TIWARI SIR 9818280575

XII (PHYSICS)
SURE SHOT THEORY QUESTIONS FOR BOARDS
NOTE:- Students are advised to do this assignment per instructions of the subject teacher
and latest CBSE syllabus.
Unit 1 (Electrostatics)
1. Name the basic properties of electric charge.
2. What is meant by quantization of charge.
3. State Coulomb’s law of force between charges at rest. Express it in vector form.
4. State the limitations of Coulomb’s law in electrostatics.
5. Define dielectric constant of a medium.
6. What is the principle of superposition of electrostatics forces?
7. Define (a) electric field at a point (b) electric dipole (c) electric dipole moment (d) electric line of
force
8. Find out an expression for the electric field due to an electric dipole (a) axial case (b) equatorial
case.
9. Derive an expression for the torque acting on an electric dipole, when held in a uniform electric
field. Hence define the dipole moment.
10. Derive an expression for the total work done in rotating the dipole through an angle 𝜃 in uniform
electric field E and hence derive expression for the potential energy of the dipole.
11. Write down the important properties of lines of force.
12. Sketch the lines of force for different cases.
13. Define electric flux. Give its SI units and dimension.
14. State and prove Gauss’s theorem in electrostatics.
15. Using Gauss theorem, derive an expression for the electric field intensity due to an infinitely long,
straight wire of linear charge density λ C/m.
16. Using Gauss’s theorem derive an expression for the electric field intensity at a point near a thin
infinite plane sheet of charge density σ C/m2 .
17. Deduce coulomb’s law using Gauss’s theorem.
18. Define (a) electric potential at a point
(b) potential difference between two points
(c)1 volt
19. Derive an expression for the electric potential at a distance r due to a point charge q.
20. Draw graph showing the variations of electrostatics potential V and electrostatics field E with
distance r from a charge q.
21. Derive an expression for the electric potential due to an electric dipole
(a) axial case (b) Equatorial case.
22. Derive an expression for the electric potential due to an electric dipole (General Case).
dv
23. Prove E =− .
dr
24. What is an equipotential surface? Write down its properties.

1
TIWARI SIR 9818280575
25. Sketch equipotential surface for
(i) A positive point charge.
(ii) Two equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance.
(iii) Two equal and positive charges separated by a small distance.
(iv) A uniform electric field
26. Show that the amount of work done in moving a test charge over an equipotential surface is zero.
27. Show that the direction of the electric field is normal of the equipotential surface at every point.
28. Write an expression for the potential energy of two point charges q1 and q2, separated by
distance r in a electric field ⃗E .
29. Define (a) capacitance (b) 1 Fared
30. What is a capacitor ?Explain its principle.
31. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor.
32. Find the equivalent capacitance when they are connected (i) In series (ii) In parallel
33. Derive an expression for the energy stored in a capacitor with air as the medium between its
plates. How does the stored energy change if air replaced by a medium of di-electric constant k?
34. Derive an expression for the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor. Hence show that electric
1
field E as a source of energy with energy density 2 ε0 E 2 J/m3 .
35. What is a dielectric? A dielectric slab of thickness t is kept between the plates of a parallel plate
capacitor separated by distance d. Derive the expression for the capacitance of the capacitor for t
<< d.
36. A small sphere of radius r and charge q is enclosed by a concentric spherical shell of radius R and
charge Q. Show that if q is positive , charge q will necessarily flow from the smaller shell to larger
shell.

UNIT-2 (CURRENT ELECTRICITY)

1. Define (a) EMF of a cell (b) Resistance (c) Resistivity (d) Conductance (e) Conductivity (f)
Current density (g) Drift velocity (h) Relaxation time
2. Express Ohm’s law in vector form
⃗τ
eE
3. Prove 𝑣 d = -
m
4. Prove I = neAvd
m
5. Derive Ohm’s law on the basis of the theory of electron drift and hence prove 𝜌 = 2
ne τ
6. Prove 𝑗⃗ = 𝜎𝐸⃗ or 𝐸⃗ = 𝜌𝑗
7. Alloys of metals have greater resistivity than their constituent metals. Why?
8. Define mobility of a charge carrier. Express it in terms of relaxation time. Give its SI unit.
9. What do you understand by the resistivity of a conductor? Discuss its temperature dependence
for a
(i) metallic conductor (ii) semiconductor (iii) ionic conductor (iv) electrolyte.
10. Sketch graphs showing the variation of resistivity of following materials with temperature (i)
copper (ii) nichrome (iii) carbon or semiconductor
11. Why alloys like constantan or manganin are used for making standard resistors?

2
TIWARI SIR 9818280575
12. What are ohmic and non-ohmic conductors/resistors? State the conditions under which Ohm’s
law is not obeyed. Give one example of each type.
13. What is internal resistance of a cell? On what factors does it depend?
E
14. Prove r = (V − 1) × R
15. Two cells of different emfs and internal resistance are connected in series/parallel. Find
expressions for the equivalent emf and equivalent internal resistance of the combination.
𝑉2 V2
16. Prove H = I2 Rt = 𝑅 𝑡 = VIt and hence P = I2R = R = VI
17. State Kirchhoff’s laws for electric circuits and explain them giving illustrations.

18. What is a wheat stone bridge? State the wheat stone bridge principle. Deduce the conditions for
which the Wheat stone bridge is balanced.
19. Draw a circuit diagram (Slide wire bridge) which can be used to determine the resistance of a
given wire. Explain the principle of the experiment and write the formula used.

UNIT-3 (MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM)

1. State Biot-Savart law for magnetic field produced at a point due to a small current element. How
will you find the direction of magnetic field?
2. Use Biot-Savart law in finding out the magnetic field
(i) At the centre of a carrying coil.
(ii) On the axis of a current carrying coil.
(iii) Due to long current carrying straight wire.
3. State right hand thumb rule.
4. State Ampere’s circuital law. Using it find out magnetic field
(i) Inside the solenoid
(ii) due to a long current carrying straight wire.
5. State Lorentz force. Write the expression for this force. (In vector form also)
6. Electric and magnetic field are applied mutually perpendicular to each other. Show that a charged
particle will follow a straight line path perpendicular to both of these fields, if its velocity is E/B in
magnitude.
7. Prove ⃗F=I (𝑙 × 𝐵 ⃗)
8. Derive a mathematical expression for the force per unit length experienced by each of the two
long current carrying conductors placed parallel to each other in air.
Hence define one ampere of current .
Take (i) same directions (ii) opposite directions.
9. Prove 𝜏 = NIAB sin 𝛼 OR 𝜏 = ⃗M ⃗⃗ × ⃗B
10. With the help of a neat and labelled diagram, explain the underlying principle, construction and
working of a moving coil galvanometer. What is the function of (i) uniform radial field (ii) soft
iron core; in such a device?
11. What do you mean by figure of merit of galvanometer?

3
TIWARI SIR 9818280575
12. When is a galvanometer said to be said to be sensitive ? Define current sensitivity and voltage
sensitivity of a galvanometer. State the factors on which the sensitivity of a moving coil
galvanometer depends. How can we increase the sensitivity of a galvanometer?
13. How will you convert a galvanometer into
(i) an ammeter (ii) a voltmeter
14. Define (i) magnetic lines of force (ii) magnetic dipole moment (iii) magnetic dipole
15. Define the terms
(i) Magnetising field (ii) Magnetic intensity (iii) Magnetisation
(iv) magnetic induction (v) magnetic permeability (vi) relative permeability
(vii) magnetic susceptibility. Give their S.I units, if any. Derive relation between relative
permeability and susceptibility.
16. What are dia , para and ferro magnetic substance? Give one example of each.
17. Explain the origin of diamagnetism on the basis electron theory .
18. Explain the origin of para magnetism.
19. Explain briefly domain theory to explain ferromagnetism.
20. State and explain curie law of magnetism.
21. (a) How ferromagnetism affected on increasing temperature?
(b) Define curie point.
(c) State modified Curie’s law for a ferromagnetic material.
22. Write down at least five properties of (i) Dia (ii) Para (iii) Ferromagnetic substances.
23. How will you select materials for making permanent magnets, electromagnets and cores of
transformers?

UNIT-4
(ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION AND A.C.)

1. Define the term magnetic flux. Write the dimensional formula of magnetic flux.
2. What is electromagnetic induction?
3. Describe the various experiments performed by Faraday.
4. State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
5. State Lenz’s law and show that Lenz’s law follows from the principle of conservation of energy.
6. What is motional emf?
7. Prove that the magnitude of the emf induced in a conductor of length l when it move at v m/s
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field B is 𝐵𝑙𝑣.
8. State Fleming’s right hand thumb rule.
9. Deduce an expression for the motional emf by considering the Lorentz force acting on the free
charge carriers of a conductor moving in a perpendicular magnetic field. Also deduce expressions
for the induced current, force necessary to pull the conductor, power delivered by the external
source, and power dissipated as joule loss. Hence discuss the energy conservation.
10. State lenz’s law. Prove that the charge induced is independent of time.
11. What is self-induction? Define self-inductance. Give its units and dimentions.

4
TIWARI SIR 9818280575
12. Derive an expression for the self-inductance of a long solenoid of N turns, having a core of relative
permeability 𝜇𝑟 .
13. What is meant by mutual induction? Define the term mutual inductance. Give its units and
dimensions.
14. Derive an expression for the mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids of same length
wound over the other.
15. Write down the factors on which the mutual inductance depends.
16. A rectangular coil of area A, having number of turns N is rotated at revolutions per second in a
uniform magnetic field B, the field being perpendicular to the coil. Prove that the maximum emf
induced in the coil is 2𝜋 f NBA.
17. With the help of a labelled diagram, explain the principle, construction and working of an a.c.
generator. Derive the expression for induced emf.
18. Define average value of a.c. over half a cycle. Establish the relationship between the ‘average
value’ and the ‘peak value’ of an alternating current.
19. Define rms value (effective value) of an a.c. current. Derive a relation between it and its peak
value.
20. Describe A.C. circuit containing (i) R only (ii) L only (iii) C only (iv) C-R only (v) L-R only
(vi) L-C-R only (V.Imp)
21. What do mean by sharpness of resonance of resonance in a series resonant circuit? Find an
expression for Q-factor of the circuit.
22. Prove Pav = E𝑣l𝑣 Cos𝜙 in an a.c. Circuit.
23. Define power factor of an a.c. circuit.
24. What is wattles current?
25. Prove that an ideal inductor / capacitor does not dissipate power in ac circuit.
1
26. Prove that the total energy stored in an inductor 2 L l20 , where l0 is the maximum current through
the inductor.
27. What are L-C oscillations? Explain qualitatively, how these oscillations are produced. Why do
these oscillations get damped?
28. Show that in the free oscillations of an LC circuit, the sum of energies stored in a capacitor and an
inductor is constant in time.
29. Explain with the help of a labelled diagram, the principle, construction and working of a
transformer. Why is its core laminated?
30. Write down various energy losses in a transformer? How can they be reduced?

UNIT-5 (ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES)

1. State and Maxwell’s modification of Ampere’s circuital law.

2. Conduction and displacement currents are individually discontinuous, but their sum is
continuous comment.
3. State Maxwell’s equations .
4. Briefly explain how Maxwell was led to predict the existence of electromagnetic waves.

5
TIWARI SIR 9818280575
5. What is an electromagnetic waves? How can we express mathematically a plane electromagnetic
wave propagating along x-axis? Also represent it graphically.
6. Obtain expression for the energy density of an electromagnetic wave. In an electromagnetic wave,
show that the average energy density of the E field equals the average energy density of the B
field.
7. Define intensity of an electromagnetic wave. Obtain an expression for it.
8. Write an expression for the momentum carried by an e.m. wave.
9. Write an expression for the pressure exerted by an electromagnetic wave .
10. Mention the various properties of electromagnetic waves.
11. Name the different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, giving the wavelength range,
frequency range and source of production in each case. Also give the important properties and
uses of each part.(Most important question of this chapter)

UNIT-6 (RAY OPTICS)

1. Derive mirror formula.

2. Revise all cases of image formation for convex and concave mirrors.
1
3. What is principal of reversibility of light and prove 𝑎𝜇𝑔 = .
𝑔𝝁𝑎
real depth 1
4. Prove 𝜇= and normal shift d = t (1- )
apparent depth 𝜇
5. What is total internal reflection. What are two necessary condition for it? Explain all its
applications
𝜇1 𝜇2 𝜇 −𝜇
6. Prove - + = 2 1 (All cases)
𝑢 𝑣 𝑅
7. What is meant by power of a lens? Define one dioptre.
8. Obtain an expression for the effective focal length of two thin lenses placed in contact coaxially
with each other.
9. Show that in case of a prism A+𝛿=i+e, where the symbols have their usual meanings.
10. Draw a graph to show the variation of the angle deviation ‘𝛿’ with that of the angle of incidence ‘i’
for a mono chromatic ray of light passing through a glass prism of refracting angle ‘A’. Hence
δm+A
Sin( )
2
deduce the relation μ = A
Sin
2
11. What is dispersion of light? Explain it with a ray diagram. Also explain the cause of dispersion of
light.
12. Explain the terms angular dispersion and dispersive power. How are these two related? Write
expression for these quantities in terms of refractive index.
13. (a) Define the magnifying power of a microscope. With the help of a ray diagram, explain the
formation of the image in a compound microscope. Derive an expression for its magnifying
power. How can its magnifying power be increased?
(b) Draw a schematic diagram of a compound microscope when the final image is formed at
infinity.
14. (a) What is an astronomical telescope. Describe its construction and working. Calculate its
magnifying power when the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision.
(b) Normal adjustment

6
TIWARI SIR 9818280575
15. You are given three lenses of power 0.5D,4D, 10D. State, with reason, which two lenses will you
select for constructing a good astronomical telescope.
16. With the help of a labelled diagram, explain the construction and working of a cassegrain
reflecting telescope. Write an expression for its magnifying power.
17. Write four advantages of a reflecting type telescope over a refracting type telescope.

(WAVE OPTICS)
18. What is wave front? Sketch all types of geometrical shape of wave fronts ?
19. State Huygen’s principle.
20. Deduce the laws of reflection on the basis of Hyugen’s wave theory.
21. Deduce the laws of refraction on the basis of Hyugen’s wave theory.
22. Illustrate with the help of a suitable diagram, the action of the following on a plane wave front
incident on (i) a prism (ii) a convex lens, and (iii) a concave mirror.
23. What is interference of light ? Describe Young’s double slit experiment.
24. Derive an expression for the intensity at any point on the observation screen in young’s double
slit experiment. Hence write the conditions for constructive and destructive interference.
25. What are coherent sources of light?
26. Define fringe width. Derive an expression for widthof fringes in YDSE.
27. What is sustained interference of light.
28. Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity against the position x on the screen
29. Prove that the law of conservation of energy is obeyed during the interference of light.
𝐼 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑎1 +𝑎2 )2
30. Prove =
𝐼 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑎1 −𝑎2 )2
31. What is meant by diffraction of light ?
32. Explain diffraction at a single slit. Derive expression for the positions of secondary maximum and
minimum also derive relation for the width of central maximum.
33. Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity with diffraction angle θ in a single slit diffraction
experiment.
34. Under what conditions the concepts of ray optics are valid. Define Fresnel’s distance and size of
Fresnel’s zone.

UNIT-7 (DUAL NATURE OF LIGHT)

1. Define (a) Work function (B) photo-electric effect

(c) Stopping potential (d) Threshold frequency
2. Describe an experimental arrangement to study photoelectric effect. Explain the effect of
(i) Intensity of light on photoelectric current, (ii) potential on photoelectric current, and
(iii) frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential.
3. State the laws of photoelectric emission.
4. Explain why photoelectric effect cannot be explained on the basis of wave nature of light.
5. Establish Einstein’s photoelectric equation. Use this equation to explain the laws of photoelectric
emission.
6. Draw a graph showing the variation of stopping potential with the frequency of incident radiation
in relation to photoelectric effect.
7
TIWARI SIR 9818280575
(a) What does the slope of this graph represent?
(b) How can the value of Planck’s constant be determined from this graph?
(c) How can the value of work function of the material be determined from this graph.
7. What is de Broglie’s hypothesis?
8. Show that the de Broglie wavelength 𝜆 of electrons of energy K is given by the relation:
h
λ=
√2mk
9. Show that the de-Broglie wavelength 𝜆 of electrons accelerated through a potential difference of
h 12.3
V volts can be expressed as λ = = Å
√2meV √V

UNIT-8 (ATOMS AND NUCLEI)

1. With the help of a labelled diagram, describe Rutherford’s experiment on scattering of 𝛼-

particles. Give Rutherford’s observations and discuss the significance of the experiment.
2. Explain how Rutherford’s experiment on scatting of 𝛼-particles led to the estimation of the size of
the nucleus.
3. Define impact parameter.
4. Give limitations of the Rutherford’s model of the atom.
5. Obtain Bohr’s quantization condition on the basis of the wave picture of an electron.
6. State Bohr’s postulates for explaining the spectrum of hydrogen atoms.
7. Using Bohr’s postulates, derive an expression for the radii of the permitted orbits in the hydrogen
atom. Also obtain an expression for the total energy of an electron in the nth orbit of an atom.
What does negative value of this energy signify? What is Bohr’s radius?
8. Show that the speed of an electron in the innermost orbit of H-atom is 1/137 times the speed of
light in vacuum.
9. What is the energy level diagram for an atom? Calculate the energies of the various energy levels
of a hydrogen atom and draw an energy level diagram for it.
10. Explain the origin of the spectral lines of hydrogen using Bohr’s theory.
OR
On the basis of Bohr’s atomic model, derive an expression for the wave number of radiations
emitted by an electron, when it jumps from outer orbit to lower orbit.
11. State the drawbacks of Bohr’s atomic theory.
12. Define the terms excitation and ionization energies ; and excitation and ionization potentials?
13. How is the size of a nucleus estimated? Write the relation between the radius of a nucleus and its
mass number.
14. Prove that the nuclear density is same for all nuclei. Give an estimate of nuclear density.
15. What are nuclear forces? Give their important properties.
16. Draw a graph showing the variation of potential energy as a function of their separation.
What is the significance of negative potential energy in this graph? Indicate the regions in which
the nuclear forces is (i) attractive, and (ii) repulsive.
17. What is mass defect of a nucleus? Express is mathematically. What light does it throw on the
binding energy of nucleus?
18. What do you mean by binding energy of a nucleus? Obtain an expression for binding energy. How
binding energy per nucleon explain the stability of nucleus?

8
TIWARI SIR 9818280575
19. Draw a plot showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass number A. Write two
important conclusions which you can draw from this plot. Explain with the help of this plot, the
release in energy in the processes of nuclear fusion and fission.

UNIT-9 (SEMI CONDUCTOR DEVICE)

1. Explain the formation of energy bands in solids. On the basis of energy band diagrams,
distinguish between (i) a metal, (ii) an insulator and (iii) semiconductor.
2. What are intrinsic semiconductors? On the basis of valence band model, explain the mechanism
of conduction in intrinsic semiconductors.
How do holes act as positive charges carriers?
OR
Describe the process of conduction in intrinsic semiconductors.
3. Sketch and explain the energy band diagram of intrinsic semiconductors.
4. Explain how an intrinsic semiconductor can be converted into
(i) n-type and (ii) p-type semiconductor. Give one example of each and their energy band
diagrams.
5. What is an intrinsic semiconductor? How can this material be converted into (i) p-type (ii) n-type
extrinsic semiconductor ? Explain with the help of energy band diagrams.
6. What is a p-n junction? Explain, with the help of a diagram, how (i) depletion layer, and (ii)
potential barrier is formed in a p-n junction diode. On what factors does the magnitude of
potential barrier of a p-n junction diode depend? Give circuit symbol for a p-n junction diode .
7. Explain the action of a p-n junction diode in
(i) forward bias arrangement and (ii) reverse bias arrangement.
With the help of diagrams, distinguish between forward biasing and reverse biasing of a p-n
diode.
8. Explain briefly with the help of a circuit diagram, how V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode
are obtained in (i) forward bias, and (ii) reverse bias.
Draw the shape of the curves obtained.
9. With the help of a circuit diagram, explain how a p-n junction diode can be used as half-wave
rectifier. Draw the waveforms of input and output voltages.
10. With the help of a labelled circuit diagram, explain the use of junction diodes as a full wave
rectifier. Draw the input and output waveforms.