2

Section A

Answer all the questions in this section. Answer in the spaces provided.

1 Fig. 1.1 shows a waterskier pulled horizontally across the water surface.

Fig. 1.1

The mass of the waterskier is 60 kg. The gravitational field strength g is 10 N / kg.

(a) Calculate the weight of the waterskier.

weight = ......................................................... [1]

(b) Mass and weight have different units.

State two other differences between mass and weight.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) A boat pulls the waterskier to the right with a horizontal force of 50 N. The waterskier travels
at a constant speed.

(i) Explain, in terms of the horizontal forces acting, why the speed is constant.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The horizontal force acting to the right increases from 50 N to 70 N. The sizes of any
other forces are unchanged.

Calculate the acceleration of the waterskier.

acceleration = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]

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2 Fig. 2.1 shows a long cardboard tube, sealed at both ends, which contains many small pieces of
metal.

small
metal tube
pieces

Fig. 2.1

The tube is turned vertically so that the pieces of metal fall from one end to the other.
The temperature of the pieces increases as a result of the fall.

During the fall, the gravitational potential energy of the metal pieces is transferred to other forms
of energy.

(a) State two forms of energy to which the gravitational potential energy is transferred.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The pieces fall an average distance of 1.2 m during one turn. The total mass of the metal
pieces is 150 g.

(i) Calculate the loss in the gravitational potential energy of the pieces as they fall once.

The gravitational field strength g is 10 N / kg.

loss in gravitational potential energy = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) A student turns the tube quickly. After the small metal pieces have fallen from one end to
the other 80 times, their temperature has increased by 7.0 °C.

Determine the specific heat capacity of the metal.

specific heat capacity = ......................................................... [3]

(iii) The student repeats the experiment, turning the tube more slowly.

Suggest why a different temperature increase is obtained.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 8]

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3 Fig. 3.1 shows a syringe mounted vertically in a block of wood and sealed at one end. A plunger is
free to move inside the syringe.

There is trapped air in the syringe.

plunger

syringe

trapped air

wood
sealed end

Fig. 3.1

The air inside the syringe exerts a pressure on the walls of the syringe.

(a) Define the term pressure.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Explain how the air molecules in the cylinder of the syringe create a pressure.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

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(c) A 10 N weight is placed on top of the plunger. The plunger moves down slowly so that the
temperature of the air inside the syringe does not change.

Before the weight is placed on top of the plunger:

• the pressure of the air inside the syringe is 1.0 × 105 Pa

• the volume of the air is 50 cm3.

The cross-sectional area of the plunger is 1.2 × 10−4 m2.

(i) Calculate the pressure of the air in the syringe after the plunger stops moving.

pressure = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the volume of air inside the syringe after the plunger stops moving.

volume = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

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4 Fig. 4.1 shows a ray of white light incident on a glass prism.

glass
prism

P
white red
violet
Q

Fig. 4.1 (not to scale)

Refraction causes the white light to separate into different colours.

(a) Define the term ‘angle of refraction’.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The angle of incidence of the white light as it enters the prism is 40° and the angle of refraction
for the red light is 25°.

Calculate the refractive index of the glass for red light. Show your working.

refractive index = ......................................................... [2]

(c) Using Fig. 4.1, state and explain how the refractive index for red light differs from the refractive
index for violet light.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(d) The source of white light used in Fig. 4.1 produces other types of electromagnetic radiation
as well as visible light.

State the name of the invisible radiation found at P and the invisible radiation found at Q.

at P ....................................................... at Q ....................................................... [1]

[Total: 7]

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5 (a) A student connects a battery, thermistor X and resistor Y in parallel, as shown in Fig. 5.1.

I X

Fig. 5.1

• The electromotive force (e.m.f.) of the battery is E.

• The current in X is I.
• The resistance of Y is greater than the resistance of X.

Tick two boxes, one to show the correct statement about the potential difference across Y
and the other to show the correct statement about the current in Y.

The potential difference across Y:

is less than E

is equal to E

is greater than E.

The current in Y:

is less than I

is equal to I

is greater than I.
[1]

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(b) The student connects thermistor X in series with the resistor Y and a battery of e.m.f. 6.0 V, as
shown in Fig. 5.2.

6.0 V

X Y

Fig. 5.2

In this circuit, at room temperature, the resistance of thermistor X is 600 Ω and the current in
thermistor X is 0.0020 A.

(i) Calculate the power produced in the thermistor.

power = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate the resistance of Y.

resistance = ......................................................... [3]

(iii) The thermistor is cooled.

Explain why this causes the potential difference across Y to decrease.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

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Section B begins over the page.

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Section B

Answer two questions from this section. Answer in the spaces provided.

7 Fig. 7.1 shows the speed–time graph for a car travelling on a straight horizontal road.

20

16
speed
m/s
12

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
time / s

Fig. 7.1

(a) (i) Describe the motion of the car.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Using Fig. 7.1, calculate the distance travelled by the car during the 24 s of its motion.

Show your working.

distance = ......................................................... [3]

(iii) Calculate the average speed of the car during its motion.

average speed = ......................................................... [2]

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(iv) A second car travels at a steady speed. It travels the same distance as the first car in the
24 s of the journey.

On Fig. 7.1, draw the speed–time graph for the second car. [2]

(b) The thinking distance is the distance travelled by a car between the time that a hazard is
seen and the time that the brakes are applied.

The braking distance is the distance travelled while the car slows down to rest.

Table 7.1 shows the thinking and braking distances for an alert driver when the car travels at
different speeds.

Table 7.1

speed thinking distance / m braking distance / m

km / h
20 9 2
40 18 9
60 20
80 36 36
100 45 56

(i) Complete Table 7.1. [1]

(ii) The time it takes for the driver to react to the hazard is constant at different speeds.

Explain how the table shows this.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) State what happens to the thinking distance and the braking distance when the driver is
tired.

thinking distance ...............................................................................................................

braking distance ................................................................................................................

[2]

[Total: 15]

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8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows a ripple tank and the crests of the water wave that is produced in it.

rubber
band
crest
water

wooden
bar

Fig. 8.1

The frequency of the water wave is 2.0 Hz and its amplitude is 3.0 mm.

(i) Calculate the number of crests produced in 1.5 s.

number = ......................................................... [1]

(ii) The height of the wave is measured from the level of the undisturbed surface of the
water. The height of the wave at one point is 0 at time = 0.

On Fig. 8.2, draw a graph to show how the height of the wave at this point varies with
time.

height / mm 4

0
–2

–4

–6
0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50
time / s

Fig. 8.2
[2]

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(b) (i) The frequency of the wave is increased.

Describe how the apparatus shown in Fig. 8.1 is adjusted so that the frequency of the
wave is increased.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State what happens to the speed and wavelength of the wave as the frequency increases.

speed ................................................................................................................................

wavelength ........................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) The apparatus shown in Fig. 8.1 can be used to demonstrate refraction.

(i) State the additional apparatus needed to demonstrate refraction.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Draw on Fig. 8.3 to show the refraction of the water wave.

Label a boundary where the refraction occurs.

ripple tank

wooden
bar

Fig. 8.3
[3]

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(d) Fig. 8.4 shows a connection to the internet made from a remote station A using a satellite
above the Earth’s surface.

Data is sent between stations A and B using microwaves which travel to and from the satellite.

Station B is connected directly to the internet using optical fibre.

satellite

station B
station A
to internet

Fig. 8.4 (not to scale)

The speed of microwaves is 3.0 × 108 m / s.

Stations A and B are each 560 km from the satellite.

(i) Calculate the time taken for data to travel from A to B using microwaves.

time = ......................................................... [3]

(ii) The same data can be sent from A to B in a shorter time along the surface of the Earth
using infrared waves to carry the information in optical fibres.

State one property that infrared waves and microwaves have in common.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Suggest one other advantage of using optical fibres to connect stations A and B directly.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 15]

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