Philosophy and Ethics - Religious Studies A - Edexcel GCSE

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1. What is the revelation?: God revealing himself or showing something of himself.
2. What is the Bible, in connection to revelation?: The most important source of
revelation and helps lead Catholics to God.
3. How do Catholics use revelation?: To mean the ways in which God has made
himself known to humans. He is communicating and teaching. Christians may
believe that revelation is proof of his existence.
4. Who did God first reveal himself to?: The people of Israel.
5. What did God say to Moses from a burning bush?: "I am who I am" *Exodus
3:14*
6. What do Catholics believe that Jesus is?: The final revelation of God - that God
no longer spoke at a distance but came down to Earth in human form.

"in these days he has spoken to us by a Son, whom he appointed the heir of all
things" *Hebrews 1:2*
7. What does SOWAA can we use for the existence of God in relation to
Jesus?: Hebrews 1:3
8. Who was this revelation first given to?: The apostles then passed on to the
community now called the Church. This revelation is now recorded in the Bible and
is guaranteed by the Church as being a faithful record of God's revelation.
9. What does the revelation show about God?: - He sent Jesus as a sacrifice for
God.
- God sent Jesus out of love for humans.
- God sent Jesus to save humans and lead them back to faith.
10. What is a vision?: A visual experience, usually of Jesus, Mary, an angel or
another saint.
11. What could a vision be seen as?: A private revelation. However, Catholics will
only accept one if it does not contradict anything taught by the Church.
12. What can visions take the form of?: *Corporeal Visions:* physically seeing
something.
*Imaginative Visions:* seeing something in dreams.
13. In the Old Testament, what is a biblical example of visions?: - Abraham is
visited by God with a promise of protection and reward;

"Fear not, Abram, I am your shield; your reward shall be very great" *Genesis 15:1*
14. In the New Testament, what is a biblical example of visions?: -During the
transfiguration of Jesus, Moses and Elijah appeared to Jesus, Peter, James and
John.

"This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased; listen to him" *Matthew 17:5*
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15. What are some non-biblical examples of visions?: - In 1424 a peasant called
Joan (later Joan of Arc) had visions of Saints Michael, Catherine and Margaret.
- She was instructed to force the English from their French homeland.
- After convincing the French military leaders, she helped them to victory.
- She was captured by the English and burnt at the stake as a heretic, aged 19.
16. What are some reasons why visions might lead people to believe in God?: -
Visions can be powerful, personal experiences, giving great strength and faith.
- Examples from the Bible and history allow people to interpret their own visions in
a religious way.
- Private revelations are rare, but may help prove the existence of God.
17. What are some reasons why visions might not be accepted as proof for
God's existence?: - There is often no lasting or physical proof of visions.
- They could be hallucinations, misunderstandings, or just made up (possibly for
attention).
- Even if the vision is genuine, it is not certain proof of God.
- Dreams could be subconscious wish fulfilment.
18. What is a miracle?: Something that appears to break the laws of nature.
19. What is the nature and importance of miracles?: - Miracles have been
recorded throughout history, and claims are still made today.
- They involve a religious experience of some kind.
- Experiencing such an event may lead to faith or a strengthening of faith.
20. What are Jesus' miracles clear signs of?: His divine nature;
-Healing
-Natural
-Exorcisms (removal of evil spirits that have possessed a person)
21. What are some biblical examples of miracles?: - Moses parting and crossing
the Red Sea *Exodus 14:21-22*
- Jesus turning the water into wine at the wedding of Cana *John 2:6-9*
- Jesus healing a blind man by placing his hands on the man's eyes *Mark 8:22-25*
- Jesus healing the official's son who was not present. *John 4:46-54*
22. What are some non-biblical examples of miracles?: - The Virgin Mary ap-
peared to Juan Diego in Mexico City in 1531. Her image hasn't faded as would be
expected and has avoided fire and bomb damage.
- The Virgin Mary appeared to Bernadette Soubirous in 1858 in Lourdes, France.
She pointed to a spring, which is now visited by over 5 million people a year. Around
70 verified healing miracles have happened there.
23. What are some reasons why miracles might lead people to believe in the
existence of God?: - There is no natural scientific explanation so suggests that
divine intervention is the only possibility.
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- Those who experienced or witnessed a miracle feel like they have had direct
contact with God.
- Natural laws have been broken, and only God is able to do such a thing?
24. What are some arguments against miracles as proof that God exists?: -
Coincidences or unusual events do sometimes occur.
-Scientific and medical knowledge is continuing to develop - explanation may occur
in the future.
- Inexplicable things do not necessarily mean the answer is God.
25. What are some Catholic responses to miracles?: - "Unless you see signs and
wonders you will not believe" *John 4:48*
- They reveal God's omnipotent nature.
- Jesus' miracles often demanded faith, a quality that cannot be explained or justified.
- Catholics usually accept that God cannot grant every request and denial may be
part of a bigger plan.
- Healing miracles show God's love for humans.
- Miracles are a way God communicates with his people.
- Since there are miracles in the Bible, it is not unreasonable for them to happen
today.
26. What is a religious experience?: A feeling of the presence of God.
27. What does CCC 66-67 suggest?: That the revelation of Jesus can be further
explained, and some private revelations have been recognised by the Church.
28. What are private revelations viewed as?: Secondary to the revelation of Jesus
and will contain no new information. They are only able to provide insight into what
has already been revealed.
29. What are the 4 main features of a religious experience?: - People may feel
an awareness of something greater than them: God.
- They can build or strengthen faith.
- They may be seen as an important reminder of God's omnipresence and his nature
as creator and designer.
- They may be describes as transcendent, going beyond the usual senses.
30. What are some philosophical arguments in relation to religious experi-
ences?: - Richard Swinburne (a Christian) suggested that it is reasonable to believe
that the world is probably how we experience it - the Principle of Credulity.
- Unless we have a specific reason to question a religious experience, it is possible
that it is evidence for God's existence.
- Religious experiences increase the probability of God, even if they do not prove
that he exists.

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31. What do laws of nature suggest that religious experiences may not be
proof that God exists?: David Hume argued that every human can observe the
laws of nature, this is more persuasive than a few having religious experiences.
32. What does lack of evidence suggest that religious experiences may not be
proof that God exists?: There is no testable evidence to prove religious experi-
ences. Often the event is brief and personal.
33. What does use of stimulants suggest that religious experiences may not be
proof that God exists?: Drugs can relax and make the user more open to religious
experiences. Some drugs can also cause hallucinations.
34. What does hallucinations suggest that religious experiences may not be
proof that God exists?: These can be caused by many things: anxiety, stress, grief,
migraine, epilepsy, etc. Hallucinations could easily be mistaken for visions.
35. What does wish fulfilment suggest that religious experiences may not be
proof that God exists?: Sigmund Freud believed this was the case. He claimed
adults still have childlike feelings and great delusions.
36. What is an argument against the laws of nature restricting religious expe-
riences?: God is an omnipotent being who isn't bound by the laws of nature, so it
is expected that religious experiences can and do break them.
37. What is an argument against lack of evidence restricting religious experi-
ences?: Just because there is no evidence, it does not mean that something didn't
happen. Faith does not require proof.
38. What does the church do when they have a report of a religious experi-
ence?: They do not disagree about stimulants, hallucinations, and wish fulfilment,
which is why the church conducts detailed investigations into some claims before it
recognises them as authentic.
39. What does the design argument suggest?: It suggests that as there appears
to be design in the world, there must be a designer and this is God.
40. What is another name for the design argument?: The teleological argument.
41. What was the design argument part of?: St Thomas Aquinas' "Five Ways" to
prove God's existence.
42. What analogy did William Paley come up with to provide evidence for the
design argument?: He used an analogy of a watch - if you found a watch in a field,
you would not assume it had come together by chance; it would be clear it had a
designer. He believed that the universe is the same; it appears to have a design,
therefore it has a designer.
43. What SOWAA can we use for the design argument?: Romans 1:20
44. What are the three strengths of the design argument?: - *It is based on our
own experience of design:* many things in nature are perceived to have a purpose,
order and design.
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- *It complements a Christian view of the nature of God:* an omnipotent and
omniscient God is able to create the universe.
- *It encourages scientific examination of the universe:* the underlying rules of nature
lead to the conclusion of a designer.
45. What is some evidence against the design argument?: *The uniqueness of
the universe:* David Hume said it was impossible to use an analogy to explain the
universe.
*The existence of evil and suffering:* either God is a poor designer, or there is no
designer - surely the universe should be perfect?
*There is no order, just the appearance of order:* Richard Dawkins suggested that
people see the world with "purpose coloured spectacles".
*Evolution as an explanation of order and purpose:* evolutionary theory suggests
that complex organisms have developed through genetic mutation and natural
selection.
46. What are Catholic responses towards evidence against the design argu-
ment?: - Just because it is unique does not mean you can't explain it.
- Humans can learn from the suffering and evil in the world; some is the result of
free will.
- Science and evidence support the concept of order.
- Specific evolution must have been directed by a designer God to get where we are
today.
47. What is the cosmological argument?: It follows the universal law of cause and
effect.
48. What did Plato and Aristotle call the first cause of all other moving things?-
: The Prime Mover.
49. What do the first three of St Thomas Aquinas' Five Ways connect to?: The
cosmological argument.
50. What are three strengths of the cosmological argument?: *It is based on
experience:* it is hard to deny chains of cause and effect.
*It is more logical than the alternative:* an infinite chain of cause and effect seems
impossible.
*It is compatible with scientific evidence:* most scientists agree on the beginning of
the universe (the Big Bang), which is in keeping with the cosmological argument.
51. What does the cosmological argument reveal about God's nature?: It
shows that he is omnipotent and has the power to do all things - create a universe
from nothing. Therefore his power is limitless.
52. What is some evidence against the cosmological argument?: *The impos-
sibility of a total explanation:* Bertrand Russell argued that a total explanation was
impossible, humans should just accept that the universe's existence as fact.
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*The universe as a whole does not need a cause:* Russell also said that just
because everything in the universe needs a cause, it does not mean the universe
as a whole does.
*The first cause doesn't have to be God:* some scientists accept the Big Bang as
the start of the universe.
53. What are some Catholic responses towards evidence against the cosmo-
logical argument?: - A rejection of infinite chains of cause and effect means a total
explanation is possible.
- All things in the universe can have their cause investigated, so why not the universe
itself?
- Everything starts somewhere, and only an omnipotent God could be the absolute
beginning.
54. What does evil suggest about the nature of God?: God cannot be omnipo-
tent, omniscient and omnibenevolent.
55. What does omnipotent mean?: God has unlimited power.
56. What does omniscient mean?: God has complete knowledge of all human
action, past, present and future.
57. What does omnibenevolent mean?: God has unlimited goodness and love.
58. What are the arguments for suffering, using God's characteristics?: - If God
is omnipotent, surely he has the power to stop suffering.
- If God is omniscient, surely he is aware of the suffering.
- If God is omnibenevolent, he would want to stop the suffering.
59. What SOWAA can we use for the existence of suffering?: Isaiah 45
60. What does David Hume say about suffering?: Suffering is one of the weak-
nesses of the design argument, it is the 'rock of atheism'.
61. What did J.L Mackie produce?: An inconsistent triad. The combination of any
two positions means that either God does not exist, or is not worthy of worship.
62. What does the Inconsistent Triad look like?:

63. What are five features of natural evil?: - Evil from *natural* events that humans
cannot control.
- Examples include: natural disasters such as tsunamis and earthquakes, illness and
disease.
- Seems like an unjust punishment for victims.
- Catholics may see them as a test of faith.
- Opportunity to do good.
64. What are four features of moral evil?: - Evil from actions of *humans*.
- Examples include, murder, theft, terrorism and assault.
- Catholics believe humans have free will; suffering is the price people pay for
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freedom.
- God gave humans a conscience and encourages them to act in the right way.
65. What biblical responses are there to the problem of suffering are in the
book of Job?: - God allows Job to be tested and tormented by Satan.
- Faith gives strength to those who are suffering.
- It helps them understand suffering may be something not understood by humans.
66. What biblical responses are there to the problem of suffering are in
Psalms?: - 119 teaches Christians that they can learn from their previous suffering.
- God's omnipotence (135), omniscience, (147) and omnibenevolence (100) are also
made clear.
67. What biblical responses to the problem of suffering are in the New Testa-
ment?: - A God who suffered through Jesus is revealed.
- Any problem of evil has Christ at the heart of the answer.
- There must be a higher purpose, incomprehensible to humans.
68. What are theoretical responses to the problem of suffering from St Augus-
tine?: - Some Catholics do not believe that evil is a thing in itself, but an absence of
good - just as darkness is absence of light.
- Evil exists due to the abuse of free will.
- Free will must be used to choose good, and the reward will be entry into heaven.
69. What are theoretical responses to the problem of suffering from St Ire-
naeus?: - It's the best way for humans to develop and grow.
- People learn to make the correct moral choices.
- People are created in the image of God, but incomplete so they must try to be like
him.
70. What is the success of the solutions to the problem of evil and suffering?: -
The Bible is a reminder of the suffering of both Jesus and the people of God in the
Old Testament.
- Some find the theoretical solutions useful, while others turn to practical responses.
- For many, suffering still remains a mystery.
- Statistics suggest suffering is a problem that many Christians can overcome.
- It may still be a key factor in some Christians deciding to stop practising their faith.
71. How can prayer be a practical response to the problem of evil and suffer-
ing?: - Suffering can be shared in prayer.
- Prayers of intercession are part of the Mass.
- This can sometimes be the only meaningful response for the individual Catholic.
72. How can charity be a practical response to the problem of evil and suf-
fering?: - Helping others is the same as helping Christ (Parable of the Sheep and
Goats).
- Those who help others in need will gain salvation.
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73. What successes are there to the problems of evil and suffering?: - The
Bible is a reminder of the suffering of both Jesus and the people of God in the Old
Testament.
- Some find the theoretical solutions useful while others turn to practical responses.
- For many, suffering remains a mystery.
- Statistics suggest suffering is a problem that many Christians can overcome.
- It may still be a key factor in some Christians deciding not to practice their faith.
74. What do Catholics believe about God and marriage?: He instituted marriage
as part of creating the world.
75. What does Genesis 1:28 say about marriage?: "Be fruitful and multiply, and
fill the earth and subdue it"
76. What are the four purposes of sacramental marriage?: - *Loving* having a
relationship of love and faithfulness.
- *Lifelong* having the lifelong support and comfort of each other.
- *Exclusive* being committed to only one marriage partner.
- *Fruitful* having the opportunity to procreate,
77. What are the four catholic teachings of marriage?: - Marriage unites a couple
in faithful and mutual love.
- Marriage opens a couple to the giving of new life.
- Marriage is a way to respond to God's call to holiness.
- Marriage calls the couple to be a sign of Christ's love in the world.
78. What does CCC 1601 say about marriage?: "a partnership of the whole life"
79. What is the features of marriage in society?: - Religious marriage ceremonies
of all kinds reflect the individual set of beliefs of each faith.
- Marriage remains a legal ceremony. Catholics not only get married in the eyes of
the Lord, but also legally.
- For many people, civil marriage is an important declaration of the love and
commitment between persons.
80. What are some different views of marriage?: - Before 2014 homosexuals
could not marry.
- These weddings between homosexuals are non-religious.
- Not all couples wish to marry, same sex couples can undertake a civil partnership.
- Any couple can choose to live together but their legal rights are not automatically
protected.
- The Catholic Church prohibits couples living together as it tempts them to engage
in premarital sex.
81. What does the Catholic Church teach about sexual relations?: "bring to-
gether a man and a woman who are married for the purpose of having children"

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82. What four types of sex are against the Catholic Churches teachings?: -
Premarital; sex before marriage.
- Cohabitation; when a couple lives together before marriage. Usually they are in a
sexual relationship.
- Same sex; being a homosexual is not a sin but engaging in sexual relationships as
a homosexual is.
- Extramarital sex; this is adultery, this breaks the promise of matrimony and would
be grounds for a civil divorce.
83. What are some different attitudes towards relationships?: - Since the 1960s,
family life in the UK has changed. Previously, it was expected that people would not
have sex until marriage, be married in the church by the age of 25 and live as a
nuclear family, and not divorce.
- Many people in the UK do not wait until marriage to have sex. Approximately 50%
of 17 year old have had sex.
- In the UK today, nearly half of babies are born to people who are not married.
- A growing attitude of acceptance and tolerance is more apparent in the passing of
law in the UK in 2014 that homosexuals can marry.
84. What are some views of non-religious groups of marriage?: - Secular hu-
manists believe that humans should behave morally and be allowed freedom within
the limits of morality.
- Catholic do not agree that sex before marriage is acceptable.
- The Catholic Church believes that all forms of contraception are wrong.
- Catholics agree that couples should be faithful.
- Catholics and many secular humanists believe you should treat people the way you
would like to be treated.
85. What do Catholics believe family was created as?: The basic unit of society.
86. What does Pope Benedict XVI teach about the family?: "The family is the best
school at which to learn to live out those values which give dignity to the person"
87. What did Pope Benedict XVI call the family?: "a communion of love"
88. What does CCC 1666 call the family?: "the domestic church"
89. What is Catholic teaching influenced by?: - The holy family of Jesus, Mary
and Joseph who provided a model of family living. Being faithful and obedient to
God.
- Sharing the mission of the Church, family life is seen as a vocation for lay Catholics.
90. What are the purposes of the family?: - Lifelong relationships of love and
faithfulness.
- Support and comfort of each other.
- To procreate and have children.

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- To bring up a Christian family who receive the sacraments.
- To be a sign of Christ's love in the world.
91. What do Catholics believe about the family?: - The family was created by
God.
- It is the basic unit of society.
- It is the place where children should be brought up.
- It is the principal place for the education of morals.
- It is the place where children learn the faith and pray.
- Pope Benedict XVI called it "a communion of love".
- It is also called the domestic church.
92. What are the different types of family within society?: - Nuclear Family: two
parents and their children.
- Single parent.
- Same-sex parents.
- Extended: including grandparents, aunts, uncles etc living together.
- Blended: a couple where one or both of their children from previous relationships.
93. What does CCC 2226 say about a parents mission?: "Parents have the
mission of teaching their children to pray and to discover their vocation as children
of God"
94. How can family worship support families within the church?: - Attendance
at Mass is a time to be together.
- Family Masses can encourage those with younger children to attend.
95. How can groups for children support families within the church?: - Mother
and toddler groups, youth clubs, Guides, and Scouts give children time to socialise
with Catholics.
96. How can classes for parents support families within the church?: - Cate-
chisms for baptism or First Holy Communion helps parents to better understand the
sacraments.
- Classes exist to train parents in how to be a good Catholic parent.
- Marriage preparation classes teach family planning.
97. How can counselling support families within the church?: - Most parish
priests are trained counsellors, and are supported by parish or diocese volunteer
teams.
- Organisations such as Marriage Care provide free counselling.
98. How can Family Group Movement support families in the church?: - Parish
friendship groups, open to all, encourage parishioners to support one another.
- They often partake in low-cost activities.
99. How can other help support families in the church?: - Charities such as St
Vincent de Paul might help with donations of furniture for a struggling family.
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100. What are Catholic attitudes towards contraception?: - Contraception un-
dermines sexual relations as being unitive and procreative so these things should
not be separated.
101. What are the papal teachings towards contraception?: - Humanae Vitae
1968, by Pope Paul VI confirmed the Church's position on family planning.
- Pope Paul VI said that preventing pregnancy contradicts the will of the Author of
life.
- Couples should not be forced to have children, but can space them out using natural
methods.
- Contraception can encourage sex outside marriage.
102. What is the sanctity of life's views on contraception?: - Abortion is express-
ly forbidden by Humanae Vitae.
- Pro-life is the term for the religious and secular campaigns for the rights of the
unborn.
- In the UK, abortion is legal under certain circumstances.
- Some Catholic countries, such as Ireland, only allow abortion to save a mother's
life.
103. What are some divergent attitudes towards family planning?: - Many Hu-
manists and atheists argue that contraception helps couples to be responsible and
regulate births.
- Most non-religious people believe individuals should make decisions for them-
selves on issues such as contraception, family planning and abortion.
104. What are some other Christian attitudes towards contraception?: - Most
other Christians allow non-abortive contraception methods - preventing pregnancy
rather than terminating it. This means allowing condoms, but not the morning-after
pill, for example.
- The Church of England says 'Contraception is regarded as a sin or going against
God's purpose'.
- Individual Christians may believe in situation ethics - that they need to decide what
is right or wrong depending on the circumstances.
- The Catholic Church does not agree, it believes that humans do not have the power
to contradict the will of God regarding life, sex outside of marriage is wrong and life
begins at contraception, and the unborn child is created in the image of God.
105. What is the Church teaching on divorce, annulment and remarriage?: -
Matthew 9:8 says God does not want a divorce and the only reason it was allowed
was people refusing to obey God.
- A covenant is made during the sacrament of marriage that cannot be broken by
any earthly power.
- Three key points from the Catechism of the Catholic Church:
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- 2382: God has joined a man and woman
together, it can never be dissolved.
- 2383: legal separation or divorce allowed for
the safety or health of the couple, i.e an
abusive parent.
- 2384: but they remain married in the eyes of
God so cannot get remarried.
106. What are some other Christian attitudes do divorce?: - Many other Chris-
tians allow divorce and remarriage. This is because:
- some suggest Jesus allowed divorce for
adultery (Matthew 5:32)
- Christianity is based on forgiveness; it offers
those who repent another chance.
- some suggest it is the 'lesser of two evils'/
107. What are non religious attitudes towards divorce?: - Marriage is not con-
sidered sacred, so most support liberal divorce laws.
- Most non-religious people do not object to remarriage.
- Some believe in situation ethics - that the decision depends on individual cases.
108. What are some catholic responses to divorce?: - Matrimony is a sacrament.
- The Church offers support to couples to try to help with any marital problems.
- The needs of the family and children come above the needs of the individual.
- The effects of a bad marriage can be significant to the couple and children, so
sometimes it is necessary to end the legal marriage.
109. What does the Catholic Church believe about equality in Catholicism?: -
The Church teaches that men and women should have equal roles and rights.
- Both men and women can teach catechists, distribute the Eucharist, and perform
many other jobs and lay roles within the Church.
- Women cannot be ordained.
110. How does the story of Adam and Eve highlight the *similarities* between
men and women?: - Both were created in the image of God; Genesis 1:27
- Both disobeyed God.
- Both are cursed for their disobedience.
111. How does the story of Adam and Eve highlight the *differences* between
men and women?: - Eve was created from Adam's rib (Genesis 2:22) so they would
complement and fulfil each other's needs (neither is superior).
- They are cursed for their disobedience in different ways (Genesis 3:16-17).
112. What is the role of men and women in the family?: - The equality of men
and women is emphasised in the catechism (CCC 2207).

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- Both husbands and wives are called to 'give themselves' in commitment.
- The Catechism refers to 'fraternity within society' which means friendship.
113. What is the dignity of work in the home?: - The Church recognises the value
of domestic work - whoever does it, it is not less important than work to generate
income.
- The Church teaches that a man or woman who dedicates their life to work in the
home should not be judged by society or financially penalised.
114. What are divergent Christian views to equality of men and women in
the family?: - Other Christian Churches, such as the Church of England and
Methodists, have female clergy or ministers.
- Many Christians agree women should be supported as they juggle home and
careers. Some would also argue men should be equally supported in balancing their
work and home lives.
- The importance of the family is agreed upon by all Christian Churches. Equality is
increasingly accepted and promoted by most mainstream Christian groups, reflect-
ing the views of many non-religious people and society in general.
115. What is gender prejudice?: Believing people of one gender are inferior or
superior on the basis of sex.
116. What is discrimination?: Treating people less favourably because of their
gender, ethnicity, colour, sexuality, age, class, etc.
117. How did Jesus set an example to oppose gender prejudice and discrim-
ination?: - Many Christians think Jesus actively combatted prejudice and discrimi-
nation.
- He treated everyone with respect and as individuals:

- The Samaritan woman at the well (John 4:4-26)

- The woman caught in adultery (John 7:53-8:11)
- The Greek woman (Matthew 15:21-28, Mark 7:24-
30)
118. What are some divergent Christian attitudes towards gender prejudice
and discrimination?: - Catholic, Orthodox, and some Evangelical Churches op-
pose women's ordination.
- Jesus was male and did not have female
disciples.
- Some believe Ephesians 5:23 suggests women
should not be ordained.
- Women still play an active role in the Church.
- Some Baptist and Pentecostal Churches have been ordaining women for nearly
100 years.
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- The Church of England ordained its first women priests in 1994 and has its first
woman bishop in 2014.

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