and
migrations. Wars were prevalent
during this time. As such, great
technology was needed in the
field of weaponry, navigation,
mass food and farm production,
and health. Most innovative minds
came from this period to control
the increase of trade and
commerce among nations.
KNIGHTS IN SHINING ARMOUR

Knights - armoured men on horseback - were the

most iconic invention of the Middle Ages. The
arrival of Norman knights in 1066 signaled the start
of the medieval period, and over the next 450 years
their armour and weapons were ingeniously
updated to make them more powerful and less
vulnerable fighting machines.

A knight is a person granted an honorary title of

knighthood by a head of state (including the pope)
or representative for service to the monarch, the
church or the country, especially in a military
capacity.
WEAPONS OF MASS PRODUCTION
The most feared English weapon of the Middle Ages
was the longbow. With a range of over 200 metres, this
'medieval machine gun', could shoot at least six arrows
a minute. Since bows date from prehistoric times, it
wasn't exactly a new invention. But really powerful
longbows apparently developed on the Welsh borders
from the late 12th century. Their greatest triumph was
the Battle of Agincourt (1415),

The longbow's success depended on strength and

training. Few people today could even draw a medieval
'war bow', something medieval archers regularly
practiced from early boyhood.
 TELESCOPE

Since the Middle Ages was also known as the age of

exploration, the need for nautical inventions was high.
Considering the vast and empty oceans that separated
lands, ship captains needed to see far and wide for them to
navigate or avoid dangers at sea.

WAR WEAPON
Since wars were widespread during the Middle
Ages, great development in the weaponry
technology also occurred. One of the keys to gain
victory during this time are well crafted bows,
spears, even armors which are used in close range
hand-to-hand combat and for open-area battles.
LESSON 3: MODERN TIMES
The booming world population during the
nineteenth century onwards demanded that
more goods be produced at a faster rate.
People needed efficient means of transportation
to trade more goods and cover a larger
distance. Machines that required animals to
operate must be upgrade. Faster and easier
means to communicate and compute should be
developed to establish connections between
and among nations. Because of these, the birth
of various industries takes place. However, due
to massive industrialization, the modern times
again faced more complicated problems.
PRINTING PRESS
Johann Gutenberg was able to invent
the printing press, a more reliable
way of printing using a cast type.
This general invention soon evolved
to be the mechanical printing press
which was eventually used all over
the world. The printing press was
invented to address the need for
publishing books that would spread
information to many people at a
faster rate.
MICROSCOPE
Growing population is caused massive
migration and urbanization during the
period. More and more people are
transferred to polluted and populated
urban areas which resulted in more
people getting sick and needing medical
attention. To develop the proper medicines
for the illness, experts must understand
the sickness through investigation that is
why they invented this device to magnify
the small things that are invisible to the
naked eye.
PASTEURIZATION
As people were able to develop better means of production to meet the needs of the population, food
preservation and food safety became an issue. The challenge to keep manufactured from deteriorating was
greater for dairy products, especially milk, since they usually spoiled faster. If this food is not consumed
immediately after the production, it might lead to food poisoning, diphtheria, and typhoid fever.

Louise Pasture, a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist, found a way to solve the problem. He invented
pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow the milk so spoil faster.
Through this process, milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period of time
 PETROLEUM REFINERY

Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining

petroleum. Kerosene was later on referred to as the
“illuminating oil” because it was used at first to provide lighting
to homes. After some time, it was applied for heating purpose.
Nowadays, kerosene is still present as still used by many
people for powering automobiles, factories, and power plants,
among others.

TELEPHONE

What do you think is the first word ever spoken on the

telephone? It is “Mr. Watson, come here. I want to see you”
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and it was one
of the most important inventions at that time. But before, the
connection is very limited, the commoners cannot afford to buy
one, and it is not that reliable in terms of stability and
consistency. Nowadays, telephones are one of the necessities
in this fast-changing world. Millennials can no longer live without
it according to time magazine.
CALCULATOR

Although an earlier version of the calculator

had already been developed, circumstances
in the modern times required a faster way to
compute mire complicated equations. The
creation of modern-day calculator did not
only pave the way for easier arithmetic
calculations, but also resulted in the
development of more complex processing
machines like computer.
LESSON 4
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS

Despite being considered a developing country, the Philippines also contributes to the
global advancement of science and technology. We have a group of inventors called
the Filipino Inventors Society which aims to remedy the needs of the consumers by
inventing useful machines that could help us in our everyday living. These inventors
are supported by the DOST or the Department of Science and Technology.

Some of the world renounce Filipino inventions are the following:

Videoke Salamander Amphibious Tricycle

Salt Lamp Medical Incubator
E Jeepney Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System
KARAOKE SING ALONG SYSTEM by
ROBERTO DEL ROSARIO

Videoke

The world's first karaoke machine, the Juke-8, was

built by Japanese inventor and musician Daisuke
Inoue in 1971. But it is Filipino inventor Roberto del
Rosario who holds the machine's patent. He
developed the Karaoke Sing-Along System in 1975.
Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
The Salamander is the brainchild of Victor Llave
and his team at H2O Technologies, an innovation
and technology company. Designed over a period
of more than 24 months, the Salamander, even in
its earliest stages, is clearly a testament to the
ingenuity of Filipino engineering.
The Salamander is an amphibious tricycle which
can carry six passengers, including the driver, that
can drive over land and water, directly. The
tricycle is built on a compartmentalized, double-
hull, fiberglass body that would not sink even if a
section sustains damage.
SALT LAMP

Aisa Mijeno is the CEO of SALT

(Sustainable Alternative Lighting), which
she invented in 2014 with her brother,
Raphael Mijeno. SALT is a technology
start-up the Mijeno siblings call a social
movement, motivated by tribal
communities who do not have access to
electricity. Mijeno realized that the
Philippines have an abundance of
saltwater, which allowed her to create a
lamp powered by the saltwater
surrounding the Philippines or through a
glass of water and two scoops of salt.
INCUBATOR by FE DEL MUNDO
(born Fé Primitiva del Mundo y Villanueva; 27
November 1911 – 6 August 2011)

-was a Filipina pediatrician, the founder of the first pediatric

hospital in the Philippines.

-revolutionized Philippine medicine, making major

breakthroughs in immunization and in the treatment of
jaundice, and providing healthcare to thousands of poor
families.

-Her pioneering work in pediatrics in the Philippines while in

active medical practice spanned eight decades.
-She was also credited for her studies that lead to the
invention of the incubator (Bamboo Incubator) and jaundice
relieving device.
- the first Asian to have entered the prestigious Harvard
University’s School of Medicine.
The OL trap was launched in 2011 to
address the burgeoning problem of dengue
infection. The DOST-ITDI OL trap research
team designed the trap to detect, monitor,
and control the population of the dengue-
carrying Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The
trap works by attracting female mosquitoes
to lay eggs on the paddle drenched with an
organic solution. This solution kills the eggs
and larvae, preventing mosquitoes from
reaching adulthood.

The solution is potent against mosquitoes

but safe for humans and animals, as it is
composed of ingredients commonly used in
the kitchen for food preparation.
Leonardo S. Sarao
Though he only attained Grade 6 level of education because of
poverty, he was able to make the company grow into a
multimillion peso conglomerate. The Electric Jeepney (E-
Jeepney) is a recent development in the Philippines that
provides a sustainable, clean form of public transportation.

Filipinos began to modify jeeps into a sort of minibus to

accommodate more passengers and shelter them with a roof.

Today, the Jeepney is a symbol of Filipino pop culture. Some are

often painted in bright, flamboyant colors and feature lights, loud
horns and large, ornate hood ornaments.
Third generation Jeepneys have better air conditioning systems,
newly assembled engines and closely resemble minibuses. They
also tend to be more economical and environmental.

Jeepneys fueled by liquid petroleum gas (LPG) were the first of

these vehicles to switch over to cleaner energy. LPG Jeepneys
are rare, however their emissions are much lower than those of
earlier generations.
These inventions are being recognized and being used all over the
world. According to the Filipino Inventors Society Secretary Fortunato
de la Pena, “we may lack of resources, but our minds are filled with
knowledge” which is true. As a Filipino, we know how to be patient
and how to curl when the blanket is short meaning, we find ways in
every problem that we face.

The items discussed in this chapter are only some of the great
inventions and developments during the different time periods. There
are still more innovations and discoveries that were made in the
course of history that changed the world.
Thank you for Listening.