PR1 for Midterms 4.

EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS - refers to a search for facts,

answers to questions and solutions to problems.
What is RESEARCH?
5. ANALYTICAL - shows analytical procedures in
• Research is an organized investigation and study of
gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, and
materials and sources to create facts and reach new
or case study.
inferences.
6. OBJECTIVE - it is unbiased and logical. All findings
• Research has come up with developing appropriate
are logically based on real-life situations.
solutions to improve the individual’s quality of life.
Although it may take place in a different setting and 7. ORIGINAL WORK - it requires its own examination
may use different methods, scientific research is and produces the data needed to complete the study.
universally a systematic and objective search for
It is said that research can be done in different ways. It
reliable knowledge (Walker, 2010).
can be either a well-planned and methodical process
• Research is a verified approach of thinking and that is based on keen observation and concrete and
employing legalized instruments and steps to obtain a valid evaluation. Integration is the best way to
more adequate solution to a problem that is otherwise evaluate the validity of a certain study.
impossible to address under ordinary means
Prieto, et.al. (2017) also added that the following are
(Crawford, as cited by Alcantara & Espina, 1995). In
involved in the Research Processes:
most cases, research helps society to answer the
WHAT and HOW questions. It must be a proper 1. DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM: What is the problem?
investigation and should reach a valid conclusion that
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: What evidence is
would facilitate the finding of answers to the
already presented?
questions.
3. FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS: How are we going to
Research can be categorized into two:
find/look for the answer to
• Basic Research
questions being studied?
This is the type of research that is a purely direct
4. RESEARCH DESIGN: Where will the study be shown
application but increasing the nature of understanding
and with what population?
about the problem. It develops the scientific theories
to be more understandable to the readers. 5. COLLECTING DATA: Are we ready to gather the
data? Where do we find the data?
• Applied Research
6. ANALYZING DATA: How do the data answer the
It is a type of research that needs an answer to a
research queries?
specific question. It provides solutions and validation
in order to apply to the real setting. 7. INTERPRET AND REPORT: What are the implications
of the results?
CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES, AND ETHICS IN
RESEARCH Ethical Codes and Policies for Research, Resnik, 2007
Prieto, et.al. (2017) stated that the following are the Given the importance of ethics in the conduct of a
major characteristics of research: research, you will follow codes and policies for
research:
1. EMPIRICAL - is based on observations and
experiments of theories. Honesty - Maintain all communication. Data should
not be faked.
2. SYSTEMATIC - follows orderly and sequential
procedures, based on valid Objectivity - Avoid biases in experimental designs,
data analysis, interpretation, expert testimony, and
procedures and principles.
other aspects of Research.
3. CONTROLLED - In research, all variables, except
those that are tested/
Integrity - Keep your promises and agreements. Grounded theory - This occurs when a researcher
discovers a new theory based on the data collected. It
Carefulness - Avoid careless errors and negligence.
Strengths of Qualitative Research Design of Qualitative Research
Sources
1. Issuesof
canResearch Topics
be analyzed through detailed and deep ⮚ It containsresearch
Qualitative the: is an emergent design which
examination. means that it emerges as you make ongoing decisions
1. Mass media communication-television, newspaper, ● What: the subject matter or topic to be
about what you have learned.
ads, radio, films,
2. Interviews are etc.
not being delimited to specific investigated
questions and can be guided/redirected by the ● Where:
As a design, place or
qualitative locale where
research theresearcher’s
requires research is
2. Books, internet, journals, government publications
researcher along the process. to be conducted
decision-making like how to gather data, from where
3. Professional periodicals- specialized periodicals in ● Who: the
and whom to collect, participants of respondents
when to gather, and for howof the
long
3. The research framework and direction can be easily
different fields study
is the process will be.
revised as new information emerges.
● When: the time period of the conduct of the
4. General periodicals- Reader’s Digest, Time To have a holistic picture of qualitative research
4. The obtained data from human experience is study
Magazine, Women’s Magazine, etc. project, you have to remember that in deciding on a
powerful and sometimes more interesting than
Writing
topic, youa Research Questionthe kind and the field it
have to consider
5. Previous readings
quantitative data.
belongs, as well as its relevanceto your daily life.
Writing a good research question means you have
6.
5. Work experience
Data usually are collected from a few cases or
something
Guidelines you want to study.
in Choosing a TopicLet's say you're
individuals so findings cannot be generalized to a
How to Narrow Down a Topic interested in the effects of television. We will examine
larger population. Findings can however be 1. Interest in the subject matter - You are interested
the steps and then look at how you could write a
1. You can narrow
transferable downsetting.
to another the topic by exploring and about the topic because you have experienced it.
research question.
extending the explanation of a theory.
Weaknesses of Qualitative Research 2. Availability of information - It is important that
✔Specify your specific concern or issue
2. Talk over ideas with people who know research. when you decide on a topic, sources of information are
1. Research quality is heavily dependent on the
available.what you want to know about the specific
✔Decide
3. Focus on specific
researcher’s group.
skills and may Ex: Students, Mothers,
be influenced by the
concern or issue
Teachers
researcher's outlooks. 3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic - The topic
✔Turn
you have what you want
chosen can be toofknow and the to
significance specific
the
4.
2. Define
The volumethe aim or desired
of data makesoutcome of the study.
analysis and
concern
community. into a question
interpretation time-consuming.
a. Is the study exploratory, explanatory, or descriptive?
✔Ensure that the
4. Limitations question
on the subjectis answerable
- Sometimes, topic is
3. It is sometimes hard to prove.
b. Is the study applied or basic? limited to what the teacher suggests. An example of
✔Check to make sure the question is not too broad or
4. The researcher's presence during data gathering, this is when the teacher asks the entire class to focus
Before deciding on your topic, ask: too narrow
which is often unavoidable in qualitative research, can on COVID-19 pandemic, then you have no freedom to
1. What
affect theareas are not
subjects' yet explored
attitudes towardsthat
theI want to
process. ✔ This isother
explore the basic process
topics in writing
aside from whataisresearch
given.
investigate? question. Writing a good question will result in a better
5. Issues of anonymity and confidentiality can 5. Personal resources - Consider also if you can finish
research project.
2. Is my research
bring/result useful to
in problems me, presenting
when to my school, to my
findings. the research in terms of your intellectual and financial
family and to my community? A research
physical question should be (from the Writing
capabilities.
6. Findings can be more difficult and take time to
Center of George Mason University):
Remember,
visualize. a research study must be significant
enough to make it worth your efforts as the Topics
✔ toItbe
Clear. Avoidedenough specifics that one’s
provides
Importance of Qualitative Research across Different
researcher. audience can easily understand its purpose without
Fields 1. Controversial topics - Avoid highly opinionated
needing additional explanation.
topics.
Qualitative
⮚ Research Research
title is thein:
most important element of your ✔ Focused. It is narrow enough that it can be
2. Highly technical subjects - Too technical topics
research as it clearly expresses the problem to be
- EDUCATION answered thoroughly in the space the writing task
requires expertise. If you don’t have enough
explored.
- TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION allows.
knowledge about it, then look for another one.
⮚ A -research
PSYCHOLOGY
title capsulizes the main thought or idea ✔ Concise. It is expressed in the fewest possible
- ADVERTISING 3. Hard-to-investigate subject - Unavailability of
of the whole research paper. It also words.
- SOCIAL WORK reading materials and materials that are not updated
reflects the variables under study.
- MARKETING make
✔ the subject
Complex. hard
It is not to investigate.
answerable with a simple ‘yes’ or
‘no’, but rather requires synthesis and analysis of ideas
⮚ It -is expressed
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
in few words possible and just enough 4. Too broad subjects - You lack focus if you deal with
and sources prior to composition of an answer.
to describe the contents and thepurpose of your broad topics. The remedy is to narrow it down.
research. ✔ Arguable. Its potential answers are open to debate
5. Too narrow subject - Some subjects are too narrow
rather than accepted facts.
⮚ It needs to be informative. that extensive and thorough reading are required.
⮚ It contains the:
Writing the Thesis Statement THE SCOPE OF YOUR STUDY
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paper you write should have a main point, a 4. Toscope
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version
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