Q2)List and explain project deliverables.

Enterprise Network Project deliverables are tangible outputs produced during

Q1)Explain network design life cycle. each phase of the enterprise network design process. They
The Network Design Life Cycle (NDLC) refers to the ensure the project stays on track, meets requirements, and
series of steps involved in designing, implementing, and provides value to stakeholders. Below is a detailed list of
maintaining a computer network. The life cycle helps key deliverables for each phase of the network design life
ensure that the network meets the needs of an organization cycle:
while being reliable, efficient, and secure. Here's a *1. Requirements Gathering and Analysis*
breakdown of the stages: - *Deliverables*:
1. Planning and Requirements Gathering - *Requirements Document*: A detailed report
Objective: Identify the network's requirements based on outlining business goals, technical needs, and constraints.
the goals of the organization. - *Stakeholder Input Summary*: Feedback from
Activities: stakeholders (e.g., IT team, management, end-users).
Determine the business needs and goals. - *Current Network Assessment*: Analysis of existing
Identify the number of users, devices, and applications infrastructure (if applicable), including strengths and
that will be supported. weaknesses.
2. Network Design *2. Network Design*
Objective: Create a detailed design that meets the - *Deliverables*:
requirements gathered in the planning phase. - *High-Level Design (HLD)*: A conceptual overview
Activities: of the network architecture, including core, distribution,
Choose the network topology (e.g., star, mesh, ring). and access layers.
Select the appropriate hardware and software (routers, - *Detailed Design (DLD)*: Specific configurations for
switches, firewalls, etc.). devices, IP addressing schemes, VLANs, routing
Design IP addressing, subnets, VLANs, and routing protocols, and security measures.
protocols. - *Network Diagrams*: Visual representations of the
3. Implementation network topology (e.g., physical and logical layouts).
Objective: Build and deploy the network infrastructure. - *Bill of Materials (BOM)*: A list of required
Activities: hardware, software, and licenses.
Purchase and install the hardware. *3. Implementation and Deployment*
Configure network devices like routers, switches, and - *Deliverables*:
firewalls according to the design. - *Installed Network Infrastructure*: Fully deployed
4. Testing and Validation hardware (e.g., routers, switches, firewalls) and
Objective: Verify that the network functions correctly and configured software.
meets all performance, security, and reliability - *Configuration Documentation*: Detailed records of
requirements. device configurations (e.g., routing tables, firewall rules).
Activities: - *Migration Plan*: Documentation for transitioning
Conduct functional tests (e.g., connectivity, bandwidth, from an old network (if applicable), including timelines
latency). and rollback procedures.
Perform stress and load tests to simulate real-world usage. - *Training Materials*: Guides and sessions for staff on
Ensure that security features like firewalls and VPNs are using and managing the new network.
5. Deployment *4. Testing and Validation*
Objective: Roll out the network for use by the - *Deliverables*:
organization. - *Test Plans*: Detailed procedures for testing network
Activities: performance, security, and functionality.
Transition from the testing environment to the live - *Test Results*: Reports on throughput, latency, jitter,
environment. and failover testing.
Monitor the network’s performance during initial use. - *Security Validation*: Results of penetration testing,
Provide training and documentation for users and network vulnerability scans, and compliance checks.
administrators. 5. Operation and Maintenance*
Outcome: The network is live and serving the users - *Deliverables*:
according to the planned requirements. - *Network Monitoring Tools*: Deployed software for
6. Monitoring and Maintenance real-time performance tracking (e.g., Nagios, PRTG).
Objective: Ensure the network continues to perform - *Maintenance Schedule*: A plan for regular updates,
optimally and remains secure. patches, and hardware checks.
- *Incident Reports*: Documentation of network issues
and resolutions
Q3)Explain in detail phase of PPDIOO. Q4)Explain hierchical Network models and state
PPDIOO (Prepare, Plan, Design, Implement, Operate, advantages of it.
Optimize) is a Cisco-defined lifecycle methodology for
designing, deploying, and managing enterprise networks. A hierarchical network model is a design approach used to
It provides a structured approach to ensure networks are structure computer networks into multiple layers or tiers. These
scalable, reliable, and aligned with business goals. Below layers define distinct functions and responsibilities within the
is a detailed explanation of each phase in the context of network, improving its performance and scalability. The model
typically consists of three primary layers:
enterprise network design:
Core Layer: The backbone of the network that ensures high-
1. Prepare* speed, reliable data transfer. It is responsible for connecting
- *Objective*: Define the business goals, scope, and multiple distribution layers and providing fast communication
high-level requirements for the network. between different parts of the network.
- *Key Activities*:
- Identify business objectives (e.g., improving Distribution Layer: Acts as a mediator between the core and
productivity, enabling remote work) - Assess current access layers. It handles tasks such as routing, packet filtering,
network infrastructure (if applicable). - Define the scope and enforcing network policies. It helps in optimizing data flow
of the project (e.g., new network, upgrade, expansion). and maintaining stability within the network.
- Establish a budget and timeline.
- Identify stakeholders and their expectations. Access Layer: The lowest layer, which connects end devices
(such as computers, printers, and switches) to the network. It
- *Deliverables*:
controls user access to network resources and ensures proper
- Business case document. communication between devices within the network.
- High-level requirements document.
- Project charter. Advantages of the Hierarchical Network Model:
2. Plan* Scalability: The model supports easy network expansion. New
- *Objective*: Develop a detailed plan to meet the devices or networks can be added at any layer without affecting
business and technical requirements. the entire structure.
- *Key Activities*:
- Conduct a gap analysis to identify shortcomings in Better Performance: By segmenting the network into layers, it
the current network.- Define technical requirements (e.g., optimizes data routing and reduces bottlenecks, leading to faster
bandwidth, latency, security).- Perform a risk assessment data transmission and better overall network performance.
and develop mitigation strategies.- Create a project plan
Fault Isolation and Troubleshooting: If a fault occurs in one
with timelines, milestones, and resource allocation. layer, it can be easily isolated, making network management
- *Deliverables*: more efficient. This also minimizes downtime.
- Detailed project plan.
- Risk assessment report. Manageability: Each layer has specific roles and
- Technical requirements document. responsibilities, making the network easier to manage, monitor,
*3. Design* and maintain. Administrators can focus on the issues relevant to
- *Objective*: Create a comprehensive network design each layer.
that meets the requirements.
- *Key Activities*: Enhanced Security: Network security policies can be
- Develop a high-level design (HLD) outlining the implemented at various layers, providing more control over data
flow and access, thus strengthening overall network security.
network architecture (e.g., core, distribution, access
layers).- Create a detailed design (DLD) with specific In summary, the hierarchical network model streamlines
configurations (e.g., IP addressing, routing protocols, network design by organizing it into manageable layers,
VLANs). providing numerous benefits like scalability, performance
- Design for scalability, redundancy, and security (e.g., optimization, and easier management.
firewalls, encryption).
- Validate the design through simulations or prototypes.
- *Deliverables*:- High-Level Design (HLD) document.
- Detailed Design (DLD) document.- Network
diagrams and configurations.
### *4. Implement*
- *Objective*: Build and deploy the network according
to the design- *Key Activities*:
- Procure and install hardware (e.g., routers, switches,
firewalls).- Configure network devices and services (e.g.,
QoS, VPNs, wireless access
Q5)Explain the architecture of Enterprise with
suitable diagram. Q6)Explain hierarchical Network design.
The enterprise network architecture refers to the design Hierarchical network design is a structured approach to
and structure of the network that supports the business designing enterprise networks that enhances performance,
operations, services, and communication within an scalability, and manageability. This model divides the
organization. It involves multiple layers and components network into discrete layers, each with specific functions
that are organized to ensure scalability, security, and responsibilities. The traditional hierarchical model
performance, and easy management. consists of three layers: the Core Layer, the Distribution
Components of Enterprise Network Architecture: Layer, and the Access Layer. Each layer plays a critical
Core Layer: This is the backbone of the network, role in ensuring efficient data flow, robust security, and
responsible for high-speed, high-volume data transfer seamless connectivity across the network.
across the enterprise. It connects different parts of the 1. *Core Layer*
network and ensures efficient routing. The Core Layer is the backbone of the network,
Distribution Layer: Acts as the intermediary between the responsible for high-speed data transport between
core and access layers. It handles routing, network traffic different parts of the network. Its primary function is to
management, and enforces policies (such as security and provide fast and reliable connectivity between distribution
access control). layers in large enterprise networks. Key characteristics of
Access Layer: The layer where end-user devices the Core Layer include:
(computers, phones, printers) connect to the network. It - *High-speed data transfer*: The Core Layer is
includes switches, wireless access points, and other designed to handle large volumes of traffic with minimal
devices that provide network access to users. latency.
Data Center: Centralized facilities that store data, run - *Redundancy and reliability*: It often includes
applications, and house critical resources like servers, redundant links and devices to ensure continuous
databases, and storage. It is often the heart of an operation in case of failures.
enterprise's IT infrastructure. - *Scalability*: The Core Layer is built to accommodate
Edge Layer (DMZ): The edge layer (or Demilitarized future growth and increased traffic demands.
Zone) is where external connections occur. This layer 2. *Distribution Layer*
often includes firewalls, VPNs, and other security The Distribution Layer acts as an intermediary between
mechanisms to protect the internal network from external the Core Layer and the Access Layer. It is responsible for
threats. routing, filtering, and policy enforcement. Key functions
Cloud Layer: Many enterprises integrate cloud services of the Distribution Layer include:
for scalable storage, processing power, and hosting - *Aggregation*: It aggregates data from multiple
applications. The cloud layer complements the on-premise Access Layer devices and forwards it to the Core Layer.
infrastructure and offers flexibility. - *Routing and filtering*: This layer implements routing
Security Layer: Security mechanisms such as firewalls, protocols, access control lists (ACLs), and QoS policies to
intrusion detection systems (IDS), and encryption are manage traffic flow.
applied across all layers to ensure data protection and - *Security*: It enforces security policies, such as
prevent unauthorized access. firewalls and VLAN segmentation, to protect the network.
3. *Access Layer*
The Access Layer is the entry point for end-user devices,
such as computers, printers, and IoT devices, to connect to
the network. It provides connectivity and ensures that
devices can communicate within the network. Key
features of the Access Layer include:
- *Device connectivity*: It provides wired and wireless
access for end-user devices.
- *VLANs and segmentation*: The Access Layer often
uses VLANs to segment traffic and improve network
performance and security.
- *Port security*: It implements features like MAC
address filtering and authentication to prevent
unauthorized access.
- *Traffic prioritization*: This layer can apply QoS
policies to prioritize critical traffic, such as voice or video
Cyber laws Q2) What is the impact of cyber threats ? How to
Q 1. What is cyber crime ? Explain types of cyber protect from it ?
crimes . The impact of cyber threats Any interconnected device can
Cybercrime is the fastest-growing type of crime around be a potential entry point for cyberattacks. Even if a
the world. Whether those responsible intend to profit by computer is on a private network that is not linked to the
stealing other people’s money or data, to cause harm to a Internet, it is not immune to attack. With more services,
person or organization, or just to more information and more devices connected to each
demonstrate their skill as hackers, cyber threats cause real other, the risk of cyber threats grows. Important medical,
harm to those who are targeted. legal and financial records are increasingly stored online.
Types of Cybercrimes: Business communication relies on email, instant
Hacking: messenger services, and Internet-connected smartphones.
Hacking refers to unauthorized access to or manipulation Retail businesses now not only sell online but also use
of a computer system or network. Hackers exploit Internet-connected computers for inventory and
vulnerabilities to gain access to sensitive data, alter or warehouse management. Transportation and logistics
steal information, or disrupt systems. companies use online services for fleet management and
Phishing: traffic control. Even some home refrigerators are now
Phishing is a type of cybercrime where attackers deceive connected to the Internet. How to protect your
individuals into providing sensitive information (like organization from cyber threats
passwords or credit card details) by pretending to be a
trustworthy entity, often through fake emails or websites.s. A few simple precautions can make your business less
Identity Theft: vulnerable to cyber threats, like keeping software up to
This occurs when someone illegally obtains and uses date, creating strong and unique passwords, developing
another person's personal information (such as social Internet security policies for your business and ensuring
security numbers, credit card details, or bank account employees are educated about cyber threats and that you
numbers) to commit fraud or other crimes. have a strong security framework to protect your business.
Example: Using someone’s credit card information to It may seem like a hassle to install antivirus software and
make unauthorized purchases. firewalls, change passwords frequently, encrypt data or
Malware and Ransomware: develop formal security policies. Recovering from a
Malware refers to malicious software that damages or cyberattack on your computer
disrupts computer systems, while ransomware is a type system or repairing the damage done by identity theft,
of malware that locks or encrypts a victim's data and however, is ultimately much more costly and
demands payment for its release. time-consuming.
Example: A computer infected with ransomware that
demands payment in exchange for decrypting files.

Cyberbullying:
Cyberbullying involves using the internet, social media, or
other digital platforms to harass, threaten, or harm others.
This can include abusive messages, spreading rumors, or
other harmful behaviors.
Example: Posting harmful or false information about
someone on social media to damage their reputation.

Online Fraud:
Online fraud encompasses a range of illegal activities
performed over the internet for financial gain, such as
fraudulent e-commerce transactions, lottery scams, or fake
investment schemes.
Example: A scam website selling fake or non-existent
products.

 Q4)
Q3)3. What are the Different Types of Cyber Laws? Give the some examples of punishments in cyber crimes
Cyber Laws are legal regulations that govern activities according to cyber laws
related to the internet, online communication, and digital
transactions. They are essential to ensure security, privacy,
and fair use in the digital world. Here are the different
types of cyber laws:
1. Data Protection and Privacy Laws:
These laws protect personal information and ensure its
proper handling online. They require organizations to get
consent before collecting personal data and to store it
securely.
2. Intellectual Property Laws:
Intellectual property laws protect digital creations such as
software, music, films, and trademarks from unauthorized
use or piracy.
3. Cybercrime Laws:
These laws address and penalize criminal activities like
hacking, identity theft, and online fraud. They aim to
prevent and punish illegal actions conducted over the
internet.
4. E-Commerce Laws:
E-commerce laws govern online transactions, providing a
legal framework for e-commerce businesses. These laws
cover issues like electronic contracts, digital payments,
and consumer protection..
5. Digital Signature and Electronic Contracts Laws:
These laws recognize the validity of digital signatures and
online agreements, making electronic contracts legally
binding.
Example: The Information Technology Act, 2000 in
India.
6. Cybersecurity Laws:
Cybersecurity laws focus on protecting digital systems
from cyberattacks. They require organizations to
implement security measures to safeguard data and
systems.
Example: Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act
(CISA) in the U.S.
7. Child Online Protection Laws:
These laws protect children from harmful content and
exploitation online. They regulate how companies collect
data from minors and how content is targeted at them
8. Spam and Online Harassment Laws:
These laws regulate spam (unsolicited emails) and prevent
online harassment and cyberbullying. They ensure that
individuals are protected from online threats and abuse.
9. Regulation of Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
These laws regulate ISPs to ensure they maintain security,
privacy, and comply with content regulations. They
address issues like net neutrality and data protection.
Q5) What is the purpose of Section 66A of IT Act 2000

Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000

(IT Act 2000) was initially introduced to penalize the
sending of offensive, threatening, or harmful messages
through electronic communication, including emails, texts,
and social media. The main purpose of this section was to
regulate online behavior and prevent the use of digital
platforms to harass, defame, or disturb individuals or
groups by sending offensive or menacing messages. It also
aimed to tackle the spread of content intended to create
hatred or provoke violence. Individuals found guilty of
sending such messages could face up to 3 years of
imprisonment and a fine. However, Section 66A was
controversial, as it was seen as overly broad, vague, and
prone to misuse, especially in curbing free speech. Critics
argued that it could be used to silence dissent or criticism,
particularly against the government or public figures. In
2015, the Supreme Court of India struck down Section
66A in the landmark case of Shreya Singhal v. Union of
India, ruling that it violated the right to freedom of
speech under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution. The
Court found that the law was too vague and could lead to
arbitrary arrests, ultimately declaring it unconstitutional.
The judgment emphasized the importance of protecting
freedom of expression in the digital era, where online
speech is essential for democracy and public discourse.
While Section 66A was meant to protect individuals from
cyber harassment, its impact on freedom of speech led to
its removal. The ruling was widely seen as a victory for
the protection of digital rights and free expression in India. Q6) What are the advantages of Cyber
Laws:-
Cyber laws offer several key advantages in the digital world by
regulating and governing online activities. Here are some of the
Shima kumari44 primary advantages:
Protection of Personal Information:
Cyber laws safeguard individuals' personal data from
unauthorized access, misuse, or theft. With the rise of online
transactions, these laws ensure that personal details like bank
information, passwords, and other sensitive data are secure.
Prevention of Cybercrimes:
Cyber laws help prevent and punish a wide range of online
criminal activities, such as hacking, identity theft,
cyberbullying, phishing, and online fraud. This deterrent effect
makes the digital space safer for users.
Ensuring Online Business Security:
For businesses operating online, cyber laws provide a
framework to secure e-commerce transactions, protect
intellectual property, and enforce contracts. This encourages
growth in the digital economy and builds consumer trust.
Regulation of Online Content:
Cyber laws help regulate harmful or illegal content such as child
pornography, hate speech, and defamatory statements. This
helps maintain a healthy online environment and prevents the
spread of malicious content.
Protection of Intellectual Property:
Cyber laws safeguard digital intellectual property, such as
software, music, films, and e-books, from piracy and
unauthorized reproduction. This ensures creators’ rights are
protected and encourages innovation.
Enhancing Cybersecurity:
By requiring businesses and organizations to adopt certain
security measures, cyber laws contribute to improving
cybersecurity practices. They provide guidelines for handling
data breaches and responding to cyberattacks, which are
essential for maintaining system integrity.
Consumer Protection:
Cyber laws help protect consumers in the digital marketplace by
regulating online contracts, ensuring that businesses do not
engage in fraudulent practices, and providing a legal recourse in
case of disputes.
Legal Framework for Digital Transactions:
Cyber laws provide a clear legal framework for electronic
contracts and digital signatures, making them legally valid and
enforceable. This helps in facilitating smooth and secure online
business transactions.
Promotes International Cooperation:
As cybercrimes often transcend borders, cyber laws encourage
international cooperation in investigating and prosecuting
cybercriminals, making it easier to address cross-border crimes.
Encouraging Digital Growth:

With the establishment of clear rules and regulations, cyber laws

create an environment of trust and security. This encourages
more people to engage in digital activities, fostering overall
growth in the digital economy.