LESSON

TEST - STATISTIC
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What’s In
Writing Null and Alternative Hypotheses

1. The average TV viewing time of all five-year old children is 4 hours daily.
Null hypothesis
𝑯𝟎 : The TV viewing time of all five-year old children is 4 hours daily.

Alternative hypothesis
𝑯𝟏 : The TV viewing time of all five-year old children is not 4 hours daily.

In symbols: 𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟒 and 𝑯𝟏 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟒

2. The owner of a factory that sells a particular bottled fruit juice claims
that the average capacity of a bottle of his/her product is 250 ml.
Null hypothesis
𝑯𝟎 : The bottled drinks contain 250 ml per bottle.

Alternative hypothesis
𝑯𝟏 : The bottled drinks do not contain 250 ml per bottle.

In symbols: 𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 and 𝑯𝟏 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟐𝟓𝟎

What’s New
Applying Hypothesis Testing
• The symbol ≠ in the alternative hypothesis suggests either a greater than ( > )
relation or a less than ( < ) relation.

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• When the alternative hypothesis utilizes the ≠ symbol, the test is said to be non-
directional. Also called a two-tailed test.

• When the alternative hypothesis utilizes the > or the < symbol, the test is said to
be directional, may either be called left-tailed or right-tailed.

A farmer believes that using organic fertilizers on his plants will yield greater
income. His average income from the past was P200,000.00 per year.
𝑯𝟎 : Using organic fertilizers will yield P200,000.00 average income per year.
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎
𝑯𝟏 : Using organic fertilizers will yield greater than P200,000.00 average of
income per year.
𝑯𝟏 : 𝝁 > 𝟐𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎

The phrase ‘greater income’ is associated with the greater than

direction.

These are the graphical representations of two-tailed test and the one-tailed test.

Non-directional 𝛼 𝛼
(Two-tailed) = 0.025 = 0.025
2 2
1- 𝛼
The probability is found on
both tails of the distribution
μ
Directional 𝛼 = 0.05
(One-tailed, left tail)
1- 𝛼
The probability is found at the
left tail of the distribution. μ

Directional
𝛼 = 0.05
(One-tailed, right tail) 1- 𝛼

The probability is found at the μ

right tail of the distribution.

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 What is It

LESSON 2: TESTS OF HYPOTHESIS

The appropriate test-statistics to use when:

(a) the population variance is assumed to be known and
(b) the population variance is assumed to be unknown.

z test
The z test is a statistical tool for the mean of a
population. It can be used when: z test formula
• n ≥ 30 ̅ −𝝁
𝑿
𝒛= 𝝈
• the population is normally distributed if
√𝒏
n < 30 ̅
𝑋 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
• 𝜎 is known
𝜇 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑
(a) the population variance is assumed to be 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
known, 𝜎 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
(b) the population variance is assumed to be 𝑛 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
unknown, and
(c) the Central Limit Theorem is to be used.

t test t test formula

̅−𝝁
𝑿
𝒕= 𝒔
The t test is a statistical test for the mean of a
population and is used when: √𝒏
𝑋̅ = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
• 𝜎 is unknown but n ≥ 30 𝜇 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑
• 𝜎 is unknown and n < 30 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
• The population is approximately normally 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑
distributed 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑜𝑚 = 𝑛 − 1

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 Central Limit Theorem

A good estimate of the mean is obtained if the standard error of the

mean (σX̅ ) is small or close to zero, while a poor estimate, if the standard error
of the mean (σX̅ ) is large. Thus, if we want to get a good estimate of the
population mean, we have to make n sufficiently large.

If random samples of size n are drawn from a population, then as n

becomes larger, the sampling distribution of the mean approaches the normal
distribution, regardless of the shape of the population distribution.

What’s More
Directions: Identify the test tool to use in a certain problem.

1. Days on Dealers’ Lots

A researcher wishes to see if the mean number of days that a basic, low-price,
small automobile sits on a dealer’s lot is 29. A sample of 30 automobile dealers
has a mean of 30.1 days for basic, low-price, small automobiles. At 𝜶 = 0.05, test
the claim that the mean time is greater than 29 days. The standard deviation of
the population is 3.8 days.

Type of test: ______________________

Reason/s: _________________________________________________

2. Hospital Infections
A medical investigation claims that the average number of infections per week at
a hospital in south-western Pennsylvania is 16.3. A random sample of 10 weeks
had a mean number of 17.7 infections. The sample standard deviation is 1.8. Is
there enough evidence to reject the investigator’s claim at 𝛼 = 0.05?

Type of test: ______________________

Reason/s: _________________________________________________

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 What I Have Learned
Directions: Briefly answer the question below.

QUESTION: How would we know if we are to reject the null hypothesis and accept
the alternative hypothesis?

What I Can Do
Directions: Briefly answer the question below.

QUESTION: What will happen to your research if it concludes to reject the null
hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis?

Assessment
Directions: Determine whether the test is a two-tailed or one-tailed. If it is one-tailed,
is it left-tailed or right-tailed?

1. A nutritionist claims that her developed bread is fortified with vitamin B.

2. A musician believes that listening to classical music affects mood.

3. A storekeeper thinks that time of day influences sale of ice cream.

4. A mother wants to prove that reading books to children improves their thinking
processes.
5. A certain combination of fruits provides the daily requirement for Vitamin C.

Additional Activities
Directions: Write the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis in words and in
symbol for each of the following.

1. A nutritionist claims that her developed bread is fortified with vitamin B.

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2. A musician believes that listening to classical music affects mood.

3. A storekeeper thinks that time of day influences sale of ice cream.

4. A mother wants to prove that reading books to children improves their thinking
processes.

5. A certain combination of fruits provides the daily requirement for Vitamin C.